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Topic: Elections in Turkmenistan

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Politics of Turkmenistan

Balkan Welayaty

	The EU's relations with Turkmenistan - Overview
		Turkmenistan, with a population of around 4.9 million (although official estimates put the figure at nearer 6 million), is one of the most ethnically homogenous of the Central Asian states, with the proportion of ethnic Turkmens in the population reported to have increased from 72% in the 1989 census to 95% by 2003.
		Elections to the 50 member Mejiles (parliament) held in December 2004 were limited only to those candidates deemed acceptable by the government, whilst in any event, neither the parliament or the larger Khalk Maslakhaty (the 2507 member Supreme Council) have any substantive policymaking authority, and serve only as essential rubber-stamping bodies for Presidential decrees.
		Last elections held on 19th December 2004; all 50 members elected belong to the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, and are as such approved in advance by the President.
	ec.europa.eu /comm/external_relations/turkmenistan/intro/index.htm (2120 words)

	[ RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY ]
		Turkmenistan's 19 December parliamentary elections have been declared valid by Turkmen authorities, while critics have declared the poll a sham.
		In the 1994 parliamentary elections, 51 candidates vied for the 50 seats in the Mejlis.
		Turkmenistan's CEC reported that 99.99 percent of eligible voters cast ballots and 99.99 percent of those voted for the extension.
	www.rferl.org /specials/turkmenelections/introduction.asp (885 words)

	SNF Related Information - Service Area
		Turkmenistan is the southernmost of the former Soviet republics.
		With an estimated 4,254,000 inhabitants in 1993, Turkmenistan is the least populated republic of the former Soviet republics in Central Asia.
		Elections to the new Majlis, held in December 1994 seated 50 deputies, 49 were unopposed in the election.
	www.russianservice.com /regions.asp?Main=Turkmenistan (670 words)

	Turkmenistan (11/06)
		In January 2005 Turkmenistan claimed its current recoverable gas resources to be as much as 20.42 trillion cubic meters (tcm), but controversy surrounding the as yet unreleased certified audit results of Turkmenistan’s single largest field, Dovletabad, casts serious doubts on the verifiability of Turkmenistan’s claims for its total reserves.
		Turkmenistan’s 2005 output was an estimated 63 billion cubic meters (bcm); the bulk of which (45.2 bcm) went to Ukraine, Russia and Iran.
		Turkmenistan’s declaration of "permanent neutrality" was formally recognized by the United Nations in 1995.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/35884.htm (3302 words)

	Elections in Turkmenistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Turkmenistan elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature.
		The Elections in Turkmenistan have been widely criticized for being seeming to be staged and attempting to give an appearance of legitimacy to what is in reality a dictatorship.
		Turkmenistan is a single-party state, the only political party, the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan is legally allowed to hold power.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Elections_in_Turkmenistan (260 words)

	GlobaLex - A Research Guide to the Turkmenistan Legal System
		Turkmenistan is unitary state in the southwest of Central Asia and the Caspian Sea in the west, Kazakhstan in the north, Uzbekistan in the east, and Iran and Afghanistan in the south bound it.
		Turkmenistan affirms the right to own private property such as the means of production, land, and other material and intellectual items of value.
		Turkmenistan is divided into administrative units, which have been given authority of self-government, these are the velayats (large administrative regions encompassing etraps, and specific cities), etraps (districts), shakhers (cities), obas (villages) and gengeshys (main administrative units).
	www.nyulawglobal.org /globalex/Turkmenistan.htm (4170 words)

	NCSJ - Turkmenistan page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		U.S. Turkmenistan is slightly larger than California and occupies the fourth-largest landmass in the former Soviet Union, although 90 percent of the land is the uninhabited Kara Kum Desert.
		Turkmenistan maintains a policy of “positive neutrality” that eschews alliances with other nations, a position simultaneously driven by a reliance on surrounding countries as export markets and an isolationist doctrine.
		Turkmenistan allowed its territory to be used for humanitarian aid shipments during the war in Afghanistan, while it maintained its official neutrality by refusing to participate militarily.
	www.ncsj.org /Turkmenistan.shtml (1380 words)

	Politics of Turkmenistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Turkmenistan is dominated by a pervasive cult of personality extolling President Niyazov as Turkmenbashi ("Leader of all Turkmen").
		Turkmenistan refuses to join any international organization, because of its "status of permanent neutrality," which was accepted by the UN General Assembly on December 12, 1995.
		Foreign policy of Turkmenistan is based on the status of permanent positive neutrality recognized by the UN General Assembly Resolution on Permanent Neutrality of Turkmenistan on 12 December, 1995.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Politics_of_Turkmenistan (955 words)

	Turkmenistan
		Turkmenistan is a one-party state dominated by its president, who continued to exercise power in a Soviet-era authoritarian style despite Constitutional provisions nominally establishing a democratic system.
		In the 1992 presidential election, the sole candidate was Saparmurat Niyazov, the incumbent and nominee of the Democratic Party.
		In 1998 President Niyazov promised that the parliamentary elections scheduled for December 1999 for a reconstituted Parliament would be free and fair and conducted on a wide democratic basis; however, the elections were flawed seriously.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18397.htm (10040 words)

	Turkmenistan: President calls early parliamentary elections/ International Eurasian Institute for Economic and ...
		The state-owned Turkmen daily "Neitralnyi Turkmenistan" made the announcement recently in a small article: In just over 30 words, the newspaper announced that elections to the country’s 50-seat parliament will be held on 6 April.
		He said the situation in Turkmenistan prior to the 25 November attack against Niyazov was "fluid" and that many Turkmen opposition figures in exile were meeting and traveling, including trips inside Turkmenistan itself.
		Ter-Sakarian of the Economist Intelligence Unit said the early elections could be a warning to some that Niyazov is unsatisfied with their level of loyalty or are an attempt to placate groups whose support Niyazov feels he needs at this time.
	iicas.org /2003en/13_01_an_en.htm (879 words)

	The Command Post - 2004 US Presidential Election - Turkmenistan Archives
		Polling stations were nearly empty Sunday in elections for Turkmenistan's rubber-stamp parliament, forcing officials to carry ballot boxes door-to-door in this nation ruled by a former Soviet Communist boss who has been declared president-for-life.
		Election officials said 61.38 percent of eligible voters cast ballots during the first four hours.
		Election officials went door to door, carrying ballot boxes and voting slip, asking people to cast their vote.
	www.command-post.org /polelect/2_archives/cat_turkmenistan.html (227 words)

	Uzbekistan: The re-election of a dictatorship
		On 20 September 2004 the Central Election Commission of Uzbekistan declared the beginning of the campaign for elections to the national parliament and regional and city councils.
		Official voices assure that the elections are "a further progress on the path towards democracy".
		ISHR calls upon all international organisations not to send any election observers to Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, because by doing so the governments of these countries are given legitimacy, even if the elections are declared unfair and not free by the international election observers afterwards.
	www.ishr.org /publications/2004/uzbekistan.htm (730 words)

	turkmenistan.neweurasia.net » Straw Man Poll
		As News Central Asia reports, the Central Elections Committee in Ashgabat convened recently to discuss the procedure for nationwide elections to the Gengesh, which are the main self-government administrative units in Turkmen towns and cities.
		There are a total of 625 Gengeshes in Turkmenistan’s five velyats - 116 of these are situated in the Ahal Velyat, 58 in the Balkan Velyat, 142 in the Dashoguz Velyat, 143 in the Lebap Velyat and 166 the in Mary Velyat.
		Also in preparation for the elections, a delegation of Turkmen politicians visited Sweden on a fact-finding mission organised by UNICEF to gain some insight into the work of councils and municipalities at the local level in Sweden, according to a report on Turkmenistan.ru.
	turkmenistan.neweurasia.net /?p=137 (1205 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Asia-Pacific \| Turkmenistan poll turnout 'low'
		Foreign diplomats have called the election a sham and further evidence of Mr Niyazov's exclusive hold on power.
		There is a holiday atmosphere, it said, with election officials handing gifts to first-time voters, including towels, notebooks and free copies of the Ruknama, a collection of sayings apparently written by Mr Niyazov.
		That is less than the near 100% figures Turkmenistan usually expects, but few people will take the figure seriously enough to read meaning into the change.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4110669.stm (311 words)

	Turkmenistan Announces Democratic Reforms, Presidential Elections in 2009
		Turkmen president also informed that he was contemplating some mechanism to groom his successor before the presidential elections that would be the culmination point of the democratic reforms in Turkmenistan.
		Within a year of elections of Khalk Maslehaty, district and regional governors would be elected on general ballot.
		One year after the elections of district and regional governors, parliamentary elections would be held under new arrangements.
	presidentniyazov.tripod.com /id40.html (511 words)

	Services for Americans in Turkmenistan, U.S. Embassy, Ashgabat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Turkmenistan customs authorities may enforce strict regulations concerning the temporary importation into or export from Turkmenistan items such as carpets, jewelry, musical instruments, pieces of art, archaeological artifacts, antiques, etc. It is advisable to contact the Embassy of Turkmenistan in Washington, D.C. for specific information regarding customs requirements.
		Turkmenistan has a low rate of violent crime, but ordinary street crime is common.
		All applicants must comply with this section of the law based on their own situation in Turkmenistan; your sponsorship and your financial status in the U.S. are not sufficient for an applicant to obtain a visa.
	turkmenistan.usembassy.gov /amserv.html (3138 words)

	ISN Security Watch - Turkmenistan hails âdemocratic' poll
		ISN SECURITY WATCH (21/12/04) - Officials in Turkmenistan have rejected accusations that the countryâs Sunday parliamentary elections were a sham, saying in a written statement that the poll was conducted âon a wholly democratic basis, with equal opportunities for all candidates [and] in accordance with the countryâs legislation and international normsâ.
		Reporters covering the elections for various news agencies called the election for the countryâs 50-seat parliament, the Mejilis, a meaningless formality, saying the body represented nothing more than a rubber stamp for the government of Turkmen president-for-life Saparmurat Niyazov, also known as âTurkmenbashiâ, the father of the Turkmen.
		The countryâs state-run daily Neitralny Turkmenistan heralded the elections as a major success, saying: âVoters did not hurry to exit the polling stations because artists were there giving performances and singing songs in honor of the motherland, our great leader, and the Rukhnama,â the infamous spiritual guide written by Niyazov.
	www.isn.ethz.ch /news/sw/details.cfm?id=10411 (396 words)

	turkmenistan.neweurasia.net » Opposition in Catch 22
		Arguing that any previous elections in Turkmenistan have been un-democratic the two organisations have urged the international community not to recognise the validity of the elections as free, open, and democratic, unless they participate in them.
		Till now all the so-called elections held since the time of gaining independence in 1991, were characterized by the absence of a choice as such.
		We declare, that elections to Gengeshi will get the status of being lawful, free and recognized and the elected deputies will gain the legitimate status only when representatives of political opposition, including those being abroad, will participate in the elections on an alternative basis.
	turkmenistan.neweurasia.net /?p=121 (745 words)

	NewsCentralAsia.com - 12208 Candidates Register for Local Bodies Elections in Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The local bodies – Gengesh – elections this year mark the start of a new process for creating a democratic model for Turkmenistan, an elaborate exercise in blending the ancient and the modern.
		The Gengesh elections would form the foundation stone on which to build the future structure of how the Turkmen people would govern their country.
		The lessons learned during the Gengesh elections would be applied in the elections for district and provincial governors, and the parliament members.
	www.newscentralasia.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1819 (343 words)

	EurasiaNet Human Rights - Looking Behind Turkmenistan’s Cult
		Turkmenistan has captured headlines in recent weeks, not for its progress, or its value to the American-led anti-terrorism campaign, but because of the absurd personality cult of its president, Saparmyrat Niyazov.
		The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe declined to even monitor elections in Turkmenistan, so certain was it that they were an empty exercise.
		Turkmenistan’s massive natural gas reserves used to prevent the United States government from treating it like any other despotic regime.
	www.eurasianet.org /departments/rights/articles/eav100902.shtml (1063 words)

	TURKMENISTAN: parliamentary elections Mejlis, 1994
		Elections were held for all the members of the Mejlis on the normal expiry of the members’ term of office.
		The 1994 general elections were the first since independence was attained in October 1991.
		The sole political organisation to contest these was the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (DPT) – known as the Communist Party of Turkmenistan until December 1991 – led by President of the Republic (Gen.) Saparmurat Niyazov.
	www.ipu.org /parline-e/reports/arc/2325_94.htm (254 words)

	RUSNET :: CIS Today :: 2003/04/07 :: Turkmenistan holds parliamentary elections
		Turkmenistan's People's Council and local government elections have been ruled valid as 2,136,189 out of the 2,391,455 registered voters (89.3 percent) had turned out for the vote by 2 pm, local time on Sunday.
		Officials on the Central Commission for Elections and Conduct of Referendum in Turkmenistan noted that the elections were developing in an orderly fashion and without disruption.
		As many as 1,568 general constituencies have been created in the country, as well as 65 constituencies for halk vekili elections and 5,535 constituencies for municipal elections.
	www.rusnet.nl /news/2003/04/07/politics02.shtml (244 words)

	Asia Times: Tajikistan prepares for first poll since civil war
		If this is the case, Tajikistan is ready for elections and if the government and opposition cannot pass new legislation in time, the elections can be held according to the existing laws on elections.
		Unlike parliamentary elections in Kazakhstan or the presidential elections in Tajikistan - which will also be held at the end of 1999 - the elections in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan are characterized by their lack of any serious opposition parties.
		The opponent barred from the January presidential election by the court decision was former Kazakh prime minister Akezhan Kazhegeldin.
	www.atimes.com /c-asia/AF29Ag01.html (3336 words)

	The News - International
		Notwithstanding the fact that the holding of democratic elections and not having a president who also happens to be the army chief are both good things in themselves for Pakistan, there seems a blatant double standard in what Ms Rice is saying.
		For example, the US is strangely silent over the clear lack of elections in Turkmenistan whose ruler has elected himself president for life.
		Pakistan must hold elections in 2007, and, needless to say, they must be free, fair and transparent.
	www.thenews.com.pk /daily_detail.asp?id=13194 (392 words)

	OpinionJournal - America the Beautiful
		Given Turkmenistan's border with Afghanistan, one of the pre-Osama-era notions now back on development drawing boards is the project of running a pipeline from Turkmenistan, across a revived Afghanistan, to Pakistan.
		It is dangerous for people in Turkmenistan to tell the truth to journalists, but when I made a reporting trip there some years ago, two brave medical workers in a provincial town showed me the old, bent hypodermic needles they had no choice but to reuse.
		Powell said, Turkmenistan is "stable." Or perhaps, in the best of all worlds, it isn't, but there is some remote hope that the people of Turkmenistan will themselves find a way to catch up with the modern world of freely elected leaders.
	www.opinionjournal.com /columnists/cRosett/?id=95001527 (1500 words)

	The information analytical centre Dogry Yol Turkmenistan : : Central Asia: Elections Fail Democracy Test
		However, severe repression in Turkmenistan forced Kuliyev to reconsider his views and to conclude that the development of a multi-party system could only be accomplished with the development of an extensive opposition movement, with the removal of Niyazov as its goal.
		Turkmenistan plans to begin the reconstruction of the Caspian port of Turkmen-Bashi in the summer of 2000.
		Turkmenistan as one of the “worst-case scenarios” of post-Soviet
	www.dogryyol.com /eng/article/88.html (8502 words)

	Around the World \| www.azstarnet.com ®
		The late conductor Arturo Toscanini once said she had "the voice of an angel." Tebaldi, who never married, was at her peak in the 1950s.
		ASHGABAT - Polling stations were nearly empty Sunday in elections for Turkmenistan's rubber-stamp parliament, forcing officials to carry ballot boxes door-to-door in this nation ruled by a former Soviet communist boss who has been declared president for life.
		Election officials went door to door, carrying ballot boxes and voting slip, asking people to vote.
	www.azstarnet.com /sn/printDS/53274 (581 words)

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