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Topic: Elections in Lebanon

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	Middle East Report Online: Elections Pose Lebanon's Old Questions Anew, by Sateh Noureddine and Laurie King-Irani
		Upon Lebanon's independence from French colonial rule in 1943, a National Pact established unwritten rules whereby the president is a Maronite Christian, the prime minister is a Sunni Muslim and the speaker of Parliament is a Shiite, while allocating parliamentary seats according to a sectarian calculus.
		Lebanon's last parliamentary contests, in 2000, were run according to a law drafted under Syrian tutelage to gerrymander electoral districts in favor of allies of Damascus.
		In urging the Lebanese to hold elections as quickly as possible, against the wishes of some of the protagonists in the independence uprising, Washington and Paris were clearly moving to avoid a political vacuum in Lebanon, which could have dangerous regional consequences.
	www.merip.org /mero/mero053105.html (0 words)

	Ya Libnan \| Lebanon Elections 2005 Full Coverage
		Lebanon was once united, earlier this year in fact, when the country demanded to know "the truth" behind the assassination of leader Rafik Hariri.
		It is the 3rd phase of the 2005 parliamentary elections.
		Jdeidah, Lebanon - In an Electoral rally in the town of Jdeidah of the Metn region, carried live by Al Mustakbal and LBC TV Stations, the opposition increased its attack on General Aoun, calling his alliance with the pro Syrian politicians as "abnormal" and accusing him of breaking up the unity of the opposition.
	yalibnan.com /site/elections2005.php (2969 words)

	Lebanon news - NOW Lebanon :: If not now, when?
		Lebanon’s economy has virtually stalled out amidst the political turmoil of the past three years.
		But Lebanon doesn’t have forever to wait, and without serious reforms its stalled economy could be thrown into reverse.
		Hezbollah’s main concern today is the election of a president who will protect their weapons and safeguard their military independence.
	www.nowlebanon.com (0 words)

	"How Syria Orchestrates Lebanon's Elections" (August 2000)
		In short, holding elections on the basis of the muhafaza was seen as a vital safeguard to preserve national unity against sectarian extremism.
		Prior to the 1992 parliamentary elections, however, Syrian officials grew concerned that some of their most important allies might lose the elections if they were obliged to court voters outside of their tribal and sectarian communities.
		After the first round of parliamentary elections in 1992, U.S. State Department officials issued a relatively mild rebuke, expressing disappointment that "the elections were not prepared and not carried out in a manner to ensure the broadest national consensus," but said nothing of Syrian involvement in the charade.
	www.meib.org /articles/0008_l1.htm (3386 words)

	UNDP-POGAR: Programme on Governance in the Arab Region: Elections (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lebanon is a parliamentary democracy in which the people constitutionally have the right to change their government.
		The last presidential election was conducted in 1998, but instead of holding a new one in 2004, the parliament passed a constitutional amendment to extend the incumbent president’s term exceptionally for an additional three years.
		The elections were conducted according to the electoral law of the year 2000 despite the admission by most political parties and leaders that it is an unfair law as far as the distribution of electoral districts is concerned.
	www.pogar.org /countries/elections.asp?cid=9 (1679 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Elections in Israel
		Elections in Israel gives information on election and election results in Israel.
		The 1982 Invasion of Lebanon, dubbed Operation Peace for Galilee (Shlom HaGalil in Hebrew), began June 6, 1982, when the Israel Defence Force invaded southern Lebanon purportedly in response to the Abu Nidal organizations assassination attempt against Israels ambassador to the United Kingdom, Shlomo Argov, and to halt...
		Proportional representation (PR) is any election system which ensures a proportionally representative result of a democratic election, x% of votes should be represented by x% in the democratic institutions, parliament or congress.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Elections-in-Israel (1905 words)

	Elections in Lebanon Information
		Since the elections of 1992 (the first since the reforms of the Taif Agreement of 1989 removed the built-in majority previously enjoyed by Christians and distributed the seats equally between Christians and Muslims), the Parliament has had 128 seats.
		Especially outside of the major cities, elections tend to focus more on local than national issues, and it is not unusual for a party to join an electoral ticket in one constituency while aligned with a rival party - even an ideologically opposite party - in another constituency.
		Presidential elections are indirect, with the President being elected to a six-year term by the Parliament.
	www.bookrags.com /Elections_in_Lebanon (560 words)

	The First Post-War Parliamentary Elections in Lebanon
		Parliamentary elections in Lebanon were considered an event for which the people waited every four years, preparing themselves to win in the coming "battle." The electoral seasons always saw popular and political mobilization, constituting an event in whose uproar people from all sects and regions, ages and social levels could mix (55).
		The 1992 elections' most important issue was the procedural obstacles which seriously impeded the discussion of electoral policy issues, in particular the time-period between the preparation of the elections (the passing of the electoral law), the setting of dates for the elections, and election day.
		In reality, parliamentary elections in Lebanon, before and after the "hot," and "cold" wars, are a project for gaining notable status by "new faces" which aspire to emerge on the scene, and for the old figures who wish to secure or renew their za`ama.
	www.lcps-lebanon.org /resc/democ/bk93ch1/ch1pt2b.html (4668 words)

	Lebanon-Elections, (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lebanon's neighbour Syria casts a big shadow over the poll, the first to be held since Syrian troops pulled out of Lebanon after 29 years six weeks ago.
		Lebanon's anti-Syrian forces, who blame Damascus and its local allies for the murders of former premier Rafik Hariri and anti-Syrian journalist Samir Kassir, say they fear Syria may be planning more political assassinations.
		The vote in central Mount Lebanon, the nation's most populous region, has been billed as the "mother of all battles," with friends and foes running against each other in a jumble of baffling alliances.
	www.cbc.ca /cp/world/050611/w061124.html (840 words)

	OpinionJournal - THE FREEDOM AGENDA
		You have elections in Lebanon, and Hezbollah wins 10, 12 seats in the parliament and two cabinet seats.
		And note: Before the election, Hamas had influence and was under no international pressure to reform its ways; today, because of elections, it is for the first time facing pressure from other nations.
		Elections are not the problem; rather, they reveal what problems exist and remind us what tyranny in the Middle East has wrought.
	www.opinionjournal.com /forms/printThis.html?id=110008771 (1177 words)

	Jamaica Gleaner News - US elections and Mideast politics - Thursday \| November 16, 2006
		Equally, while it might appear that the results of the elections will come as bad news for Israel, this too would probably be a mistaken conclusion.
		Nevertheless, its 'weakness' is a consequence more of Israeli politics than of the U.S. elections: the Israeli government is already weak and under fire at home, precisely because its own hard line against Hezbollah was seen to have been so inept and ineffective.
		Lebanon's president is resisting Hezbollah efforts to gain an effective veto over the government.
	www.jamaica-gleaner.com /gleaner/20061116/cleisure/cleisure4.html (617 words)

	Dar Al Hayat (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The communications that followed the withdrawal do not indicate that the two countries have specified the nature of that role in the next stage or that they have started discussions over their future relations.
		Surely, most of the “Beirut Spring” gains shrunk and withered away with the offset of the electoral campaign, since the alliances, which took place as the elections got closer, changed the features of the opposition that tipped the difference in 14 March.
		It is said that after the elections the situation will differ and all issues will be addressed with a new mentality.
	english.daralhayat.com /opinion/OPED/06-2005/Article-20050615-7ff41420-c0a8-10ed-00d4-1f05a5cfb11a/story.html (1364 words)

	President Discusses War on Terror
		The elections in Lebanon must be fully and carefully monitored by international observers.
		Lebanon's future belongs in your hands, and by your courage, Lebanon's future will be in your hands.
		Saudi Arabia's recent municipal elections were the beginning of reform that may allow greater participation in the future.
	www.whitehouse.gov /news/releases/2005/03/20050308-3.html (3260 words)

	“Hezbollah Sweeps Southern Lebanon Elections” - theTrumpet.com
		In southern Lebanon, not only did Hezbollah’s Shiite alliance win hands-down (generally by a ratio of 10 to 1 against its nearest rival), but it won primarily on the platform of resistance against America’s demands that Hezbollah disarm.
		The election is seen by many more as a referendum in support of Hezbollah’s refusal to disarm.
		Lebanon claims that a portion of land in northern Israel is occupied territory that should be returned to the Lebanese.
	www.thetrumpet.com /index.php?page=article&id=1548 (739 words)

	Scheduled Fall Presidential Elections in Lebanon Presage New Political Faces and Policies
		Presidential elections are scheduled to take place in Lebanon sometime in the two-month period between Sept. 21 and Nov. 21, which is the constitutional period for the Parliament to elect a new president.
		The municipal elections of last spring were a major turning point in that regard, setting the scene for a normal presidential election too.
		For any president to come, there is also a real challenge in southern Lebanon, where Israeli forces pursue their occupation and the accompanying fighting with the Lebanese resistance guerrillas of the Shi’i Hezbollah militia; its rival for Shi’i support, the Amal”; militia; and with armed members of the Lebanese communist party.
	www.washington-report.org /backissues/1098/9810060.html (1055 words)

	TomPaine.com - The Democracy Lie
		Its partial withdrawal from Lebanon came about because of local and international pressures, including that of France and the Arab League, and is hardly a unilateral Bush administration triumph.
		The security situation was so bad that the candidates running for office could not reveal their identities until the day before the election, and the entire country was put under a sort of curfew for three days, with all vehicular traffic forbidden.
		But in Jordan, Yemen, Lebanon and elsewhere, such steps much predated Bush, and these publics will be struggling for their rights long after he is out of office.
	www.tompaine.com /articles/the_democracy_lie.php (2034 words)

	Lebanon-Elections (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lebanon's elections are being held in four stages.
		On Friday Lebanon's political heavyweights visited the Bekaa Valley, where a fierce contest is anticipated.
		Aoun's toughest battle will be in Mount Lebanon, the country's most populous province, where the race has been dubbed "the Mother of all Battles." Aoun is competing, among other groups, with Jumblatt's PSP and the Lebanese Forces.
	www.cbc.ca /cp/world/050610/w061062.html (795 words)

	UN Security Council Resolution 1559 - 2004- Complete Text and Introduction - Withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon ...
		Syrian troops had been in Lebanon since the spring of 1976, putting an end to the Lebanese civil war and making a semblance of order in Lebanon under the Taif accord, but at the same time presiding over brutalities such as the 1976 massacre of over 2,000 Palestinians in the Tel Al-Zaatar refugee camp.
		Lebanon determined the presence and size of the force, depending on the country’s need.
		Secondly, the matter was purely internal, and related to the presidential elections to be held in Lebanon.
	www.mideastweb.org /1559.htm (1190 words)

	[Islam-Online- Top News]
		BEIRUT, Aug 14 (AFP)-Reports say with only two weeks left until parliamentary elections in Lebanon, charges abound that the vote will be rigged and that the electoral process is being manipulated not only by forces allied with the incumbent government but foreign interests as well.
		For its part, the Lebanese Association for Democratic Elections claims that agencies not only of the Lebanese government, but also of the Syrian government, are "exerting pressure at all stages" of the electoral process.
		According to political analysts, this outcry is unlikely to alter the timing of the elections, but it does represent an addition to the voices of those who have already written off the vote.
	www.islamonline.net /iol-english/dowalia/news-2000-August-15/topnews6.asp (518 words)

	LEBANON: AFTER ELECTIONS?
		It is obvious that the success of the Cedar Revolution mainly depends on the post election political establishment and the capability of this new establishment to overcome the tradition of zaim, feudal-like lord, which has run deep in Lebanese politics.
		As it was expected with the final round of Lebanon's parliamentary elections held on June 19, 2005 opponents of Syrian domination claimed their victory.
		Even if some intelligence staff were left behind in Lebanon they weren't effective in the elections but the continuing plots against anti-Syrian politicians and journalists have proved Syrian existence in the country, which may lead high tensions between Syria and Lebanon again.
	www.foreignpolicy.org.tr /documents/lebenonelections.htm (737 words)

	SyriaComment.com: Lebanon's Elections - What's at Stake?
		Hassan Fattah of the New York Times also stresses how little has changed in his article, "New start in Lebanon is slowed by old rules." A large per cent of the candidates were assured of their success before the elections began because of the way election lists are hammered out in back rooms.
		Lebanon's "new" unity will be put to the test when it comes to renegotiating communal representation once again.
		Lebanon has big issues including sectarianism, but let us look here in the states, where redistricting often along racial lines have made a mockery of many congressional seats.
	faculty-staff.ou.edu /L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/syriablog/2005/05/lebanons-elections-whats-at-stake.htm (2132 words)

	USCFL - Parliamentary Elections in Lebanon: A Final Assessment
		The elections were marked by the by-now-familiar phenomenon of one pro-Syrian candidate running against another pro-Syrian candidate, reflecting Damascus' full penetration of Lebanese politics.
		South Lebanon: Just when an anti-Hezbollah trend appeared to be gelling after three rounds of voting in Mount Lebanon, the North, and Beirut, a Syrian-engineered coalition in the South between the two rival Shiite groupings--Hezbollah and the more moderate Amal party--virtually guaranteed the radicals the seats they were seeking to preserve.
		Nevertheless, they failed to prevent the election of Hezbollah and Amal-backed Sunni leader Mustafa Saad, an arch rival of Hariri from Sidon and son of union leader Maarouf Saad, who was assassinated in 1975 just prior to the outbreak of the Lebanon war.
	www.clhrf.com /document/election.htm (1270 words)

	Elections - Council on Foreign Relations
		Nationalists won Serbia’s general elections but may not have pulled in enough votes to form a government.
		Kathleen Bruhn and Kenneth Greene argue that the election was only polarizing at the elite level.
		A pair of important elections in Iran may indicate which direction the public mood is swinging ahead of parliamentary polls next year.
	www.cfr.org /issue/84/elections.html (767 words)

	Christian Today – Christian News > First Round of Elections in Lebanon Marked with Low Turnout
		The election was marked by the victory of the son of former assassinated Premier Rafik Hariri, Saad Hariri.
		As the election approached, several groups called upon people to boycott the election since the law under which the election was run under was not just and marginalised Christians.
		The election is being observed by the EU Election Observation Mission and Canadian team, which is "the first of its kind in Lebanon," team leader Senator Mac Harb expressed.
	www.christiantoday.com /article/first.round.of.elections.in.lebanon.marked.with.low.turnout/3022.htm (639 words)

	A Performance-Based Roadmap to a Permanent Two-State Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
		Palestinians undertake comprehensive political reform in preparation for statehood, including drafting a Palestinian constitution, and free, fair and open elections upon the basis of those measures.
		GOI facilitates Task Force election assistance, registration of voters, movement of candidates and voting officials.
		Such a meeting would be inclusive, based on the goal of a comprehensive Middle East peace (including between Israel and Syria, and Israel and Lebanon), and based on the principles described in the preamble to this document.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/prs/ps/2003/20062.htm (1824 words)

	Q & A: Lebanon's elections \| csmonitor.com
		Sunday, the southern district voted, to be followed by the Bekaa Valley and Mount Lebanon on June 12 and northern Lebanon on June 19.
		However, each election was manipulated, and districts were drawn to ensure that Syria's Lebanese allies would be returned to power.
		Traditionally, Lebanon's president is a Maronite Christian, the prime minister is a Sunni Muslim, and the parliamentary speaker is a Shiite.
	www.csmonitor.com /2005/0606/p06s01-wome.html (0 words)

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