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Topic: Elative (gradation)

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	Finnish Grammar - Genitive Stem
		The genitive stem of these words is similar to the nominative stem, except for that the consonant gradation is applied to appropriate words.
		The consonant gradation is applied to appropriate words, and then the genitive stem takes the strong grade.
		The genitive stem is used to form the singular form of the genitive, accusative (long form), translative, inessive, elative, adessive, ablative, allative, abessive, and instructive, and also the plural form of the nominative and accusative.
	www.cc.jyu.fi /~pamakine/kieli/suomi/sijat/genetiivivaren.html (1392 words)

	Declension [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Elative case Elative is a locative case with the basic meaning "out of".
		In Finnish elative is typically formed by adding "sta/stä", in Estonian - "st" to the genitive stem.
		In Hungarian suffix "ból/ből" is used for elative....
	www.wikimirror.com /Declension (3127 words)

	Finnish language grammar. Who is Finnish language grammar? What is Finnish language grammar? Where is Finnish language ...
		Like the inessive, the elative can also be used to indicate time or immediate contact.
		The name "general locatives" is sometimes used of the essive and translative cases (as well as partitive above) because their oldest meanigs imply that they have been used to indicate location.
		The characteristic morphology of the Finnish conditional is 'isi' inserted between the verb stem and the personal ending.
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Finnish_language_grammar (6292 words)

	Finnish Grammar - Plural Stem
		The plural stem is used to form the plural of the translative, inessive, elative, adessive, ablative, allative, abessive, and instructive.
		The plural stem is formed with the aid of the genitive stem.
		The plural stem of new loan words that end in a consonant is formed by replacing the last i of the genitive stem by e and adding the plural marker i after it.
	www.cc.jyu.fi /~pamakine/kieli/suomi/sijat/monikkovartaloen.html (729 words)

	Elative (gradation) - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Elative (gradation) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Elative (gradation) - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Elative (gradation).
		The list of the Elative (gradation) Authors is
		The orginal Elative (gradation) article can be editet
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Elative-gradation.html (103 words)

	The Finnish Language - LanguageServer - University of Graz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Another characteristic property of Finnish morphophonology is consonant gradation, i.e.
		The morphology of the Finnish language has primarily agglutinative structure, viz morphemes have clear-cut boundaries, grammatical morphemes bear mostly one single meaning, the word stem is not modified by internal inflection like 'umlaut' or 'ablaut'.
		The declension in Finnish has 15 cases: nominative, accusative, essive, partitive, translative, inessive, elative, illative, adessive, ablative, allative, abessive, comitative, and instructive.
	languageserver.uni-graz.at /ls/desc?id=167&type=r (704 words)

	Finnish language grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		However, in a similar way to verb imperfects, the '-i-' can cause changes to the final vowel of the stem, leading to an apparent diversity of forms.
		The sixth of the local cases with the basic meaning "from off of" - a poor English equivalent, but necessary to distinguish it from "from out of" which would be elative.
		;elative: 'lukemasta' = '(from just having been) reading' ;illative: 'lukemaan' = '(about to be / with the intention of) reading' ;adessive: 'lukemalla' = '(by) reading' ;abessive: 'lukematta' = '(without) reading'
	www.theezine.net /f/finnish-language-grammar.html (5355 words)

	The Nganasan Language - LanguageServer - University of Graz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Nganasan features consonant gradation in both stems and suffixes.
		Consonant gradation is analysed as lenition of intervocalic consonants in morphological paradigms.
		Nganasan nouns have seven cases: nominative, genitive, accusative, lative, locative, elative and prolative.
	languageserver.uni-graz.at /ls/desc?id=147&type=r (560 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		CHANGES: 1.1.1997 by Antti Karttunen: Fixed inflections of the verbs "jaella" 41 ja- (NSS 28) "maata" 50 maa- (NSS 35), "taata" 50 taa- (NSS 35) and "koota" 56 koo- (NSS 38), by ensuring that their stem is gradated correctly from weak to strong when the strong form is needed.
		/ / Note that now NSS verbclasses 3-8, 43, 12, 14, 16 and 33 are defined with gradation on, although their strong vowel stems are not synthetized until at run time.
		Note that this doesn't gradate double vowels like "maa" or "koo".
	ndirty.cute.fi /~karttu/conjugat/conjugat.cpp (2350 words)

	Classics in the History of Psychology -- Wundt (1897) Section 10
		To be sure, a qualitative gradation of local signs on [128] the retina can not be demonstrated with the same evidentness as for the skin.
		There is, indeed, in these properties of the retina no strict proof for the existence of pure local differences in the sensations, at least not in the fine gradations that must be assumed in the retinal centre, for example.
		This is all the more justifiable because here, where the gradations are much finer, the tendency to translate sensational differences directly into local differences, which has already been noticed in the case of touch, will be much more apt to destroy their specifically qualitative character.
	www.psych.yorku.ca /classics/Wundt/Outlines/sec10.htm (12076 words)

	Spelling and Literacy in Finnish. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Consonantal gradation in Finnish and English is explained, and its implications for spelling are discussed, as are the different reactions of Finnish and English speakers to the resulting alteration of words.
		Questions about the teaching of reading in Finland are answered by an expert from the University of Helsinki, who also confirms that the concept of 'spelling' to a Finn means by syllable rather than by letter as in English.
		This means 'consonantal gradation', and occurs in English a little, and in Finnish a great deal.
	www.spellingsociety.org /journals/j25/finnish.php (4586 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Consonantal gradation is comparable to initial consonant mutation.
		There is consonantal gradation in Uralic languages of all consonants in words, which makes Urtalic comparable to Celtic in some respects.
		No one has suggested that the consonantal gradation in these languages is a recent phonological development.
	hometown.aol.com /IrishWord/protocelt.htm (5037 words)

	[No title]
		There is no quantitative consonant gradation in Rufski.
		There is still at least some qualitative gradation, e.g.
		Historically, the ACC is the old Partitive (PRTV) form, and the INSTR combines in itself the forms of the former Adessive and Allative cases which became identical in form (provided that the language is a derivative of Ancient Finnish, as assumed).
	www.uta.fi /~trhato/Tutkimus/Morpholo.htm (566 words)

	Altweb: The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique
		For if, as we legitimately may, we use evidence from overt behavior to build a tentative picture of the states of consciousness in a lower animal, our first conclusion is the remarkably restricted nature of these states (Russell and Russell, 1957 and in press).
		To make the main point, we are overlooking evolutionary gradations, which need not impair the generalizations that follows.
		The work of many ethologists, notable Baerends (Baerends, 1941; Baerends et al, 1955; Tinbergen, 1951; Russell, 1954; etc.), has shown that at any given moment a lower vertebrate is in a particular mood which drastically restricts the scope of its attention.
	altweb.jhsph.edu /publications/humane_exp/chap2a.htm (4103 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		To start with, Finnish is a very demanding language, not least for a teacher and an author of a Finnish text book.
		In addition, both nouns and verbs have a large number of inflectional types, some of which are more frequent than others.
		3) pitää requires the noun in the elative case; thus you must know about the case system and how the pronouns are declined.
	www.rockford.k12.mn.us /students/projects/vacation/finlandmh/kieli.html (946 words)

	Adjectives
		Gradation: an adjective can be gradable or not.
		Gradation is not indicated in WordNet 3.4 because it is not often lexicalized in English.
		Restrictions on syntactic position (for prenominal-only and postnominal-only adjectives) are directly encoded in the the word, as they cannot be infered from the head word in the cluster (52).
	www.ilc.cnr.it /EAGLES96/rep2/node12.html (1681 words)

	talvi.net
		Grammatical rules are explained systematically and imaginatively: consonant gradation, for example, is presented using a cunning analogy of boxes and lids.
		It is therefore refreshing that Colloquial Finnish is occasionally leavened with humour, mainly directed at its own dry style and at the clichés of language tuition.
		Expanding on the distinction between the elative and ablative cases, Abondolo helpfully volunteers: "...
	www.talvi.net /finland/learning.shtml (1795 words)

	Christina A :: Kiristina
		consonant gradation: double consonants kk, pp, tt are often (basically, before closed syllables) replaced by single k, p, t, e.g.
		Secondly the stem is affected by a phenomenon called consonant gradation.
		For example, in the sentence Minä rakastan sinua 'I love you', the pronoun sinä 'you' has to be in the partitive form sinua, but in the sentence Pidän sinusta 'I like you', the verb requires the pronoun to be in the elative case sinusta.
	www.freewebs.com /1285978321/finnish.htm (10542 words)

	Artificial Languages -- Some Essential Features
		Consonant gradation based on the grade distinctions is one of the central features of the language.
		27 cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, receptive, comitative, partitive, causative, essive, translative, absolutive, instructive, abessive, inceptive, terminative, temperative, locative, illative, elative, allative, adessive, exessive, inessive, superlative, sublative, superlocative, and vocative.
		Other features: Simple and complex consonant gradation of lexical stems is a major feature of the language.
	www.cc.jyu.fi /~tojan/alang/alang2.htm (3562 words)

	[No title]
		We observed that Celtic mutation and Fenno-Ugric consonant gradation are nearly identical, except that Celtic mutation often takes place at the front of a word, whereas Finnish/Estonian consonant gradation and Hungarian consonant alteration take place at the end of words or stems.
		It is unlikely that consonant gradation could be a late development of Fenno-Ugric and Uralic languages since there would theoretically be some individual Uralic related languages without consonant gradation at this time.
		It is true that both Celtic and Uralic cultures may have been deflected from developing their own writing systems in classical times by their being overshadowed by more developed Greco-Roman cultures and institutions, by Greco-Roman military suppression, by a reliance on memory, by class or ritualistic restrictions, or by internal dialectal confusion.
	hometown.aol.com /irishWord/irish-finn3.htm (5626 words)

	Finnish Grammar Bits - Cases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Nominative (form that is found in dictionaries and is used for the subject of a sentence)
		Genitive (the equivalent of English's genitive 's, thus Matt's would be Matin (Matti + n (genitive marker) with a dash of consonant gradation))
		Elative (form used for from or out of)
	www.uta.fi /~km56049/finnish/cases.html (179 words)

	German grammar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There are three degrees of comparison: positive form, comparative form and superlative form.
		In contrast to Latin or Italian, there is no grammatical feature for the absolute superlative (elative).
		German verbs may be classified as either weak, with a dental inflection, or strong, showing a vowel gradation (ablaut).
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/German_grammar (7247 words)

	Allahu Akbar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Allahu Akbar (allāhu akbar, الله أَكْبَر) is Arabic for "God is the greatest." Akbar is the elative form of the adjective kabīr (great, big, important), meaning "greater, greatest, or very great." The elative combines the meanings of comparative (greater than) and superlative (most great).
		The phrase "Allāhu Akbar" is written on the center of the flag of Iraq and along the borders of the central white stripe on the flag of Iran.
		See also: Allahu Akbar, Adhan, Allah, Allahu Akbar (disambiguation), Applause, Arabic language, Elative (gradation), Flag of Iran, Flag of Iraq
	encyclopedie-en.snyke.com /articles/allahu_akbar.html (303 words)

	Finnish language grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Characteristic ending: -n added to stem possibly modified by consonant gradation: mäki -> mäen, talo -> talon
		Adessive also commonly indicates possession: "minulla on kirja" = "I have a book" (literally "there is a book on me")
		Characteristic ending -na added to genitive stem but with strong consonant gradation
	www.eurofreehost.com /fi/Finnish_language_grammar_2.html (905 words)

	[No title]
		EXPL: Elative is one of the six locative cases which as their basic meaning correspond to locational prepositions in English
		EX: "házbÓl" - "out of house" In Hungarian a suffix "bÓl/bol" is used for elative.
		EX: In the Finnish language, this case is marked by adding "na" to the genitive stem of the noun, but with strong consonant gradation.
	atoll.inria.fr /RNIL/TC37SC4-docs/AutonomeDatCat.html (7106 words)

	Distance Teaching from NITOL - HIA
		The number of steps A scale of five steps is manageable for the interviewee and offers sufficient gradation for most purposes.
		You should have very good reasons for preferring seven steps, as this would likely yield more trouble than gain.
		If the matter does not require a fine gradation of the responses, offering only three alternatives may be the most reasonable choice, for example: Poor - Fair - Good.
	www.aitel.hist.no /prosjekter/ekstern/mecpol/pol0297/lessons/10/evaluate.htm (4506 words)

	Easy Web Design
		GIF compression is optimized for “cartoony” images, images that have only a few colors and that have sharp gradations of color.
		A cartoon drawing of a landscape might well have only four colors: blue for the sky, white for the clouds, green for the grass, and maybe fl for an outline.
		In the above cartoon, for example, if instead of sharp border between the blue sky and the white cloud there was a gradation of color from blue, to light blue, to lighter blue, to white, only the blue would be transparent.
	www.hoboes.com /html/NetLife/WebSimple/WebSimple.html (13778 words)

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