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Topic: Elamite Cuneiform

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Cuneiform script

cuneiform language

Cuneiform Records

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Sumero Akkadian Cuneiform

cuneiform tablet

medial cuneiform bone

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	Cuneiform - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Cuneiform writing, which originated in southern Mesopotamia, was invented probably by the Sumerians, who used it to inscribe the Sumerian language; it was subsequently adapted for writing the Akkadian language, of which Babylonian and Assyrian are dialects.
		The use of the Persian cuneiform was confined to the period from 550 to 330 bc.
		The Elamite cuneiform is frequently called the language of the second form because it appears in the second position of the trilingual inscriptions of the Achaemenian kings.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761563112__1/Cuneiform.html (1628 words)

	Cuneiform script - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cuneiforms were written on clay tablets, on which symbols were drawn with a blunt reed called a stylus.
		Cuneiform pictograms were drawn on clay tablets in vertical columns with a pen made from a sharpened reed stylus.
		Cuneiform tablets could be fired in kilns to provide a permanent record, or they could be recycled if permanence was not called for.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cuneiform_(script) (966 words)

	Elam - LoveToKnow 1911
		54, andc.), the Kassi of the cuneiform inscriptions.
		The Elamite king was dethroned and imprisoned in 700 B.C. by his brother Khallusu, who six years later marched into Babylonia, captured the son of Sennacherib, whom his father had placed there as king, and raised a nominee of his own, Nergal-yusezib, to the throne.
		The Assyrians pursued the Elamite army to Susa, where a battle was fought on the banks of the Eulaeus, in which the Elamites were defeated, Teumman captured and slain, and Umman-igas, the son of Urtaki, made king, his younger brother Tammaritu being given the district of Khidalu.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Elam (1632 words)

	Cuneiform writing
		Cuneiform writing originated in southern Mesopotamia, and was created in the Sumerian culture, in order to write in the Sumerian language.
		Cuneiform developed into the dominant writing style of the Middle East, and even spread to Egypt, where hieroglyphic writing was normally preferred.
		Cuneiform writing was also applied to several local languages, like Hurrian in northern Mesopotamia, Syria and Asia Minor; Eblaite in Syria;, Hittite, Luwian, Palaic and Hattic in Asia Minor; and Urartian in Armenia.
	i-cias.com /e.o/cuneiform.htm (566 words)

	Cuneiform Tablets
		The earliest attested documents in cuneiform were written in Sumerian, the language of the inhabitants of southern Mesopotamia and Chaldea from the 4th until the 2nd millennium BC.
		Earlier cuneiform was written in columns from top to bottom but during the 3rd millennium came to be written from left to right with the cuneiform signs turned on their sides.
		Cuneiform was borrowed by the Elamites, the Kassites, the Persians, the Mitanni, and the Hurrians.
	www.crystalinks.com /cuneiformtablets.html (891 words)

	Cuneiform Script - Crystalinks
		Cuneiforms were written on clay tablets, on which symbols were drawn with a blunt reed called a stylus.
		Cuneiform pictograms were drawn on clay tablets in vertical columns with a pen made from a sharpened reed stylus.
		Invented by the Babylonians to record the Sumerian language, cuneiform was subsequently adopted by the Akkadians, Elamites, Hittites and Assyrians to write their own languages and was widely used in Mesopotamia for about 3000 years, though the syllabic nature of the script as it was refined by the Sumerians was unintuitive to the Semitic speakers.
	www.crystalinks.com /cuneiformscript.html (1764 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Elam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In the Old Elamite period, it consisted of kingdoms on the Iranian plateau, centered in Anshan, and from the mid-2nd millennium BC, it was centered in Susa in the Khuzestan lowlands.
		The Elamite period is considered a starting point for the history of Iran (although there were older civilizations in Iranian plateau, such as the Mannaeans kingdom in Iranian Azarbaijan and Shahr-i Sokhta (Burned City) in Zabol, and the recently discovered Jiroft civilization to the east.
		The Elamite language was not related to any Iranian languages, but may be part of a larger group known as Elamo-Dravidian.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Elam (3061 words)

	Cuneiform writing
		Cuneiform writing has been used in several languages, and was in use for about 3,000 years, from about 3100 BCE till year 0.
		Cuneiform writing originated in southern Mesopotamia, and was created in the Sumerian culture, in order to write in the Sumerian language.
		Cuneiform writing was also applied to several local languages, like Hurrian in northern Mesopotamia, Syria and Asia Minor, Eblaite in Syria, Hittite, Luwian, Palaic and Hattic in Asia Minor, and Urartian in Armenia.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/cuneiform.htm (544 words)

	ELAM; ELAMITES in the Bible Encyclopedia - ISBE (Bible History Online)
		Apparently the Elamites had expected their new ruler, Kudurru (Kudur-Nahhunte), to save them from the reprisals of the Assyrians, but as he had failed to do this, he, in his turn, was deposed and killed after a reign of 10 months.
		The defeat of the Elamites was a foregone conclusion, and Te-umman perished, with his son, in the thick of the battle, as is dramatically depicted by the sculptors of Assur-bani-apli in the bas-reliefs which adorned the walls of his palace.
		Elamite art during the first period was naturally rude, and it is doubtful whether metals were then used, as no traces of them were found.
	www.bible-history.com /isbe/E/ELAM%3B+ELAMITES (5564 words)

	Elamite language - Gurupedia
		Elamite is an extinct language, which was spoken in the ancient nation of Elam.
		Elamite was an agglutinative language, and was not related to the neighboring Semitic languages, and
		Elamite was an official language of the Persian Empire from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE.
	www.gurupedia.com /e/el/elamite_language.htm (286 words)

	CUNEIFORM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The earliest texts in cuneiform script are about 5000 years old, having antedated the use of alphabets by some 1500 years.
		The oldest example of this cuneiform is probably an inscription of Cyrus the Great at Pasargadae and the most recent that of Artaxerxes III (r.
		A cuneiform script discovered in 1929 during the French excavations of Ras Shamra in North Syria has proven to be an alphabet of consonants; it was estimated to have been in use from about 1400 to 1200 bc.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=206894 (1592 words)

	Elam - Crystalinks
		Elamite strength was based on an ability to hold these various areas together under a coordinated government that permitted the maximum interchange of the natural resources unique to each region.
		The devastation was however less complete than Assurbanipal boasted, and Elamite rule was resurrected soon after with Shuttir-Nakhkhunte, son of III (not to be confused with Shuttir-Nakhkhunte, son of Indada, a petty king in the first half of the 6th century).
		The Elamites thus became the conduit by which achievements of the Mesopotamian civilizations were introduced to the tribes of the Iranian plateau.
	www.crystalinks.com /elam.html (2564 words)

	Cuneiform and the Bible by Lesley Adkins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Cuneiform is similar to the Roman script in that it too was used for a long period to write down different languages, evolving to suit each language and also evolving over time.
		Old Persian cuneiform was in use for less than two centuries, having been abandoned by the time the Macedonian Greek conqueror Alexander the Great defeated Darius III in 333 BC, overran the Persian Empire and sacked Persepolis.
		Rawlinson was in a prime position to examine the cuneiform inscriptions covering the relief sculptures and colossal statues, as well as the thousands of cuneiform tablets that had belonged to the palace libraries.
	www.bibleinterp.com /articles/Adkins_Cuneiform.htm (3758 words)

	ELAMITE LANGUAGE FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Elamite is an extinct_language, which was spoken by the ancient Elamites.
		Elamite was not related to the neighboring Semitic_languages, or Indo-European_languages, and although some call Elamite the "sister" to the Sumerian_language, the two languages appear to be unrelated.
		More recently, Sergei_Starostin has criticized the proposed grammatical correspondences between Elamite and Dravidian as unconvincing, and performs a mass_lexical_comparison of Elamite to the Nostratic macrofamily (which includes Dravidian) as well as Afroasiatic and Sino-Caucasian, concluding that Elamite (unlike) is distantly related to all three, but does not have a particularly close relationship with Dravidian.
	www.febmail.com /Elamite_language (392 words)

	[No title]
		During this time, the centre of the Elamite power was shifted to the east of their traditional territory and took refuge in the city of Anshan in the Zagros mountains.
		Elamite architecture was the model of Achaemenid palaces, and the court procedure of the Persian court was completely modelled after the Elamite costumes.
		All dialects are influenced by the language of the Elamites and the Kassites.
	heim.ifi.uio.no /~peyman/lur.html (2618 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Print Preview - Cuneiform
		The Persian cuneiform was the first of the inscriptions to be deciphered.
		The use of the Persian cuneiform was confined to the period from 560 to 330 bc.
		The oldest example of this cuneiform is probably an inscription of Cyrus the Great at Pasargadae and the most recent that of Artaxerxes III (reigned 359-338 bc) at Persepolis.
	au.encarta.msn.com /text_761563112___3/Cuneiform.html (666 words)

	Cuneiform: Tablets
		Elamite, which is a non-Semitic language not closely related to any other, is first seen around 2300 BC and became an official language of the Persian Empire.
		Old Persian cuneiform was used for the first time from 521 BC in the inscription at Bisitun, and Darius and his successor Xerxes had many of their achievements recorded in other trilingual inscriptions in Elamite, Babylonian and the newly invented Old Persian cuneiform.
		It had previously been assumed that the earliest cuneiform languages, were these two languages, developed in east and south Mesopotamia and the possibility that Syrian and Canaanite communications existed in cuneiform had been ruled out (with the exception of Ugaritic texts).
	www.lycos.com /info/cuneiform--tablets.html?page=2 (781 words)

	AllRefer.com - Elamite (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		It appears to be unrelated to any other languages, although some scholars see a kinship between Elamite and Brahui, one of the modern Dravidian languages.
		Elamite is an agglutinative language in that different linguistic elements, each of which exists separately and has a fixed meaning, are often joined to form one word.
		A number of stone inscriptions and clay tablets that have Elamite texts written in cuneiform survive.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/E/Elamite.html (222 words)

	Elamite
		Elamite was an agglutinative language, and was not related to the neighboring Semitic languages, or Indo-European languages, and although some call Elamite the "sister" to the Sumerian language, the two languages appear to be unrelated.
		Old Elamite (Linear Elamite) is a syllabary derived from Proto-Elamite which was known to be used between about 2250 and 2220 BCE, although it may have been invented at an earlier date.
		The Elamite Cuneiform script was used from about 2500 BCE to 331 BCE, and was adapted from the Akkadian Cuneiform.
	www.governpub.com /Languages-E/Elamite.php (342 words)

	History of Iran: Iranologie.com
		Prior to their arrival, the plains of northern Persian Gulf were among the oldest civilised areas in the world history and the site of Susa was inhabited as far back as 4,200 BCE and had come under the rule of the kings of Akkad.
		Contrary to the agricultural economy of Mesopotamian, the Elamite economy was based greatly on trade, but also on mining and export of raw material such as tin that was crucial for the powerful empires of Babylon and Assyria.
		The modified cuneiform that was developed by Elamites from the Sumerian models, constituted an early form of Syllabry that made it possible to create the Old Persian alphabetic cuneiform.
	www.iranologie.com /history/history1.html (3409 words)

	Iranica.com - HALLOCK
		The publications of Hallock's later career, on the Achaemenid Elamite administrative texts from Persepolis, were the culmination of decades of work on paleography and epigraphy, philology and grammar, formal and functional analysis, glossing and cross-indexing, and curation of the tablets.
		36-39; "The Pronominal Suffixes in Achaemenid Elamite," JNES 21, 1962, pp.
		121-25; "The Verb æara- in Achaemenid Elamite," JNES 24, 1965, pp.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v11f6/v11f6021.html (1087 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Elamite language is only partly understood by scholars Â— it had nothing relative to Sumerian, Semitic or Indo...
		of the Elamite pantheon is furnished by the treaty of Naram-Sin, which survives in the Elamite language and begins with an enumeration of about forty divinities, of whom the names of thirty-three are...
		Elamite language is only partly understood by scholars - and there are no modern descendants of it.
	elamite_language.iqexpand.com (579 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Elamite @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		ELAMITE [Elamite], extinct language of uncertain relationship that was once spoken in the ancient kingdom of Elam, located in SW Asia.
		Elamite is an agglutinative language in that different linguistic elements, each of which exists separately and has a fixed meaning, are often joined to form one word.
		A number of stone inscriptions and clay tablets that have Elamite texts written in cuneiform survive.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:Elamite&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (171 words)

	Elam. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Elamites seem to have maintained their independence steadily, despite invasions and counterinvasions.
		At the beginning of the 2d millennium the Elamites invaded Babylonia and founded a dynasty at Larsa.
		B.C. The Elamite civilization grew strong; there was a literary renaissance and great development of architecture and sculpture.
	www.bartleby.com /65/el/Elam.html (358 words)

	Elam - Definition, explanation
		Though primarily centred in the province of Khuzestan for the duration of their empire, the Elamites had extended their civilisation into the province of Fars in prehistoric times.
		Elamite civilization grew up east of the Tigris and Euphrates, in the watershed of the river Karun.
		Some Elamite sites, however, are found well outside this area, spread out on the Iranian plateau; examples of Elamite remains north and east of Iran are Sialk in Isfahan Province and Jiroft [1] in Kerman Province.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/e/el/elam.php (2635 words)

	Iran: Documentation of Behistun Inscription Nearly Complete
		After the fall of the Persian Empire and its successors, and the fall of cuneiform writing into disuse, the nature of the inscription was forgotten and fanciful origins became the norm.
		The Elamite was across a chasm, and the Akkadian four metres above; both were beyond easy reach and were left for later.
		As three of the primary languages of Mesopotamia, and three variations of the cuneiform script, these decipherments were one of the keys to putting Assyriology on a modern footing.
	www.payvand.com /news/04/aug/1149.html (991 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Cuneiform
		The term "cuneiform" is very deceptive, in that it tricks people into thinking that it's some type of writing system.
		The truth is that cuneiform denotes not one but several kinds of writing systems, including logosyllabic, syllabic, and alphabetic scripts.
		However, these cuneiform records are really descendents of another counting system that had been used for five thousand years before.
	www.ancientscripts.com /cuneiform.html (703 words)

	Demonstration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In a peace treaty written in Elamite cuneiform between Naram Sin, king of Akkad, and Khita, king of Elam, mutual power and respect was recognized.
		Elamite king Untash Huban or Untash Gal (r.1265-1245 BC), of Ighalki dynasty, founded the city of Dur-Untashi with the ziggurat of Chogha-Zanbil at its heart, jointly dedicated to the Lord of Susa, Inshushinak, and Naparisha, Lord of Anshan.
		The Persians penetrated further south and settled in the Elamite province of Parsumash near Anshan (north of Shiraz).
	www.2001travelagency.com /demonstration.htm (1643 words)

	Cr-Cz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Babylonian cuneiform was in use for 2,000 years before the Behistun Inscription.
		cuneiform : cuneus : [3000 bc] writing with the wedge-shaped strokes of a stylus on clay or wax, and sometimes on stone or metal.
		cuneiform : Elamite cuneiform, which appeared as the second language of the trilingual inscriptions left by the Achaemenian kings.
	www.arapacana.com /Glossary/Cr-Cz.htm (3461 words)

	cuneiform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Strokes used in cuneiform are thicker at the top and thinner at the bottom of the symbol.
		Pictograms were the basis of cuneiform writing, but in time cuneiform became abstract representations of the pictograms.
		The ability to translate cuneiform was lost until 1835, when Henry Rawlinson, an English army officer, found inscriptions on a cliff in Persia.
	www.sunysuffolk.edu /~maria29/cuneiform.html (372 words)

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