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Topic: Electoral systems

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First past the post electoral system

electoral college

electoral reform

Holy Roman Empire elector

The Australian electoral system

Frederick V, Elector Palatine

Elector of Saxony

electoral systems

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Halifax electoral district

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	Electoral Systems (BP334E) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The subject of electoral systems, though dry-as-dust to some and arcane to many, is --- or ought to be --- of central interest to anyone concerned with the operation of democratic systems of government.
		Electoral systems of this sort are used in Canada, the United States, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.
		These systems combine some of the advantages of PR and plurality systems by ensuring that not only do multiple points of view within a constituency gain legislative representation (as is the case under PR), but also that those elected have significant levels of support from the electorate.
	www.parl.gc.ca /information/library/PRBpubs/bp334-e.htm (7242 words)

	Electoral Systems Matter
		Individuals in the two multi-member electoral systems, at-large and cumulative voting, were significantly more satisfied with their ability to express the candidates they preferred than individuals voting in the single member district election.
		Participants in all three systems are seen to moderately agree that the system they used gave everyone a fair chance to select officials of their choice.
		This study demonstrates that electoral systems have a clear influence on the outcomes and perceptions of elections.
	www.fairvote.org /reports/1995/chp4/timpone.html (2057 words)

	Electoral systems
		Ostensibly, the prime requirement of an electoral system is that it enables the citizens of a nation to elect their legislative members and, in many cases, the head of state.
		By contrast, in an electoral system based on multi-member electorates there can be confusion in the general population as to which MP a citizen can approach to air a grievance or to seek assistance.
		Single-member electoral arrangements are typically based on the representation of particular localities, with the citizen easily able to identify his or her local member.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/pubs/RB/2005-06/06rb10.htm (7406 words)

	Election - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electoral reform describes the process of introducing fair electoral systems where they are not in place, or improving the fairness or effectiveness of existing systems.
		For example, the President of the United States is elected by the Electoral College, and in the Westminster System, the Prime Minister is formally chosen by the head of state (and in reality by the legislature or by their party).
		Electoral systems refer to the detailed constitutional arrangements and voting systems which convert the vote into a determination of which individuals and political parties are elected to positions of power.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electoral (2831 words)

	Alternative Forms of Electoral Systems - Basic Properties
		Where the electoral formula is designed to achieve proportional representation, the results are more proportional than where plurality or majority formulas are used. However, not all formulas to achieve PR are alike. Some favor large parties over small ones to varying degrees depending on the number and relative size of the competing parties.
		the systems measure on the index of disproportionality is low. Conversely, where most parties draw their support from across the entire territory of the electoral system, district based systems of representation often yield results that are highly disproportional.
		There is no single electoral system that is “optimal” or “best” for all political systems, because political systems vary in respect to the major political groupings that seek power and which shape its politics. These groupings obviously vary as a function of a country’s history and social composition (i.e.
	www.uiowa.edu /~electdis/Alternatives_section2.htm (469 words)

	Electoral Systems in Europe: An Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Electoral systems in Europe: An overview is an examination of the rules and mechanisms used in democratic elections across the parliaments of Europe.
		That is not to say, however, that recent scrutiny of electoral systems is solely confined to, or motivated by concerns springing from, the birth of the new democracies.
		Majoritarian, or plurality, systems represent the oldest and simplest electoral system category, based on the principle that whichever candidate receives the most votes in a constituency is deemed elected.
	www.ecprd.org /Doc/publica/OTH/elect_system.html (8102 words)

	Voting system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A voting system is a means of choosing between a number of options, based on the input of a number of voters.
		In addition to the above criteria, voting systems are also judged with criteria that are not mathematically precise but are still important, such as simplicity, speed of vote-counting, the potential for fraud or disputed results, the opportunity for tactical voting or strategic nomination, and, for multiple-winner methods, the degree of proportionality produced.
		The study of voting systems has influenced a new push for electoral reform that is going on today, with proposals being made to replace plurality voting in governmental elections with other methods.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electoral_system (5260 words)

	International IDEA \| Electoral System Design
		Electoral systems define and structure the rules of the political game; they help determine who is elected, how a campaign is fought, the role of political parties, and most importantly, who governs.
		Historically, however, it has been rare that electoral systems are deliberately chosen or carefully designed for the particular historical and social conditions of a country.
		It describes which electoral systems have proven advantageous for specific cultural, social and economic conditions, and how electoral systems can increase participation, reach-out to minorities and help instil faith in a sceptical electorate.
	www.idea.int /esd/index.cfm (478 words)

	Comparing Electoral Systems
		He devotes two chapters to non-proportional systems, starting with Britain's first-past-the-post (FPTP) or plurality system, the oldest and simplest of all, followed by a chapter on systems under which candidates must garner majorities in order to win: the second-ballot system (used in France) and the alternative vote system (found in Australia).
		Indeed, the fact that no two countries have exactly the same system in itself attests to the large number and diversity of possible solutions, and the opportunities for institutional reform, whether it be in the form of major re-engineering or mere fine-tuning or tinkering.
		The individual chapters on the five major electoral systems impress with their tight organization, lucid explanation of the more complex workings of some systems and electoral formulae, and the effective use of tabular data that illustrate vote-counting and seat-allocation procedures and document individual countries' experience with their election systems over time.
	teachpol.tcnj.edu /book_reviews/1997/de_Mino_W._H._11_97.htm (1444 words)

	Thomson Nelson - Political Science -Government and Politics on the Web/Introduction to International Politics
		An explanation of the Hare-Clark system is provided by the Australian Capital Territory Electoral Commission; the Tasmanian Electoral Office also offers its own explanation of the Hare-Clark Electoral System.
		In mixed systems, a portion of the legislature's seats are filled through single member plurality elections, while the rest are filled from party lists according to each party's share of the vote.
		The sample NZ ballot is useful to look at in order to understand the two votes each elector now has. In 2001, the New Zealand Parliament released a report on the country's experience with the MMP system.
	polisci.nelson.com /electsys.html (1238 words)

	CSES > Reports and Papers > CSES Planning Committee Module 2 Final Report
		The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems project is a collaborative project between national election studies across the world.
		For example, the relationship between party preference and vote may be weaker under electoral systems that provide incentives to vote strategically; or voters may be more likely to judge the government on the basis of its past performance in office under presidential or single party systems.
		Clearly if a high proportion of voters believe that that their system does provide both a high degree of representation and accountability, we can anticipate that they will be satisfied with their democracy.
	www.umich.edu /~cses/plancom/module2/mod2_finalrpt.htm (1411 words)

	International IDEA \| Electoral Processes
		The increasing expertise and experience of electoral administrators and legislators around the world also raises the prospect and the need of wider direct mutual support, information sharing and exchange of know-how through the building of professional networks among EMBs and electoral practitioners both regionally and worldwide.
		IDEA is committed to support the development of credible and efficient electoral processes and to assist in building public confidence by ensuring the professional management of elections, the independence of EMBs and by increasing the level of access and the voter turnout rate.
		Electoral Systems - A key output of IDEA’s work supporting the design of more effective electoral systems is the New IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design.
	www.idea.int /elections (700 words)

	Electoral Reform Society
		Thanks to the oddities of our First-Past-the-Post system, approximately two-thirds of the seats are 'safe' because one party has a huge majority and always wins, so your vote is unlikely to make a real difference.
		With this type of system, there is likely to be more than one party with MPs in each area.
		Other systems do not have constituencies as we understand them, just large regions or even a single electoral area for the whole country.
	www.electoral-reform.org.uk /votingsystems/systems.htm (499 words)

	Synopsis of possible electoral systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Results have been calculated for all the hypothetical systems by assuming that every voter would have cast her ballot in the same way as she actually did under first-past-the-post.
		For instance, the entire point of a two-vote system is to allow a voter to support one party (or independent) with her first vote, and a different party with her second vote.
		For the preferential and single-transferable-vote systems, the voter is able to cast an ordinal ballot; in other words, he states more preferences than just his first.
	www.mala.bc.ca /~westj/ECCO/survey.htm (509 words)

	Electoral Systems
		Seçim Sistemleri ve Siyasal Sonuçları: This paper tries to describe and discuss electoral systems and their political consequences by specially emphasizing on two criteria: Representativeness and Stability.
		Electoral Engineering and Alternative Electoral Systems: This paper tries to describe and discuss electoral systems and their political consequences by spesifically empasizing on the Turkish experience (English)
		Sandalyeleri Yeniden Dağıtmak: This essay is based on my publication with Ali Çarkoğlu about "Fairness in the Apportionment of Seats in Turkish Legislature: Is There Room for Improvement" and discusses hypothetical results of the 1999 General Elections if alternative methods of apportionment would be prefferred.
	www.urbanhobbit.net /electoral_systems.htm (202 words)

	Professor Matthew Søberg Shugart
		Matthew Soberg Shugart, “’Extreme’ Electoral Systems and the Appeal of the Mixed-Member Alternative”
		Matthew Soberg Shugart, “Comparative Electoral Systems Research: The Maturation of a Field and New Challenges Ahead,” in The Politics of Electoral Systems, ed.
		Matthew Soberg Shugart, “Electoral Efficiency and the Move to Mixed-Member Systems.” Electoral Studies 20, 2 (June, 2001): 173-193.
	dss.ucsd.edu /~mshugart/Elections_and_electoral_systems.html (534 words)

	Marat Akopian, Seminar on Electoral Systems
		The point is that even the most fair and transparent election process and the most reliable and user-friendly voting equipment cannot guarantee that a candidate with more popular votes will be elected the president or that a party that receives nationwide more votes will also receive more seats in the House or the Senate.
		The fact is that the outcome of an election often depends not only on the fairness of the voting process or the accuracy of vote counting but also on a set of rules known as electoral system which regulate how fairly cast and accurately counted votes are aggregated and “converted” into legislative or executive seats.
		In part II, we will focus on political consequences of electoral systems and various ways and means of reforming them.
	www.rci.rutgers.edu /~marat/seminar (558 words)

	Elections and Electoral Systems by Country
		The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) is a collaborative program of cross-national research among election studies conducted in over fifty consolidated and emerging democracies
		Adam Carr's Electoral Archive has complete (ie, seat by seat) federal elections statistics from 1901 (federation) to the present, and statistics for all Australian state elections since 1990.
		National Electoral Committee has information in English on the Parliamentary Elections of 1995 and 1999, and the local elections of 1996, plus an overview of elections from 1989-1996
	www.psr.keele.ac.uk /election.htm (1400 words)

	The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The studies are then merged into a single, free, public dataset for use in comparative study and cross-level analysis.
		The research agenda, questionnaires, and study design are developed by an international committee of leading scholars of electoral politics and political science.
		The design is implemented in each country by their foremost social scientists.
	www.umich.edu /~cses (94 words)

	Keele Guide to Elections and Electoral Systems on the Internet
		Electoral Systems and Data for Latin America from Georgetown.
		The d'Hondt system (modified) as used in ACT legislature
		International Foundation for Electoral Systems - supports electoral and other democratic institutions in emerging, evolving and experienced democracies (English/Spanish)
	www.keele.ac.uk /depts/por/elections.htm (152 words)

	Project for Global Democracy and Human Rights: Electoral Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Project for Global Democracy and Human Rights: Electoral Systems
		This site is designed to be viewed using frames.
		A frame-capable browser can be gotten from Netscape Communications, or Microsoft.
	worldpolicy.org /globalrights/prindex.html (46 words)

	Financial Markets and Electoral Systems
		; Structure of financial markets; Electoral systems; other essays.
		It explains the purpose and design of the most important financial instruments, including deposits, bonds, futures and swaps, and how these instruments are used by the various players in the financial system.
		The book is for new recruits and potential new recruits in financial markets (consider reading it before rather than after the interview), as well as accountants, lawyers, and those wishing to understand finance.
	www.jdawiseman.com (611 words)

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