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Topic: Elapids

	California Wild Spring 2000 - Striking Beauties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The almost 300 species of elapids include such snakes as cobras, coral snakes, taipans, and sea snakes, while the 223 species of viperids include such familiar snakes as vipers, rattlesnakes, copperheads, and water moccasins.
		Elapid venoms tend to kill via proteins called neurotoxins, which disable muscle contraction and bring about paralysis.
		Unlike the front-fanged elapids and viperids, the venomous colubrids are rear-fanged snakes, which must hang on and chew when they bite to inject any venom.
	www.calacademy.org /calwild/2000spring/stories/venoms.html (2625 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Outwardly, terrestrial elapids look similar to the colubridae: almost all have long and slender bodies with smooth scales, a head that is covered with large shields and not always distinct from the neck, and eyes with round pupils.
		All elapids have a pair of proteroglyphous fangs that are used to inject venom from glands located towards the rear of the upper jaws.
		Thus Australian terrestrial elapids are 'hydrophiines', though not sea snakes; Laticauda and the 'true sea snakes' evolved separately from among the Australasian land-snakes.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Elapidae (798 words)

	Elapid's
		The Elapids are universally venomous snakes, found in the middle latitudes around the world, and include such famous species as the king and monocled cobras, coral snakes and mambas.
		Elapids have short fixed fangs at the front of the mouth which are much more of a basic design as that of the vipers which have hinged folding fangs.
		Elapid venom seems to affect the nervous system in a majority of snakes whilst vipers tend to cause massive tissue damage.
	www.burmese.freeuk.com /Snakes/elapidae.htm (1111 words)

	Information on Snakebite - Medicine Online Medical Encyclopedia
		The elapid family includes the cobras (Naja and other genera) of Asia and Africa; the mambas (Dendroaspis) of Africa; the kraits (Bungarus) of Asia; the coral snakes (Micrurus) of the Americas; and the Australian elapids, which include the coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus), tiger snakes (Notechis), king brown snake (Pseudechis australis), and death adders (Acanthophis).
		The viper family includes the rattlesnakes (Crotalus) (Western diamondback rattlesnake and timber rattlesnake), moccasins (Agkistrodon), and lance-headed vipers (Bothrops) of the Americas; the saw-scaled vipers (Echis) of Asia and Africa; the Russell's viper (Daboia russellii) of Asia; and the puff adder (Bitis arietans) and Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica) of Africa.
		Many elapid bites result in little local swelling, but the spitting cobras are known for the amount of swelling and tissue damage they can cause.
	www.medicineonline.com /encyclopedia/S/Snakebite (3589 words)

	The Reptipage: Snake venom
		Their are four main types of teeth in snakes with which venom is transferred from gland to prey.
		One of the strangest things about elapids and viperids is that they seem to have evolved venom that is too potent for their own good.
		Venomous snakes (of at least the elapid and viperid families) are able to meter out how much venom they intend to inject into their prey.
	reptilis.net /serpentes/venom.html (2457 words)

	Pace Pest
		Elapids have fangs that are "effectively tubular" in that the fangs contain grooves that are enclosed by an infolding of the edges.
		Elapids are found worldwide and in Ausralia are the predominant family.
		In North America, three species of elapids are found, two species of coral snakes and one sea snake.
	www.apestcontrol.com /common_content/animal/snakes.html (589 words)

	Venomous snake restraint: Tailing elapid snakes
		Tailing elapid snakes is both more and less difficult than tailing viperids.
		The really large elapids (king cobras, adult fl mambas) are a physical challenge to the handler because they may be longer than the snake hook plus your arm's reach put together.
		A very agitated large elapid should probably not be tailed; it is not safe for the snake or the handler.
	www.snakegetters.com /demo/tailing2.html (724 words)

	Venomous Snakes - Question about fangs on elapids
		Sorry about that stupid me. All elapid and hydrophid snakes have a pair of fixed frontal poison fangs in front of the upper jaw.
		They have a proper and functional poison gland that is located between the eye and the back of the upper jaw.
		Elapid venom is basically neurotoxic and the victims get killed as a result of failure of the respiratory system or cardiac arrest.
	www.repticzone.com /forums/VenomousSnakes/messages/660591.html (379 words)

	On snake fangs
		He explains how the ancestral state was an open anterior canal, or groove, and illustrates this with a several drawings of an open canal, an elapid or hydrophid fang (the more primitive state in front-fanged snakes) and a viper's fang.
		This is almost identical to the fang in elapids and vipers.
		The primary difference between the fangs in elapids/hydrophids and those in vipers is the length and the degree they can be moved.
	members.iinet.net.au /%7Ebush/onfangs.html (736 words)

	Pecking order hierarchy in Australian snakes.
		Australia's large elapids all have similar habits in that they are generalized predators and occupy a wide range of potential habitats where they occur.
		Noting that most appear to be solitary most of the time and that they apparently compete for food and habitat, the pecking order between species must have a major impact on where they occur and perhaps even their daily activity patterns.
		That the elapids didn't like this situation was shown when the pythons were removed from the cages.
	www.smuggled.com /PecSna2.htm (4497 words)

	Abstract.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Evolutionary implications of hemipenial morphology in the terrestrial Australian elapid snakes.
		Molecular phylogeny of elapid snakes and a consideration of their biogeographic history.
		First, Melanesian elapids form sister groups to Australian species, indicating that the ancestors of the Australian radiation came via Asia, rather than representing a relict Gondwanan radiation.
	www.anu.edu.au /BoZo/Scott/Abstracts.html (2643 words)

	Meet the Elapids: Of 18 snake families, this one's the most lethal. Talk about a vicious bunch! (ScienceWorld ...
		DEATH ADDER Unlike other elapids, this stocky Australian snake has long-hinged fangs that fold back against the roof of the mouth within a sheath of skin.
		CORAL SNAKE Coral snakes are the only elapids of North and South America.
		Averaging 51 cm (20 in.) in length, corals' bright bands of color alert predators: "I'm poisonous!" These secretive, nocturnal snakes spend much of their time in cracks and crevices.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-80748069.html (340 words)

	Australian Copperhead (Austrelaps superbus)
		Elapids have hollow fangs located in the front of their mouth but these fangs cannot be erected like a true Viper, such as the Gaboon Viper, belonging to the Viperidae Family.
		The main difference is Elapids must actually bite their prey instead of stabbing it like a true Pit Viper.
		Like all Elapids, Australian Copperheads have Fixed Fangs mounted at the front of their jaw.
	www.tigerhomes.org /animal/australian-copperhead.cfm (571 words)

	What are the Different Types of Venomous Snakes?
		Venomous snakes are roughly divided into four families: elapids, viperids, colubrids and hydrophiidae.
		Elapids often have a neurotoxic venom, which means it acts on the nervous system.
		The compression bandage treatment is favored for elapid bites.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-are-the-different-types-of-venomous-snakes.htm (914 words)

	sociology - Elapidae
		The Elapidae family of venomous snakes includes the cobras, mambas, kraits, sea snakes and coral snakes, as well as all the venomous snakes of Australia (taipans, brown snakes, death adders, etc).
		The Elapids have hollow fangs located at the front of the mouth, but these fangs cannot be erected like those of the true vipers belonging to the Viperidae family.
		Instead, Elapids must actually bite their prey instead of stabbing at it like a true viper.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/Elapidae (156 words)

	Elapidae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The venoms of elapids are made predominantly of neurotoxins (that attack the nerves) that lead to asphyxia and heart failure.
		Elapids are fixed, front-fanged land snakes that are distinguished by the absence
		However, many elapids are so small as to be considered completely harmless--
	www.curator.org /legacyvmnh/weboflife/kingdom/p_chordata/classreptilia/O_Squamata/InfraSnakes/FElapidae/elapidae.htm (126 words)

	Reptiles
		The major kinds of snakes are colubrids, pythons, elapids, sea, file, and blind snakes.
		The Woma python is one of the rarest and most unique to the continent of Australia with bright orange and white stripes.
		The Elapids are spread all over too however they are more segregated by species.
	www.personal.psu.edu /pmz107/reptiles.html (985 words)

	Venomous snake restraint: tubing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Very large elapids are most effectively tubed with the aid of Midwest's Pro Bagger tool.
		Because elapids can move very quickly, it is a good idea to have a cap or block on the end of the tube to prevent the snake's shooting out the other end.
		Because elapids have much better supporting musculature than crotalids, they can be gripped behind the head with less fear of injury to the animal.
	www.kingsnake.com /snakegetters/demo/tube/index6.html (488 words)

	Australian Snake Reovirus update - how to treat it successfully.
		Those which had small neonate elapids also had heavy losses, which until then had been written off as death by causes unknown.
		In fact that seems to be the most common state for most elapids.
		Most snakes will tolerate this without a problem and if held vertically, at the time of forcing, gravity alone will prevent reflux until the snake is put back in the cage, whereupon (assuming it's done properly) the snake will hold and push further down the food and drink.
	www.smuggled.com /ReoUpd2.htm (2386 words)

	Venom Composition of Australian elapids: molecule types and pharmacology
		The use of these activators are well documented and they are to diagnose dysprothrombin aemias, to determine prothrombin concentration, and are excellent tools to activate prothrombin to thrombin.
		A recent use is to make FDA approved fibrin film for sugical procedures, Taipan activator is used to activate recombinant prethrombin to alpha thrombin.An extremely interesting, and useful, aspect of venom components from Australian elapids is in the characterisation of lupus using the procoagulant textarin from the eastern brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis).
		Most neurotoxins found in Australian elapid venoms so far have a curare-like action and bind with high affinity to post-synaptic skeletal muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
	www.venomdoc.com /old/snakes/venom.html (520 words)

	Bites Venom
		The proteroglyphous condition is typical of the elapid snakes (cobras, taipan, coralsnakes, seasnakes, and their relatives).
		The largest elapid, the king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), has fangs only 8 to 10 millimeters long ; fangs are less than 8 millimeters long in mambas (Dendroaspis), less than 7 millimeters in Indian cobras (Naja naja), and less 3 millimeters long in adult harlequin coralsnakes (Micrurus fulvius) and yellow-bellied seasnakes (Pelamis platurus).
		Viperids have significantly longer fangs than the proteroglyphous elapids, and some viperids seem to have taken the evolutionary opportunity of lengthening their fangs to the extreme.
	www.reptileallsorts.com /bites-venom.htm (9457 words)

	King Brown
		Previously it has been thought that single subcaudals found in Australian elapids was a common key that showed the close relationship of all our live bearing species with the only exception being the Red bellied fl snake.
		While the King brown is considered to be a large elapid, size varies accordingly to location but generally speaking they seem to be of a larger size further north with the occasional specimen reaching close to 10 foot in total length.
		Although highly venomous I have personally found that they only reluctantly strike when first disturbed but can become pugnacious when provoked and will flatten out their neck and try to bite.
	www.pilbarapythons.com /kingbrown.htm (456 words)

	MavicaNET - Naped Snakes (Furina)
		Catálogo / Natureza / Reino vegetal e animal / Animais (Animalia) / Réptiles (Reptilia) / Snakes (Serpentes [Ophidia]) / Elapids (Elapidae) / Naped Snakes (Furina)
		Queensland Museum - Snakes - Snakes of South-east Queensland - Elapids
		Elapids are the venomous species with fangs (hollow teeth connected via ducts to venom glands near the eyes) which are fixed at the front of the upper jaw.
	www.mavicanet.com /lite/por/31537.html (81 words)

	Elapidae - Definition, explanation
		The Elapidae family of venomous snakes includes the cobrass, mambas, kraits, sea snakes and coral snakes, as well as all the venomous snakes of Australia such as taipans, brown snakes or death adders.
		Instead, elapids must actually bite their prey instead of stabbing at it like a true viper.
		The type genus was originally called Elaps, but it was later moved to another family.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/e/el/elapidae.php (180 words)

	Meet the Elapids: Of 18 snake families, this one's the most lethal. Talk about a vicious bunch! - ScienceWorld ...
		Meet the Elapids: Of 18 snake families, this one's the most lethal.
		DEATH ADDER Unlike other elapids, this stocky Australian snake has long-hinged fangs that fold back against the roof of the mouth within a sheath of skin.
		CORAL SNAKE Coral snakes are the only elapids of North and South America.
	www.looksmarthighschool.com /p/articles/mi_m1590/is_1_58/ai_80748069 (347 words)

	SICB - 2005 meeting - Abstract Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Like in vipers and other hydrophiine elapids, but not elapines, the palatine of Acanthophis has no connections to the maxilla, choanal passage, or snout, potentially allowing greater excursions of the jaw apparatus.
		Acanthophis slightly modified the typical elapid morphology which allowed it to approach but not achieve viper-like kinematics.
		Elapids remain less optimized for prey capture than vipers.
	www.sicb.org /meetings/2005/schedule/abstractdetails.php3?id=169 (264 words)

	Elapidae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Elapids and hydrophiids can be distinguished by their choanal processes: elapids have them (except for Dendroaspis), hydrophiids lack them.
		The generic classification of the Australian terrestrial elapid snakes.
		Keogh,J.S. Molecular phylogeny of elapid snakes and a consideration of their biogeographic history.
	www.embl-heidelberg.de /%7Euetz/families/Elapidae.html (1167 words)

	Kingsnake.com - Herpforum - RE: Basal Elapids and Viperids Must Be Found Amongst the Rear Fanged and Ag
		As a forinstance an Elapid must be a snake with short relatively immobile front fangs (the "protoroglyphous" condition).
		So, if Homoroselaps turns out to be the sister genus of all other elapids (which is unlikely to be the case based on various studies in the works), then that makes it the basal elapid.
		On the other hand, if we are discussing stem group vipers or elapids, one would indeed look for extinct relatives of crown clade elapids or vipers, which would indeed be expected to show a lesser degree of development of the dentition.
	forums.kingsnake.com /view.php?id=812119,812182 (908 words)

	snakes cobras Online at Pet Supplies and More - Find snakes cobras, Pet Supplies and Accessories at Pet Supplies and ...
		Cobras, mambas, kraits, coral snakes, taipan (Family Elapidae) Elapids are extremely venomous snakes.
		Their presence alone is sufficient to cause anxiety among the troops, sometimes enough to negatively impact their duty performance.
		elapids are the coral snakes, cobras, kraits, mambas, and the sea snakes.
	www.petsuppliesandmore.com /directory/snakes/snakes-cobras (398 words)

	Different Types of Snakes
		There are venomous snakes in every family of snakes.Venomous snakes are classified into four families the Elapids, Viperids, Colubrids and Hydrophiidae.
		The Elapids are found in the sub tropical and tropical regions around the world.
		Some Elapids are kraits, king cobras, cobras, mambas, Australian copperheads and coral snakes.
	www.buzzle.com /articles/different-types-of-snakes.html (726 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Implications of Siwalik Group Bungarus for estimating elapid divergence timing and biogeography will be examined elsewhere (Head, in prep).
		A convex ventral margin of the centrum was considered diagnostic of Elapidae by Hoffstetter (1939); however, this character is difficult to assess, and comparison of elapids and other colubroids indicates considerable variability in the curvature of the ventral margin.
		Although the referred specimens can be united on the basis of the characters used to compare them with Ophiophagus, they cannot be unambiguously diagnosed to the genus or even to Elapidae.
	www.ga.gov.au /paleo/2005_1/head18/system5.htm (764 words)

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