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Topic: Electoral fusion

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	Electoral fusion: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		...Electoral fusion Electoral fusion Electoral fusion is an arrangement where two...ov/federal-register/electoral-college/scores.html#1876) (Larger version) Notes: In 1876 the...
		Electoral fusion is an arrangement where two or more political parties support a common candidate, pooling the votes for all those parties.
		It is prohibited in most States of the United States, but in some, especially New York (and for a long time in Pennsylvania, but no longer there) has been traditional and has strongly affected the political party arrangements in those states.
	www.encyclopedian.com /el/Electoral-fusion.html (155 words)

	Working Families Party
		Fundamentally, fusion is the peculiar American form of proportional representation in that it allows political minorities -- understood arithmetically -- to show their strength and to make coalitions with other parties.
		Fusion is key to having a comprehensive slate and not just one or two charismatic candidates at the top of the ballot.
		Fusion allows you to maintain a presence in a district consistently, every year, whether you have a candidate or not, and develop people's habit of voting on your line.
	www.workingfamiliesparty.org /strategy.html (5985 words)

	Public Citizen \| Litigation Group \| Litigation Group - Twin Cities Area New Party v. Lou McKenna, et al.
		Although the district court declared that the Minnesota fusion ban was "neutral," the court did not explicitly consider the New Party's claim that the consequences of the ban's application had a disproportionate impact on minor parties.
		The State also thought fusion could be properly banned as a means of assuring that voters would know who the winner was and that the person elected to office achieves a majority or at least a plurality of the votes cast.
		The fusion candidate's total is the sum of his or her votes on each of the ballots lines on which he or she is nominated.
	www.citizen.org /litigation/briefs/Election_Law/articles.cfm?ID=666 (7472 words)

	Hodges: Igniting the Fuse: Opening Up Third Party Politics
		Fusion means nominating the same candidate for office by both a major and one or more minor parties.
		Fusion advocates say that it is a vital tactic for third parties--to nominate a major party candidate and have that person on the minor party's ballot line can show electoral strength to the major party.
		Imagine the scene--a state with a fusion ban is told by the courts that the fusion ban violates constitutional rights and is therefore not permissible.
	www.zmag.org /zmag/articles/apr97hodges.html (1697 words)

	North Carolina History Project : Fusion Politics
		The term Fusion is somewhat misleading, for it implies a merger.
		In the 1894 election, the Fusion alliance of Populists and Republicans swept the state.
		The Fusion agreement for the election of 1896 was not reached until September of that year.
	www.northcarolinahistory.org /encyclopedia/58/entry (1218 words)

	The Third Party Project
		Though this convention turned down an electoral resolution, the ground was laid for the formation of an electoral commission that came up with a draft of an Electoral Strategy.
		Opponents of electoralism, also with good cause, worried that the LP would lose complete credibility if a candidate won only the two or three percent of the vote of the 'typical' third party.
		Fusion was once again the death knell of another third party effort.
	www.opednews.com /articles/opedne_martin_z_070126_the_third_party_proj.htm (2811 words)

	State Fusion Litigation
		Fusion permits minor parties to enter into electoral coalitions with other parties (both minor and major) and gives lesser-known parties a chance to support their preferred candidates without the risk of "wasting" votes on candidates who stand no chance of victory.
		Fusions bans were first enacted in the late 1890s when fusion between the Populist "People's Party" and the Democratic Party became extensive, culminating in the election of Grover Cleveland.
		CND's fusion litigation strategy is based on an eventual "split between the circuits'" caused by persistent challenge of fusion laws in many states.
	www.fairvote.org /reports/1995/chp6/edwards.html (668 words)

	Fusion Voting New Majority Education Fund (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Fusion was outlawed at the turn of the twentieth century by Republican legislatures as part of a reform initiative to weed corruption out of the electoral process.
		Fusion brings a greater range of choices to the polls, and can be used to pressure the major parties to articulate more of their differences.
		In the case of instant run-off, the connection is simple: fusion gives third parties a foothold to establish a permanent ballot line; instant run-off provides a further incentive for established party candidates to bargain with balloted alternative organizations.
	www.nmef.org /commentary.htm (1581 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.2, Entry 366, NEW JERSEY: Library of Economics and Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The electoral vote of the state was cast for Jackson in 1824, and for Adams in 1828, but after that year the two parties in the state were so nearly equal, and the margin between them was so often governed by personal or local questions, that a complete record would take together too much space.
		In 1832, for example, the electoral vote of the state was cast for Jackson by a majority of 463 in a total popular vote of 47,249; but the legislature and governor chosen were whig.
		The result was, that the three Douglas electors received a majority of 4,000 on the total vote, while four of the Lincoln electors, having a plurality over the rest of the separate Douglas and fusion tickets, were elected.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy757.html (1677 words)

	The Opposition, Democracy and the Electoral System
		Moreover, when elections are accepted as the right mode of choosing a government, the question as to which kind of electoral system is the most appropriate for establishing democracy under the specific conditions of a given country cannot be avoided.
		In addition, given the well-documented fusion between the state structure and the EPRDF, to campaign for a non-EPRDF candidate, or to refuse to support an EPRDF candidate, brings all kinds of retaliation in its wake.
		An ideal electoral system would produce a legislature that reflects the main political options within society, a government that is in tune with the majority of the electorate, and outcomes that favor shifting majorities such that there will not be a permanent structural exclusion of an important political current.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2003/08/08-08-03/The.htm (1369 words)

	Fusion of power
		There will still be a fusion of legislative and executive power so long as the MPs from the parties in the coalition maintain party discipline and support the government.
		Recall that this fusion of legislative and executive power is a majoritarian feature; if there is a majoritarian form of government, there will be a fusion of legislative and executive power and unicameralism.
		A nonmajoritarian alternative to a fusion of legislative and executive power is separation of powers where the legislative and executive branches operate with a greater degree of independence from each other.
	www.clt.astate.edu /fidel/fusion_of_power.htm (679 words)

	1860 election
		It's interesting to compare the electoral votes from today and see the relative importance of certain states, especially the enormous importance of New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.
		The seven deep south states had 47 electoral votes, but were outnumbered by Pennsylvania and Ohio alone.
		The "fusion" vote in New Jersey is unchanged.
	www.etymonline.com /cw/1860.htm (792 words)

	Let's End the Two-Party Duopoly
		One place to start would be to demand that the Democratic presidential candidate--and the party's platform--support electoral reforms that reflect an understanding that the party that can capture the hearts and minds of political newcomers can build a voting majority.
		Fusion also has helped progressives focus on the challenge of building majorities in a winner-take-all system.
		The Electoral College results in most voter mobilization being focused on the fifteen or so battleground states, not the the nation as a whole.
	www.thenation.com /blogs/edcut?pid=1294 (1624 words)

	Fusion: The Liberal Snare
		While fusion could conceivably occur when two third parties support the same nominee, the term has come to mean an electoral strategy designed to place Democratic candidates on the slate of a nominally independent party.
		The Populists served as the electoral expression for a militant social movement of poor farmers centered in the dirt hills of Texas.
		Electoral politics should not be focused on wresting reforms from the Democrats.
	www.wpunj.edu /newpol/issue23/cheste23.htm (2648 words)

	The Tyranny of the Two-Party System; ; Lisa J. Disch
		She argues that the two-party system as we know it dates only to the twentieth century and that it thwarts democracy by wasting the votes and silencing the voices of dissenters.
		In the nineteenth century fusion made possible something that many citizens wish were possible today: to register a protest vote that counts and that will not throw the election to the establishment candidate they least prefer.
		Lisa Jane Disch is associate professor of political science at the University of Minnesota and author of Hannah Arendt and the Limits of Philosophy.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/cup/catalog/data/023111/0231110340.HTM (557 words)

	“Fusion” is Question 2 on November ballot — Bridge News Portal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Fusion voting simply means that a candidate’s name may appear on the same ballot two or more times, as the nominee of two or more different political parties.
		Fusion proponents argue that their reform will make candidates take account of the concerns of third party voters.
		“Fusion could conceivably occur when two third parties support the same nominee, but the term has come to mean an electoral strategy designed to place Democratic candidates on the slate of a nominally independent party,” writes Eric Chester, who lives in Montague and is running for Congress as a Socialist.
	bridgenews.org /news/082006/fusionQ2/view (2030 words)

	S/R 13: Independent Political Action, Not Fusion
		Unfortunately, although several articles presented a fusion perspective, no one articulated the position of those who believe in the necessity of an electoral alliance, but who are also convinced that such an alliance needs to start from a position of total independence from the two party system.
		With fusion, a political party that has gained ballot status endorses selected candidates of another party, thus providing those candidates with an additional line on the ballot.
		While fusion could conceivably occur when two third parties support the same nominee, the term commonly refers to a situation in which a third party endorses the candidate of one of the establishment parties.
	www.greens.org /s-r/13/13-16.html (1068 words)

	Daniel Cantor: Fusion Politics
		Fundamentally, fusion is the peculiar, American form of proportional representation, in that it allows political minorities—understood arithmetically—to show their strength and to make coalitions with other parties.
		The two contending strategies of the electoral left, in caricature, might be described as the “inside” strategy and the “outside” strategy.
		The fusion strategy is an inside–outside approach and gets you, to my way of thinking, the best of both worlds.
	www.bostonreview.net /BR29.3/cantor.html (1409 words)

	S/R 20: The Labor Party Sets Its Electoral Strategy
		Dave Campbell, an OCAW delegate from the Nevada/Southern California region and chair of the Electoral Strategy Commission, justified the national veto by saying that the national veto was not intended to squash Labor Party candidacies but was needed to protect unions whose members' dues support the party but cannot legally be used for electoral campaigns.
		Campbell responded that they had considered this angle of the fusion question but felt that fusion could "muddy the question of class independence." He added, however, that once the Labor Party had established its own identity, the question of electoral coalitions could be re-evaluated.
		This amendment to allow fusion was also defeated by a voice vote that was somewhat closer, with CWA Local 1180 delegates adding a loud union bloc of voices to the scattering of ayes around the convention hall.
	www.greens.org /s-r/20/20-07.html (1569 words)

	Oregon labor leaders ponder political party for workers
		It’s called electoral fusion — also known as “cross-endorsement” or “multiple-party nomination.” Under electoral fusion, any party that meets certain minimum qualifications can get a line on the ballot, and can use that ballot line to run its own candidates — or to endorse another party’s candidate.
		Electoral fusion used to exist everywhere in the United States — until about 100 years ago, when the Democratic and Republican parties moved to outlaw the practice in almost every state.
		The Union Party was an alliance of the Grange (farmers), the Knights of Labor (an early union), and Prohibitionists.
	www.nwlaborpress.org /2005/5-20-05Cantor.html (1039 words)

	Reason Magazine - Fusion Power
		She locates part of the reason for this reliance on two-party dogma in a larger demand of the social sciences: "The two-party system, like the military, the hospital, the education system, and the law, forms bridges between social power and academic knowledge.
		Now illegal in most states, fusion offers a way around one of the most compelling arguments against casting minor party votes: that such a vote is wasted, since your candidate has no chance of winning.
		Disch's passion for fusion arose from her active involvement in 1994 with a Minnesota-based minor party, the Twin Cities Area New Party (TCANP).
	www.reason.com /news/show/28607.html (2436 words)

	SMDP electoral law
		The entire state of Israel is one electoral district, with all voters deciding together how to fill the 120 seats in the Knesseth, Israel's national parliament.
		While unicameralism, fusion of legislative and executive power, parliamentary sovereignty, and unitary government have pretty obvious effects on the way government operates, the significance of electoral law is a little less clear.
		To recap, a majoritarian form of government includes unicameralism and a fusion of legislative and executive power and parliamentary sovereignty and a unitary government and single member district with plurality electoral law.
	www.clt.astate.edu /fidel/smdp_electoral_law.htm (1026 words)

	American Civil Liberties Union : ACLU Amicus Brief in Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party
		Minnesota argues that its prohibition on fusion candidacies only peripherally interferes with the right to vote because third-party voters remain free to cast a ballot for the putative fusion candidate, albeit as the nominee of another party; alternatively, third-party voters may remain faithful to their party by supporting its own nominee.
		In the absence of a legislatively imposed ban on fusion candidacies, major parties would constantly be tempted to enter into fusion electoral alliances with third parties in order to increase the likelihood of winning a particular election, thereby allowing third parties to enter the arena of power.
		Whether the ban on fusion is viewed from the perspective of a third-party voter, the third party itself, the major party, or the candidate, an absolute ban on fusion candidacies imposes dramatic restrictions on the ability to engage in the democratic process.
	www.aclu.org /scotus/1996/22996lgl19960816.html (5489 words)

	ZNet \|Electoral Politics \| Third Parties?
		The Electoral College also insures that the number of parties seriously competing for the presidency will always be and only be two.
		Each State's allotment of electors is equal to the number of House members to which it is entitled plus two Senators (with the District of Columbia getting three).
		So let's call the bastards on their professed support for democracy.Â Dump the electoral college, push for proportional representation and adopt majority elections, already in practice around the country at the local level, for federal office.
	www.zmag.org /content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=90&ItemID=9813 (1297 words)

	Smart Vote Mass: Smart Election Reforms
		Electoral reform is a non-partisan issue, too often is it considered a left-wing power-play, but ask any libertarians how they feel about our current electoral process and most likely they will agree; dissatisfication trumps all other emotions.
		SVMass didn't support this electoral reform because it doesn't alleviate the spoiler vote, as a result, it doesn't provide the foundation for competitive multi-candidate races, a feature that favors people who enjoy a variety of choices.
		Advocates of the Fusion Ballot, which allows cross-endorsement of the same candidates by two parties, claim the reform will to expand the electoral playing field and give minority parties a greater voice in a particular type of an election.
	smartvotemass.org (6980 words)

	petrolpump.co.in : energy sources, Fusion, radioactivity, cold fusion , binocular fusion,fusion cuisine, electoral ...
		For fusion of cultural entities, in the case of
		For the heat energy absorbed by a solid material at its melting point, in becoming a liquid at the same temperature, see heat of fusion.
		electoral fusion is an arrangement between political parties to pool votes for a single candidate.
	www.petrolpump.co.in /energy-sources/fusion.htm (252 words)

	Left Unity Part 1
		If there is no basis for fusion we have to be able to demonstrate that these differences are both serious and irreconcilable, and that a fusion would merely blunt the revolutionary instrument, not strengthen it.
		Your initial approach to the Socialist Party was, of course, not about fusion or about the clarification of differences, but was a proposal for electoral co-operation up to and including a joint platform setting out areas of political agreement.
		We do not see these bodies simply as electoral blocs—although challenging the right wing in elections for union executives and senior positions is an important aspect of their role.
	www.geocities.com /socialistparty/leftunity1.htm (6661 words)

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