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Topic: Elections in Rwanda

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	THE DANISH INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS - Rwanda and human rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In contrast to neighbouring Burundi, where recognition of the “ethnic” differences has been adopted in the framework of the peace process, the new constitution of Rwanda is strongly characterised by thinking and mechanisms designed to reinforce national unity and banish all forms of “divisionism”.
		Rwanda’s formal human rights commitment is high to the extent that the country has ratified nearly all of the international conventions as well as the regional instruments.
		Presidential elections were held in August 2003 and elections for the Chamber of Deputies and for the Senate were held in September and October of 2003, all being carried out in a calm and well-organized manner.
	www.humanrights.dk /departments/international/partnercountries/rwanda/rwandahr (861 words)

	Paul Kagame - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Paul Kagame (born October 23, 1957) is the president of Rwanda, and was a founder of the Rwandese Patriotic Front and its military commander during the Rwandan Civil War and Rwandan Genocide.
		Kagame was born in Gitarama in Western Rwanda on October 23, 1957.
		Predictably, after Museveni was in power, the presence of foreigners became an embarrassment, and Musoveni supported the 1990 invasion by the RPF of Rwanda, to rid and reward the foreign army, a major destabilising factor that led to the Rwandan Genocide.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paul_Kagame (1830 words)

	Elections in Rwanda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Elections in Rwanda gives information on election and election results in Rwanda.
		Rwanda elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature.
		Rwanda is a one party dominant state with the Rwanda Patriotic Front in power.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Elections_in_Rwanda (231 words)

	UNDP Press Releases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The elections are due to take place in July 2003 and will mark the first time Rwandans go to the polls to choose their president and parliament since the genocide.
		While the elections are expected to signal the successful end to this transition period, they also present a number of challenges.
		Rwanda faces a very tight schedule with a number of electoral benchmarks to be met over the next few months, among which is the adoption of a new constitution.
	www.undp.org /dpa/pressrelease/releases/2002/november/15nov02.html (443 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		International observers judged parliamentary elections in 2001 and local elections in 2003 to be acceptable and a step toward democratic development, but identified serious deficiencies.
		Presidential elections scheduled for 2005 are unlikely to bring change since the opposition remains weak, divided, and financially dependent on the current regime.
		Following the elections of a reformist president and Majlis in the late 1990s, attempts to foster political reform in response to popular dissatisfaction have floundered as conservative politicians have prevented reform measures from being enacted, increased repressive measures, and consolidated their control over the government.
	www.phatnav.com /factbook/fields/2028.html (16146 words)

	OneWorld U.S. Home / In Depth / Country Guides / Rwanda / Politics in Rwanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A report from the Auditor General's office in Rwanda says that several government ministries and parastals were involved in irregular tendering procedures in 2002, causing the country to lose millions of dollars.
		As Rwanda emerges from the shadow of the 1994 genocide where one million people were killed, President Paul Kagame turned to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to help ensure efficiency and transparency in the country's upcoming elections.
		Rwanda has beaten Sweden by getting the highest proportion of women into parliament, voting them on to 39 seats in the lower chamber of deputies, a level amounting to 48.8% of the seats.
	us.oneworld.net /guides/rwanda/politics (236 words)

	Encyclopedia - Yahoo! Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It borders on Tanzania and Rwanda in the south, on Congo (Kinshasa) in the west, on Sudan in the north, and on Kenya in the east.
		A new parliament, chosen in nonpartisan elections in June of the same year, was dominated by Museveni supporters.
		In the presidential election in Mar., 2001, Museveni was reelected, but his margin of victory was inflated by apparent vote fraud.
	www3.yahooligans.com /reference/encyclopedia/entry?id=48398 (2582 words)

	National Electoral Commission
		Despite acknowledging that the March 2001"District Elections were undoubtedly a success" and that the "secret ballot was largely respected", the ICG report raised critical issues regarding the preparation and conduct of the elections.
		As for the March 2001 District and Municipal elections, the ICG report is critical of the appointment of Provincial and District Commissioners.
		Secondly through a free and transparent election, there is nothing unethical on the part of the voter if he or she casts a vote to an incumbent who during his term of office served according to the will of his or her constituents.
	www.comelena.gov.rw /observicgeng.htm (2772 words)

	Politics of Rwanda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first post-war presidential and legislative elections were held in August and September 2003, respectively.
		elections: normally the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special election for new president by deputies of the National Assembly and governmental ministers held 17 April 2000 (next regular election to be held NA 2002); prime minister is appointed by the president
		elections: the last national legislative elections were held 16 December 1988 for the National Development Council (the legislature prior to the advent of the Transitional National Assembly); no elections have been held for the Transitional National Assembly as the distribution of seats was predetermined by the Arusha peace accord
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Politics_of_Rwanda (625 words)

	The World of Parliaments - Issue N°12
		The path Rwanda has chosen is fairly radical, given the small number of countries which have opted to enter the principle of seats reserved for women in their national Constitution.
		Rwanda's reserved seats, as enshrined in its Constitution, will guarantee a strong proportion of women in the country's national parliament for as long as that provision remains.
		The success of women in politics in the Nordic countries, for example, has long been attributed to a culture which fundamentally values the equality of women in all sectors of society, be it in the world of paid work, schools and universities, or at home.
	www.ipu.org /english/pressdoc/news/12-7.htm (1279 words)

	Rwanda: Preparing for Elections: Tightening Control in the Name of Unity (Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, May, 2003)
		With multiparty elections by secret ballot looming, the easiest way to remove any possibility of an MDR upset would be to remove the party itself.
		Balthazar Ndengeyinka, one of the army representatives to the assembly, fled Rwanda on March 30, apparently after having been informed that they would be accused of "divisionism" in the commission report.
		International donors should not fund the Rwandan elections if the MDR is dissolved or if "disappearances," arbitrary arrests and prosecutions are carried out against individuals solely because of their political ideas.
	www.hrw.org /backgrounder/africa/rwanda0503bck.htm (7704 words)

	Newsfront - 30 May 2003 - UNDP provides support for key elections in Rwanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		UNDP has supported the referendum and the election process, and provided US$135,000 to the National Electoral Commission for 19 computers to help update the electoral list and to train instructors for a civic education campaign for the elections.
		Rwanda is recovering from the genocide and the war that followed with assistance from the IMF, World Bank and other donors, and is engaged in a wide range of economic reforms and hopes to gain debt relief under the World Bank's highly-indebted poor country (HPIC) initiative in the last quarter of the year, he said.
		He said that UNDP's support for the referendum and upcoming presidential and parliamentary elections is part of a broad range of activities aimed at helping Rwanda build a foundation of democratic governance and effective economic and democratic institutions.
	www.undp.org /dpa/frontpagearchive/2003/may/30may03 (512 words)

	EUROPA - Bulletin EU 7/8-2003 (en): 1.6.32
		The European Union notes with satisfaction that, as reported by its election observation mission, those elections took place in a calm and orderly fashion and attracted a very high level of popular participation, testifying to the desire of the Rwandan people to build a future together based on peace, security and development.
		However, the European Union is obliged to point out that the election observation mission made several observations in its preliminary statement concerning incidents, acts of harassment and intimidation, disappearances and arrests of members of the political opposition.
		The EU's common position on Rwanda of 21 October 2002 expressed the Union's support for the electoral process, a process which should be inclusive and should guarantee freedom for all Rwandans and for all sectors of society (including political parties) to express their views.
	europa.eu.int /abc/doc/off/bull/en/200307/p106032.htm (501 words)

	"); NewWindow.document.write("IRINnews"); NewWindow.document.write(" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The election has been billed as a showcase of how far Rwanda has progressed in the nine years since the 1994 100-day genocide, in which hundreds of thousands of Tutsis and politically moderate Hutus were killed.
		Rwanda's first post-genocide presidential campaign has been marred by claims that authorities have harassed and intimidated Twagiramungu's supporters.
		On the eve of the election, Twagiramungu told reporters that police detained 12 of his poll observers, an accusation that police spokesman Tony Kuramba confirmed.
	www.irinnews.org /report.asp?ReportID=36156&SelectRegion=Great_Lakes&SelectCountry=RWANDA (538 words)

	The International response to Conflict and Genocide; Lessons from the Rwanda experience. Study 1. Historical ...
		A popular uprising in northern Rwanda is crushed by the German Schutztruppe and Tutsi chiefs, leaving continuing bitterness among northern Hutu.
		Rwanda's government and RPF sign an accord in Arusha to end the civil war, allowing for power-sharing and the return of refugees.
		President Habyarimana of Rwanda, President Ntaryamira of Burundi and a number of government officials are killed in a plane crash in Kigali.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /Rwanda/Rwanda4g.htm (4693 words)

	Rwanda Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Despite substantial international assistance and political reforms - including Rwanda's first local elections in March 1999 and its first post-genocide presidential and legislative elections in August and September 2003, respectively - the country continues to struggle to boost investment and agricultural output and to foster reconciliation.
		Rwanda is a poor rural country with about 90% of the population engaged in (mainly subsistence) agriculture.
		The 1994 genocide decimated Rwanda's fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and eroded the country's ability to attract private and external investment.
	www.country-info.com /facts/Rwanda.htm (1142 words)

	THE BLANKET * Index: Current Articles
		Thanks to the intervention of the military forces of the Rwanda Patriotic Front (Front Patriotique Rwandais, FPR), the dictatorial Hutu regime of Habyarimana was ousted from power and Paul Kagame, the leader of the FPR, became the country's new leader.
		Rwanda is one of the poorest countries in Africa, and the ruling clique used three strategies to accumulate power and wealth.
		In March 1999, he was forced to flee Rwanda for his critique of the new elite, and in exile wrote an open letter to Kagame.
	lark.phoblacht.net /rwanda.html (874 words)

	Rwanda's Secret War U. S. -backed destabilization of Central Africa by keith harmon snow
		Rwanda's latest bid to annex the DRC's Kivu provinces was called the "Third War of Occupation of Eastern Congo" by Congolese students who took to the streets of Kisangani in protest on December 4.
		The "genocidiares" fled Rwanda in 1994 and established themselves in Hutu refugee camps in eastern Zaire (as DRC was then known) with the help of the French intervention force Operation Tourquoise and support from Zaire's 32-year dictator, Mobutu Sese Seko.
		Rwanda has often justified its presence in DRC in part as an effort to protect the Banyamulenge people, though this was challenged in 2002 when they attacked the Banya-.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Africa/Rwanda_Secret_War.html (3536 words)

	Rwanda
		Despite substantial international assistance and political reforms - including Rwanda's first local elections in March 1999 and its first post-genocide presidential and legislative elections in August and September 2003, respectively - the country continues to struggle to boost investment and agricultural output and to foster reconciliation.
		Rwanda is now a country in which women are rising to the forefront of economic, political and social institutions.
		After some time had passed, the women were faced with a decision of either collapsing of inconsolable pain, or moving on together to rebuild their lives.
	www.thepeacecompany.com /store/support/pggh_rwanda.php (613 words)

	CMI Publication: Rwanda: Presidential and Parliamentary Elections 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The report is a comprehensive account of the presidential and parliamentary elections that took place in Rwanda from August to October 2003, based on the authors' observation of the elections as envoys of the Norwegian Resource Bank for Democracy and Human Rights (NORDEM).
		Elections of this scope are unprecedented in Rwanda's history, and it was the first occasion after the 1994 genocide for the Rwandan people to elect their own representatives.
		The report outlines the political context and legal framework of the elections; the electoral adminstration and the processes of registration of voters and nomination of candidates; the electoral campaign; and the role of the media and civil society.
	www.cmi.no /publications/publication.cfm?pubid=1770 (198 words)

	Press release - No.176
		Results of the recent elections in Rwanda have placed the African country at the top of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) world ranking of women in national parliaments.
		With women now comprising 48.8% of the National Assembly of Rwanda, the country has come the closest to reaching parity between men and women of any national parliament, and replaces the long-time champion, Sweden, where women comprise 45% of the national parliament.
		Taking into account recent elections, the world average of women's participation in politics is now 15.2%, one of the highest ever reached.
	www.ipu.org /press-e/gen176.htm (600 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook 2002 -- Rwanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		elections: normally the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special election for new president by deputies of the National Assembly and governmental ministers held 17 April 2000 (next national election to be held NA June 2003); prime minister is appointed by the president
		Rwanda is a rural country with about 90% of the population engaged in (mainly subsistence) agriculture.
		Rwanda received approval for debt relief from the IMF in late 2000 and continued to make progress on inflation, privatization, and GDP growth in 2001.
	www.faqs.org /docs/factbook/print/rw.html (1258 words)

	Perspectives rwandaises
		It was followed by the election, on August 25, 2003, by direct universal suffrage, of the President of the Republic, and finally the organization, from September 29 to October 2, 2003, of legislative elections.
		This was also the case during the presidential and legislative elections: even if some eternal lecturers may be disappointed, nothing particularly serious happened, nothing that could have harmed the participation in the polls and the sincerity of the results.
		Thus, every citizen will recall that identity is plural and that the promotion of civic identity is based above all on the right of everyone to live and to be recognized according to his or her own merits, and not according to his or her identity affiliation” (p.11).
	www.african-geopolitics.org /show.aspx?ArticleId=3685 (2796 words)

	The EastAfrican
		Officials who conducted what were said by independent observers to be successful elections at cell, sector and commune (district) levels, said the polls showed the country was on the path to holding parliamentary polls once the Constitutional Commission completed its work.
		Rwanda has made giant strides towards democratisation following the polarisation of the country by the 1994 ethnic genocide and the lingering insecurity in the country's northwestern region bordering the Democratic Republic of Congo.
		The electoral law says elections should be held by universal suffrage by secret ballot, but that at the cell and sector levels they can be carried out in some other manner that may be determined by law.
	www.nationaudio.com /News/EastAfrican/19032001/Regional/Regional11.html (701 words)

	Regional Activities: Rwanda Highlights - www.ifes.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		IFES organized a conference on voter education in Kigali, Rwanda, from May 15 to 18, 2002, where it presented a variety of methodologies and practical strategies for dynamic, proactive voter education.
		Rwanda's transitional government, now in its seventh year, has been working to replace a highly centralized state with democratic institutions and an environment for increased citizen participation.
		Although these elections met with national and international approval and attracted a high voter turnout, considerable room for improvement remained.
	www.ifes.org /reg_activities/rwanda-reg-act2.htm (364 words)

	EUROPA - Bulletin EU 10-2003 (en): 1.6.15
		Like the presidential poll on 25 August 2003, the parliamentary elections were conducted in a calm, orderly manner and with an organisational effort reflecting the care taken by the Rwandan authorities with Rwanda's political transition.
		The elections in Rwanda also represent a key factor in the prevailing situation in the Great Lakes region.
		The achievement of a political transition in Rwanda comes at a time when the peace processes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Burundi are showing encouraging progress.
	europa.eu.int /abc/doc/off/bull/en/200310/p106015.htm (243 words)

	A short history of Rwanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The area to the north west of Rwanda is inhabited by Bahutu since the tenth century BC.
		During World War I (in 1915) Belgium occupies Rwanda and in 1922 it becomes part of the League of Nations Mandate territory of Ruanda-Urundi under Belgian administration.
		In 1960 Belgium organizes elections in Rwanda, which are won by the Bahutu party Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement of Grégoire Kayibanda.
	www.electionworld.org /history/rwanda.htm (562 words)

	OPJDR rejects March 2001 Rwandan local elections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		With these elections, citizens of Rwanda were supposed to elected leaders at the village (or Cellules) level.
		These elections instead of serving the reconciliation among Rwandans, bringing peace in Rwanda and the Region and creating avenues for Justice and Development, will push the country into further chaos, insecurity, and mistrust among components of the Rwandan society.
		These elections are a publicity stunt, and a public relations exercise intended to seduce the international community and foreign donors.
	www2.minorisa.es /inshuti/opjdr5.htm (705 words)

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