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	Chapter 8: Biology
		The electric organ of the Elephant Nose fish is clearly visible.
		The mormyromasts are the organs that detect the echoes of the electric organ discharge.
		Other electric fish are more like the elephant nose fish, where the electric discharge is very small, and used for navigation and communication.
	sci-toys.com /scitoys/scitoys/biology/electric_fish/electric_fish.html (1049 words)

	Prof. Harold Zakon
		Electric organs (EOs) have evolved independently in at least six different groups of fish including two groups of elasmobranchs (Torpedo rays and the skates), and four groups of teleosts (gymnotiforms, mormyriformes, stargazers, catfish).
		Mainly, electric organs are composed of columns of electrocytes oriented in the same axis and ensheathed in high resistance connective tissue.
		This stabilizes the orientation of the electric organ (light gray area) and hence the orientation of the current density lines towards the electroreceptors, which is important for accurate electroreception (diagram drawn after Heiligenberg (1977)).
	www.utexas.edu /neuroscience/Neurobiology/HaroldZakon/research.html (572 words)

	Electric Fish (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The electric field of an electric fish is produced by a specialized structure called an electric organ.
		The electric organ is made up of modified muscle or nerve cells, which became specialized for producing electric fields.
		The output of the organ is called the electric organ discharge and is abbreviated EOD.
	nelson.beckman.uiuc.edu /electric_fish.html (498 words)

	Chondrichthyes, Electric Ray, Torpedo, EOD, Electric Organ discharge
		Electric rays of the families Torpedinidae, Narkidae, Hyphnidae, and an extralimital family, are unique in having two large, kidney-shaped electric organs in the disc on either side of the head.
		The adult electric organ consists of a group of vertical cellular columns, derived from sheets of lateral mesoderm present in each of the hyoid and the first four branchial arches.
		One of the early phases is outlined by simultaneous growth of the electric organs, pharynx, and pectroal fins; the latter extending cranically until they fuse with the rostrum at the 35mm stage.
	www.sbg.ac.at /ipk/avstudio/pierofun/ray/eod.htm (4646 words)

	ORGAN
		The electric organ uses a mix of mechanical and electrical components to create either the traditional organ sound, or something completely different.
		The electric organ was first developed in the United States during the 1930’s.
		Electric organs can play virtually the entire audible spectrum and compared to the organ, are incredibly small.
	library.thinkquest.org /C001468F/library/instruments/keyboards/organ.htm (743 words)

	Electrochemistry Encyclopedia --- Electric fish
		Where the system is developed in an active form, it involves an electric organ that generates pulses of current under central control, and an array of specialized sense organs that detect the animal’s own field and central (brain) circuits that analyze these signals with respect to its spatial and temporal structure.
		The electric organs specialized for generating either low or high voltage or high current pulses are modified from muscle cells or from branched nerve endings.
		Electric organs are known in some species of skates (rajoid elasmobranchs) and electric rays (torpinoids), without clear indication whether there was only one or more than one independent “invention”.
	electrochem.cwru.edu /ed/encycl/art-f01-fish.htm (3496 words)

	Organ
		Organ pipes can be any shape from round to square, conical to cylindrical, or from straight to curved.
		Theater organs were used in the early 20th century to accompany silent films and and to provide entertainment to the movie audience prior to the advent of sound films (1929, The Jazz Singer).
		The electric organ is used as a low-cost substitute for pipe organs and in popular music (i.e.
	www.music.vt.edu /musicdictionary/texto/Organ.html (414 words)

	Electronic Musical Instrument 1870 - 1990
		The Choralcelo was a direct contemporary of the Telharmonium, though not as big, was still a huge instrument using a similar electromagnetic tone wheel sound generation to the Telharmonium used in the 'organ' section of the instrument as well as a set of electromagnetically operated piano strings.
		The Choralcelo consisted of two keyboards, the upper (piano) keyboard having 64 keys and the lower 88 (piano and 'organ'), controlling (in later models) 88 tone wheels and a set of piano strings that were vibrated by electromagnets and a set of hammers that could play the strings in a normal piano fashion.
		The keyboards also had a set of organ style stops to control the timbre and fundamentals of the tone that could then be passed through cardboard, hardwood, softwood, glass, steel or "bass-buggy" spring resonators to give the sound a particular tone.
	www.obsolete.com /120_years/machines/choralcello (1835 words)

	Electric Eels Info: WhoZoo
		Electric eels are not aggressive; They may produce a damaging shock when surprised or stepped on, but the primary use of its electrical talent is to repel potential predators or to immobilize their own prey.
		The electric organ, which consists of a series of modified tail muscles, is similar to a row of batteries connected in a series.
		The electric eel repeats the cycle of swimming to the top of the water, navigating the floor of the tank, and then lying still in a cormer of the tank throughout the time he was observed.
	www.whozoo.org /Intro2000/tashcorm/tempagetwo.htm (858 words)

	Organ - Hammond organ - An electric organ Pipe organ - Co...
		The organ is a type of keyboard musical instrument, distinctive because the sound is not produced by a percussion action, as on a piano or celesta, or by means of vibrating strings, as on the harpsichord.
		The pipe organ is a common kind of organ, with churches often housing such an instrument - when the word "organ" is used on its own in a classical music context, the pipe organ is most often meant.
		The word organ, which has nothing to do with anatomical organs, originates from the latin word "organum", the earliest predecessor of the instrument used in ancient Roman circus games and similar to what we now know as "portative".
	www.infoweb.co.nz /organ (963 words)

	No. 1996: Electric Organ
		The pipe organ was an enormously complex engine that evolved in close symbiosis with the machinery around it.
		As organs grew larger and more complex, mechanical connections between keyboards, and air valves feeding the pipes, grew so cumbersome that the organist needed help to press the keys.
		Electric organists are more like telegraph operators, acting from afar.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi1996.htm (493 words)

	The Conn Electric Organ
		In 1979, Conn was one of the first big organ companies to go out of business, but it was taken over shortly thereafter by the Kimball Piano and Organ Company, and soon the whole organ operation of Kimball and Conn passed into oblivion.
		I noticed that the organ that sits in my living room is the very same organ pictured in figure.
		Anna used the organ to teach and entertain the neighborhood children.
	theatreorgans.com /hammond/keng/kenhtml/ConnOrgans.htm (1268 words)

	[No title]
		Quarter scale experimental bichromate battery built by David Hemsley for the determination of power output and life expectancy when applied to pipe-organ electric clavier actions in the late 1860s
		Henry Bryceson (Bryceson Brothers) pioneered electric action in England during the late 1860s.
		Barker built the world's first electric action organ in the Collegiate Church of Saint-Laurent,
	members.lycos.co.uk /davidhemsley (68 words)

	The Organ Web Ring
		The Organ is the magazine for all who play, build or love to listen to the organ whether it be in church, concert hall, theatre or the home.
		This is the homepage of Kevin Cartwright of Greenville, Alabama, and his 2/5 Wicks residence organ, as well as some other interesting things he has collected.
		The RUSHWORTH & DREAPER Organ in the Ridney Farm, STOCKTON.
	f.webring.com /webring?ring=pipeorganring (408 words)

	Meredith Monk \| Music \| Compositions
		EDUCATION OF THE GIRLCHILD: AN OPERA, 6 Voices, Electric Organ, Piano
		Solo Voice and Electric Organ, Vocal Quartet, Percussion, Jew's Harp
		A RAW RECITAL, Solo Voice and Electric Organ; Vocal Duets and Electric Organ
	www.meredithmonk.org /music (483 words)

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