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Topic: Elections in Western Sahara

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	History of Western Sahara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The sovereignty of the Western Sahara remains the subject of a dispute between the Government of Morocco and the Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), an organization seeking independence for the region.
		The population of the territory is an estimated 400,000.
		Western Sahara depends on pastoral nomadism, fishing, and phosphate mining as the principal sources of income for the population.
	www.historyofnations.net /africa/westernsahara.html (902 words)

	Western Sahara
		In April 2000, a Moroccan civil court in the Western Sahara city of Laayoune sentenced five Sahrawi youth to prison terms of between 5 and 10 years for the "formation of a criminal association" after their alleged participation in a March 2000 stone-throwing incident in Laayoune.
		Freedom of movement within the Western Sahara is limited in militarily sensitive areas, both within the area controlled by the Government of Morocco and the area controlled by the Polisario.
		Workers in the Western Sahara were exempt from income and value-added taxes and received subsidies on such commodities as flour, oil, sugar, fuel, and utilities.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/nea/8281.htm (3638 words)

	WSO \| Peace plan for self-determination of the people of Western Sahara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The present peace plan for self-determination of the people of Western Sahara is an agreement by and between the Kingdom of Morocco and the Frente POLISARIO (which are the interested parties), joined by the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria and the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (which are the neighbouring countries) and the United Nations.
		The election for the Legislative Assembly and Chief Executive of the Western Sahara Authority shall be held within one year of the effective date of this plan.
		Neither Morocco nor the Western Sahara Authority may unilaterally change or abolish the status of Western Sahara, except for the adoption of such laws as may be necessary to conform to the results of the referendum on final status.
	www.wsahara.net /03/bakerplan.html (1432 words)

	Amnesty International 1998 Annual Report on Morocco (the Kingdom of) and Western Sahara
		Under the auspices of the newly appointed personal envoy of the UN Secretary-General to Western Sahara, talks resumed between the Moroccan Government and the Frente Popular para la Liberación de Saguia el-Hamra y Rio de Oro, Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Rio de Oro (known as the Polisario Front).
		The agreement led to the resumption in December of the voter identification process by the UN Mission in Western Sahara (MINURSO), a process which had been suspended by the UN Security Council in May 1996 as a result of a dispute between the two parties.
		At least three of nine Sahrawis reportedly arrested in connection with their alleged support for the independence of Western Sahara were said to have been tortured.
	www.amnesty.org /ailib/aireport/ar98/mde29.htm (1240 words)

	Prisoner Release Gives Hope for W. Sahara Peace - UN Security Council - Global Policy Forum
		For the Moroccans, however, Western Sahara - the "southern provinces," as the government prefers to call the area - is an integral part of their national territory.
		Western Sahara became a source of contention in the mid-1970s, when Spain officially ceded sovereignty of the territory, and the Polisario Front sought to secure the land as an independent state for the Saharawi people.
		In the Western Sahara's capital, Laayoune, the mood is anxious.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/wsahara/2005/0822prisrelease.htm (1035 words)

	• UNIFEM - A Portal on Women, Peace & Security • (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In most countries, elections are planned a few years after the signing of a peace agreement to give citizens a chance to choose the leaders that will take them into the next phase of reconstruction.
		Her Royal Highness, Princess Marie Ranariddh stated that, “At the 1993 {Cambodian} National Elections, women formed 55% of the total electorate; by participating in the peace process in large numbers, women were instrumental in bringing back the peace process to a war-torn nation”.
		As a consequence, the “success” of an election may be judged not so much on the basis of the criteria, which normally apply in democratic countries, but on the extent to which it has contributed to the political process of ending conflict.
	www.womenwarpeace.org /issues/elections/election.htm (4534 words)

	Western Sahara - Country Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Western Sahara, a Territory on the north-west coast of Africa bordered by Morocco, Mauritania and Algeria, was administered by Spain until 1976.
		Keltoum Ahmed Laabid, a 24-year-old young Sahrawi woman was arrested in October 1992 in Smara for having participated in the demonstrations demanding the liberation of the Sahrawi prisoners and "disappeared".
		While the Secretary General viewed the release of the largest group of prisoners of war in Western Sahara with optimism, he called for the further release of the 613 prisoners who remain in prison, most for a period exceeding 20 years.
	www.womenwarpeace.org /western_s/western_sahara.htm (3323 words)

	Western Sahara - Sahara Occidental -
		Western Sahara is known as the last colony in Africa and has many striking similarities to East Timor.
		Western Sahara is one of the few remaining countries on the UN list of non-self-governing territories.
		Urges the UN and the African Union to redouble their efforts so th0at a free and fair referendum is organised in Western Sahara as soon as possible and also requests the UN to include human rights monitoring in the mandate of its mission in the territory (MINURSO).
	www.arso.org /ICJAustr2005.htm (366 words)

	MOROCCO: parliamentary elections Majliss-annouwab, 1993
		These elections should have been held in October 1990 upon the expiry of the normal term of the House of Representatives, but were postponed several times, and the term of the House extended, mainly because of preparations for a referendum on Western Sahara and another one on a revised Constitution.
		The elections were subsequently postponed to 25 June in response to demands by the political parties which thought the political atmosphere should be less tense before any free and fair elections could take place.
		The two-week election campaign, which was marred by scattered violence, saw the various contenders focusing mainly on the country’s social and economic problems, intensified by global recession and two years of drought; they promised to promote economic growth and take steps to increase jobs and foster the well-being of Moroccans in general.
	www.ipu.org /parline-e/reports/arc/2221_93.htm (443 words)

	Self-determination requires more than political independence
		Timor-Leste and Western Sahara, the two largest and most intractable, were second-generation colonies; their European colonizers had withdrawn, only to be replaced by neighboring occupiers.
		Western Sahara is one struggle for self-determination that Timor-Leste’s leaders continue to support, perhaps because it is far away.
		Western Sahara is 3/5 the area of Morocco, while Timor-Leste is only 1/122 as large as Indonesia.
	www.laohamutuk.org /reports/06SelfDeterminationSahara.htm (5088 words)

	Western Sahara
		In the September 2002 parliamentary elections, Sahrawis whose political views were aligned with the Moroccan Government filled all the seats allotted to the Western Sahara.
		There was no progress during the year on local elections to choose members to the proposed new Royal Advisory Council on the Western Sahara that the King had announced in 1999.
		Due to continuing Moroccan control of the territory of Western Sahara, the laws and restrictions regarding religious organizations and religious freedom are the same as those found in the Kingdom of Morocco.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27941.htm (2176 words)

	Western Sahara: UN Plan and Critique
		The population of Western Sahara, through their executive, legislative and judicial bodies shall have exclusive competence over local governmental administration, territorial budget and taxation, law enforcement, internal security, social welfare, culture, education, commerce, transportation, agriculture, mining, fisheries and industry, environmental policy, housing and urban development, water and electricity, roads and other basic infrastructure.
		All elections or referenda referred to in this agreement shall be conducted with all appropriate guarantees and in keeping with the Code of Conduct agreed to by the parties in 1997, except where to do so would be inconsistent with the terms hereof.
		The status of Western Sahara will be submitted to a referendum of qualified voters on such date as the parties hereto shall agree, within the five year period following the initial actions to implement this agreement.
	www.africaaction.org /docs01/wsah0106.htm (1760 words)

	Morocco/Western Sahara - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Tens of demonstrators, charged with public order offences in Western Sahara, and scores of Islamists, held in secret detention and accused in connection with alleged violent acts, were reportedly tortured or ill-treated.
		The UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) continued to extend its mandate to remain in the disputed territory as no progress was made to end the deadlock in the process designed to lead to a referendum on the sovereignty of Western Sahara.
		On 24 October, Ali-Salem Tamek, a prominent activist in the Western Sahara branch of the Forum for Truth and Justice and a prisoner of conscience, was sentenced on appeal to two years’ imprisonment and a fine of 10,000 Moroccan dirhams (about US$1,000) for “undermining the internal security of the state”.
	web.amnesty.org /report2003/Mar-summary-eng (1575 words)

	1997 Human Rights Reports: Western Sahara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The sovereignty of the Western Sahara remains the subject of a dispute between the Government of Morocco and the Polisario Front, an organization seeking independence for the region.
		Sahrawis whose political views are aligned with Rabat fill all the seats allotted to the Western Sahara in the Moroccan Parliament.
		Workers in the Western Sahara are exempt from income and value-added taxes and receive subsidies on such commodities as flour, oil, sugar, fuel, and utilities.
	www.usemb.se /human/human97/wsahara.html (1543 words)

	Human Rights - Western Sahara - AI-Lounat
		She was arrested with four others in October 1992, at the time of protest demonstrations in Smara and other towns in Western Sahara.
		At the time of the demonstrations in Smara and other towns in Western Sahara, the Moroccan authorities had confirmed that demonstrations had taken place, but stated that these had been in protest at social and economic conditions and not politically-motivated.
		Since Morocco took control of Western Sahara at the end of 1975, hundreds of Sahrawi men and women known or suspected of pro-independence activities and support for the Polisario Front, have "disappeared" after having been arrested by Moroccan security forces.
	www.arso.org /08-12.htm (1305 words)

	Western Sahara - Global Policy Forum UN Security Council
		UN experts are looking into the legality of Moroccan oil exploration licenses off the disputed coast of Western Sahara which produced heavy protests from the nationalist Polisario front in October 2001.
		The UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) operated in the region since 1991, but has been unable to implement the referendum due to continuing disputes between the Morroccan government and the independence movement.
		Despite its illegal occupation in Western Sahara, Morocco is a key ally of western countries.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/wsahara/wsarchindex.htm (1444 words)

	Middle East Report Online: Stubborn Stalemate in Western Sahara, by Jacob A. Mundy
		Annan's new envoy to the Western Sahara, Alvaro de Soto, inherits a stubborn stalemate that he is unlikely to break.
		Annan also claimed that the plan guaranteed that the "bonafide" inhabitants of the Western Sahara would be able to express their right to self-determination, as called for in Resolution 1429.
		The fact that Annan has assigned de Soto to the Western Sahara, while he is still devoting attention to his previous portfolio, Cyprus, indicates that the secretariat's peacekeeping office might be stretched so thin thinking about Iraq and the Sudan that it cannot devote substantial time to the deadlocked Western Saharan issue.
	www.merip.org /mero/mero062604.html (1928 words)

	1996 Human Rights Report: Western Sahara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		According to the court, the people of the Western Sahara, called Sahrawis, are entitled to self-determination.
		Sahrawis whose political views are aligned with Rabat fill all 10 seats allotted to the Western Sahara in the Moroccan Parliament.
		A ministerial delegation from Rabat subsequently traveled to the Western Sahara to discuss the concerns of the demonstrators.
	www.usemb.se /human/1996/neareast/western_sahara.html (1416 words)

	MEI: Rumblings in Western Sahara
		Meanwhile, both Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara and southern Morocco witnessed a number of protests by Sahrawis in December.
		If Morocco’s diplomatic stance over Western Sahara is ossified, the same cannot be said of the press.
		Everyone knows Basri has a lot of axes to grind but for someone who controlled the Western Sahara portfolio for so long to speak out now was significant.
	meionline.com /features/313.shtml (1401 words)

	AP Wire \| 10/06/2006 \| Morocco ruling region with gentler hand
		Haidar is from Western Sahara, a bone-dry territory on Africa's northwest coast that is slightly smaller than Italy.
		But that is now changing and Haidar, armed with her passport, has been telling the story of the Saharawi people, as Western Saharans are known, in Europe and the United States.
		But there will be no elections in Western Sahara's to decide its future status.
	www.fortwayne.com /mld/fortwayne/news/politics/15692031.htm (629 words)

	The Importance of the Western Sahara to Maghrebi Security
		On March 21, when King Mohammed of Morocco was visiting Laayoune in the disputed territory of the Western Sahara, rumors began to circulate that he was there to announce a breakthrough in the political stalemate between Rabat and the Polisario Front, representing the Sahrawi people of the Western Sahara.
		In terms of the Salafi-Jihadists residing in the Maghreb and Sahel region, the prospects for peace in the Western Sahara are viewed as anathema to their desires and goals.
		For the region to form a united front against the Salafi threat, the Western Sahara issue must be immediately resolved so that Moroccan relations with Algeria and the AU can thaw.
	www.jamestown.org /terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2369969 (1280 words)

	Western Sahara - Peacewatch UN Chronicle - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) resumed the voter identification process on 3 December, beginning at two MINURSO centres at Laayoune and Smara.
		A total of 12 identification centres are scheduled for operation by February 1998, including two in southern Morocco, two in Mauritania, two in the territory of Western Sahara, and two in the Tindouf area.
		A transitional period for the referendum, which will enable the people of Western Sahara to choose between independence and integration with Morocco, is expected to begin on 7 June 1998, with the referendum to be held on 7 December and the results announced within 72 hours.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n4_v34/ai_20518060 (561 words)

	Commentary from
		In northwest Africa, the Sahrawi people of Western Sahara looked forward to nationhood as Spain prepared to withdraw after 90 years of colonial rule.
		Morocco continues to rule Western Sahara with an iron fist and without regard to human rights.
		Western Sahara is one of only a few nations in the world that remain dominated by a foreign state.
	www.house.gov /pitts/press/commentary/050201r-wsahara.htm (696 words)

	Dáil Éireann - Volume 415 - 05 February, 1992 - Written Answers. - Western Sahara Elections.
		Owen asked the Minister for Foreign Affairs if he will outline the status of the United Nations plan of action for elections in the Moroccan-held region of Northern Africa known as the Western Sahara; and the action, if any, the EC is taking to assist in monitoring this election.
		Collins): The United Nations plan for elections in the Western Sahara provided for a ceasefire to mark the beginning of a transitional period during which the United Nations would organise and conduct a referndum in the Western Sahara in order to enable the people there to choose between independence and integration with Morocco.
		It has not yet proved possible to secure agreement between the parties on the criteria to be applied in establishing the lists of those who will be entitled to vote in the referendum.
	www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie /D/0415/D.0415.199202050058.html (351 words)

	Wsahara
		The U.N. has already been present in the Western Sahara for four years without being able to exercise the "sole and exclusive responsibility" over the referendum that it was to have assumed under the Settlement Plan.
		In April 29, 1991, the United Nations approved the establishment of the Mission for the Referendum in the Western Sahara (MINURSO.) The Settlement Plan provided for a "transitional period," which was intended to commence with a cease-fire and continue until the announcement of the results of the referendum.
		During this period, the secretary-general's special representative for the Western Sahara would have "sole and exclusive responsibility over all matters relating to the referendum," and the United Nations would monitor the maintenance of law and order in the territory to ensure that conditions for a free and fair referendum were present.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1995/Wsahara.htm (17155 words)

	afrol News - Western Sahara News
		Canberra thus is in line with the US government, which has excluded Western Sahara from its free trade agreement with Morocco, in contrast to the European Union (EU).
		The extension without peace plan cements the stalemate over Western Sahara at the risk of radicalising the estimated 150,000 Sahrawi refugees living in camps in the Algerian desert since 1976.
		» 13.06.2005 - 101 injured in Western Sahara Intifada
	www.afrol.com /countries/western_sahara/news (1297 words)

	SECURITY COUNCIL EXTENDS WESTERN SAHARA MISSION UNTIL 30 APRIL, UNANIMOUSLY ADOPTING RESOLUTION 1342 (2001)
		The Security Council this morning unanimously decided to extend the mandate of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) until 30 April 2001, by adopting resolution 1342(2001).
		The Security Council meets today to consider the question of the Western Sahara, as the mandate for the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) expires tomorrow, 28 February.
		The Council supported the Secretary-General’s suggestion that military observers be deployed in the Territory to verify a ceasefire and cessation of hostilities. Since the deployment of MINURSO in September 1991, the ceasefire has generally held. The MINURSO began identifying potential voters in August 1994.
	www.un.org /News/Press/docs/2001/sc7020.doc.htm (440 words)

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