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Topic: Electrical breakdown

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Electrical resistance

	CE Magazine: Mr. Static
		It is often assumed that an electrical breakdown, be it in a gas, liquid, or solid dielectric, is caused by a high voltage.
		A breakdown is the result of a substantial increase in the concentration of mobile charge carriers in the medium considered.
		Electrical breakdown in air is caused by electrons being accelerated in a sufficiently strong field.
	www.ce-mag.com /archive/02/01/MrStatic.html (2320 words)

	Electrical breakdown - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electrical breakdown is often associated with the failure of solid or liquid insulating materials used inside high voltage transformers or capacitors in the electricity distribution grid.
		Electrical breakdown occurs within a gas (or mixture of gases, such as air) when the dielectric strength of the gas(es) is exceeded.
		Partial electrical breakdown of the air causes the "fresh air" smell of ozone during thunderstorms or around high-voltage equipment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electrical_breakdown (819 words)

	Nanotechnology at Zyvex
		Semiconductor devices employ insulating dielectric materials for electrical isolation between active elements and layers that are susceptible to electrical breakdown.
		Its counterpart, dielectric strength, indicates the relationship between thickness and breakdown voltage, and is expressed as a ratio of voltage to thickness.
		Breakdown of a 50 micron by 2 micron polysilicon-filled nitride isolation trench on a silicon-based MEMS device.
	www.zyvex.com /Products/MEBD_001a.htm (2273 words)

	The Breakdown of Cell Membranes by Electrical and Mechanical Stress -- Akinlaja and Sachs 75 (1): 247 -- Biophysical ...
		The 100-ms voltage pulse for breakdown was applied at 50 ms, and is marked by the large spikes at 50 ms and 150 ms.
		A 100-ms voltage pulse for membrane breakdown was applied at 50 ms, and is marked by the large spikes at 50 ms and 150 ms.
		A model such as this is required to reconcile the flattening of the membrane after breakdown, the ability to distend the patch beyond the lytic strain of bilayers, the constant specific capacitance of the patch with distension, and the observation that bilayer breakdown (for 50-µs pulses) is dependent on mean tension in the patch.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/75/1/247 (4411 words)

	Electrical Discharge On The Martian Surface (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Paschen's law for electrical breakdown in gases (Ref. 4) expresses the breakdown voltage of a gas in a uniform electric field as a function of the pressure-distance product in the gas.
		Paschen breakdown in a simulated clear, stationary atmosphere may be examined in the laboratory, if certain precautions are taken.
		On the lander, the electrical instrument set might consist of several pairs of electrodes, mounted at fixed distances from one another, each with a known spacing.
	powerweb.grc.nasa.gov /pvsee/publications/marslight.html (2861 words)

	Workshop for Low Temperature, High Voltage Problems in Electric Power Engineering
		Asked about the effect of impurities on breakdown, the speaker expected (he had not done any experiments) that ice particles would have a big impact because of their high permittivity and low density.
		I would expect the breakdown voltage or field to be increased for flowing nitrogen, because it appears the breakdown is through the gas of the bubble connecting the electrodes in the static nitrogen case.
		He describes static breakdown as no bubbles present in the LHe, and dynamic breakdown as occurring when bubbles are present in the helium (such as when a low Tc magnet quenches).
	www.energetics.com /lthvsupercon.html (2855 words)

	The electrical resistance breakdown assay determines the role of proteinases in tumor cell invasion -- Ludwig et al. ...
		The electrical resistance breakdown assay determines the role of proteinases in tumor cell invasion -- Ludwig et al.
		of soluble proteases causes electrical breakdown of the MDCK monolayer,
		Resistance breakdown is statistically significant 24 h after the addition of melanoma cells to the upper medium (6 experiments/plot).
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/283/2/F319 (5288 words)

	Electrical Breakdown in Insulators
		While an electron is effectively confined to the VB with no electric field present, once a sufficiently strong uniform field is applied the bands become effectively "tilted".
		Schematic representation of the tunneling in the presence of the electric field.
		Electron wavefunction is approximated by the regular wavefunctions in VB and CB regions, and is exponentially damped in the forbidden (gap) region.
	nanowiz.tripod.com /tunnel/zener/notes.htm (1150 words)

	[No title]
		Because the physics of high voltage charge injection and transport, prebreakdown and electrical breakdown are not known for most metal/dielectric systems, the electric field distribution cannot be calculated from knowledge of system geometries alone.
		However, for most controlled electric breakdown tests, a "point" electrode is usually used to create high electric fields at modest voltages and to localize the region of the resulting spark discharge.
		Kerr effect measurements could not be used with such geometries because the electric field direction varies along the light path and there was no physical and mathematical model that would relate a measured optical signal to the magnitude and direction of the applied electric field distribution.
	lees.mit.edu /lees/old_files/full/projects/optica00.html (976 words)

	Electrical Modeling
		The present electrical modeling and simulation capabilities are very limited and will be significantly expanded by using massively parallel computational resources.
		The Electrical Modeling capability in CCIM also includes theory and modeling of materials physics issues: semiconductor physics with particular emphasis on the effects of radiation induced damage on performance; electrical breakdown in dielectrics.
		A general theory of electrical breakdown that we are developing is based on a breakthrough discovery of a system that exhibits reversible electrical breakdown, namely the Photoconductive Semiconductor Switch, and the theoretical explanation we developed of this phenomenon.
	www.cs.sandia.gov /capabilities/ElectricalModeling (230 words)

	ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS: ELECTRICAL BREAKDOWN AND LIGHTNING
		The conventional breakdown taught in textbooks originates with free electrons heated in an electric field.
		For conventional breakdown, Ethr is proportional to the number density of molecules.
		All electric field measurements in thunderclouds, however, reveal values substantially less than those needed for conventional breakdown.[1] This is the long-standing mystery about lightning's origin.
	scienceweek.com /2005/sw050715-1.htm (572 words)

	D877-02e1 Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using Disk Electrodes
		Procedure A is used to determine the breakdown voltage of liquids in which any insoluble breakdown products easily settle during the interval between the required repeated breakdown tests.
		Procedure A may be used to obtain the dielectric breakdown of silicone fluid as specified in Test Methods D 2225, provided the discharge energy into the sample is less than 20 mJ (milli joule) per breakdown for five consecutive breakdowns.
		It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
	www.astm.org /DATABASE.CART/REDLINE_PAGES/D877.htm (605 words)

	Shell Lubricants in the USA - Electrical Oils Tests & Specifications
		Dielectric Breakdown Voltage at 60 Hz (ASTM D-877 or D-1816) indicates the ability of an insulating oil to resist electrical breakdown at power frequencies in electrical apparatus.
		Dielectric Breakdown Voltage – Impulse (ASTM D-3300) is critical in electrical apparatus.
		The impulse breakdown voltage of an insulating oil indicates its ability to resist electrical breakdown under transient voltage stresses.
	www.shell-lubricants.com /Electrical/tests.html (580 words)

	Amazon.com: Ionization Waves in Electric Breakdown of Gases: Books: A.N. Lagarkov,I.M. Rutkevich (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The authors present a systematic theoretical treatment of phenomena that lead to electrical breakdown of gases and plasmas bounded by walls, including electron drift and impact ionization, diffusion, and photoionization.
		Starting with a review of breakdown waves in gas-filled gaps, the book continues with a discussion of the basic macroscopic equations, including the effects of the nonequilibrium kinetics of electrons and impact ionization.
		The phenomena of breakdown in gas under the effect of impulse voltage are extremely variegated.
	www.amazon.com /Ionization-Waves-Electric-Breakdown-Gases/dp/0387940758 (628 words)

	Infrared Micrograph of a ZnO Varistor During Electrical Breakdown
		Topics such as conducting paths, breakdown mechanisms, barrier height have been covered extensively.
		The thermal micrograph was captured by a high-speed, high-sensitivity IR camera, 1 ms after a 1 A electrical pulse.
		Electrical breakdown occurred at selected paths with small Schottky barrier potentials, and appeared as hot conducting paths in the IR image.
	www.ms.ornl.gov /htmlhome/tpuc/varistor.html (172 words)

	3.5.1 Electrical Breakdown and Failure
		Obviously the breakdown field strength decreases with operating time - we observe a failure of the material.
		In this case the breakdown may not be explosive; but a leakage current may develop which grows over time until a sudden increase leads to total failure of the dielectric.
		A typical result is that breakdown of a "good" dielectric occurs after - very roughly - 1 C of charge has been passed.
	www.tf.uni-kiel.de /matwis/amat/elmat_en/kap_3/backbone/r3_5_1.html (499 words)

	MachineryValues.com - Deals on Used Machinery and Machine Tools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Mechanical or Electrical Breakdown is defined as the sudden failure of a defective mechanical or electrical part, component or assembly of the Covered Equipment which occurs during and as a result of the ordinary, proper and customary use of such Covered Equipment.
		For the purposes of the Limit of Liability and the Deductible, One Breakdown is defined as all Mechanical or Electrical Breakdowns occurring at the same time from the same event.
		Any Mechanical or Electrical Breakdown involving a part or component that has been added, substituted or modified subsequent to its sale, unless the work was performed by or authorized by the dealer issuing the warranty.
	www.machineryvalues.com /terms.htm (1757 words)

	Offices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		While modern office buildings may not have boilers (electric heat), all have many types of mechanical or electrical equipment that can be covered by Boiler and Machinery Insurance.
		Many large office buildings have large centrifugal air conditioning compressors which are subject to significant property damage losses due to mechanical breakdown of the compressor or electrical breakdown of the driving motor.
		Many large office buildings are now equipped with emergency power generation systems the components of which are subject to mechanical or electrical breakdown.
	www.farmersofsalem.com /BM_Offices.htm (306 words)

	Electrical-Apparatus
		Second Circuits Corporation was founded to supply Gulf Coast electrical distributors' need for on-call delivery of obsolete and factory backordered equipment.
		We have since grown to be a worldwide supplier of new and reconditioned electrical equipment.
		Because of the high cost of large inventories of relatively slow-moving equipment, chances are good that it was Second Circuits large, immediately available inventory that helped to bring you back on line during your last electrical breakdown.
	www.electrical-apparatus.us (127 words)

	University of South Carolina, Electrical Engineering Department Home
		Measurement of electric fields were made in the proximity of insulators due to positive charging caused by HV stress.
		The study also involved high-speed photography of electric arcs along insulator surfaces using an image converter camera, electron microprobe analysis of microparticles, and computer simulation of prebreakdown phenomena.
		"Influence of Surface Microstructure on the Electric and Spectroscopic Characteristics of Dielectric Surface Flashover," with Li and Sundararaman, IEEE Trans.
	www.ee.sc.edu /people/faculty/default.asp?id=sudarshan (6566 words)

	CiteULike: Resistance Noise Near to Electrical Breakdown: Steady State of Random Networks as a Function of the Bias (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Resistance Noise Near to Electrical Breakdown: Steady State of Random Networks as a Function of the Bias
		A short review is presented of a recently developed computational approach which allows the study of the resistance noise over the full range of bias values, from the linear regime up to electrical breakdown.
		The results compare well with measurements of electrical breakdown in composites and with electromigration experiments in metallic lines.
	www.citeulike.org /article/609 (447 words)

	Compact Portable Pulsed Power MURI Program
		Influence of Nanocrystalline Grain Size on the Breakdown Strength of Ceramic Dielectrics
		Frequency and Bandwidth Agile Pulser for Use in Electrical and Biological Testing
		Transient Optical Measurements of Electrical Field and Temperature Distributions in Pulse Charged Water Gaps
	www.eece.unm.edu /pulsedpower/PPC03.htm (221 words)

	Electrical Emergency Breakdown Services - North America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Electrical Maintenance Service Inc. Worcester, MA, United States
		Tri-Tex is your one stop shop for Electrical and Mechanical Contracting services.
		CSK Controls is a full service PLC control systems integrator with expertise in diverse industries, from theme parks to manufacturing to defense.
	www.kellysearch.com /qr-product-33684.html (398 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #6249937 - Electrical breakdown of gases
		Availability information may be found in the Availability, Publisher, Research Organization, Resource Relation and/or Author (affiliation information) fields and/or via the "Full-text Availability" link.
		A collection of individual works on electrical discharges is presented.^Topics covered include: fundamental processes in the electrical breakdown of gases; vacuum breakdown; spark breakdown in uniform fields; corona discharge; spark breakdown in non-uniform fields; breakdown voltage characteristics; irradiation and time lags; high-frequency breakdown of gases; laser-induced electrical breakdown of gases; spark channels; and electrode phenomena.^(GHT)
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=6249937 (157 words)

	ASTM International: Electronics & Electrical Insulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Using VDE Electrodes
		Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials Using Impulse Waves
		Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Resistance to Electrical Breakdown by Treeing in Solid Dielectric Materials Using Diverging Fields
	webstore.ansi.org /ansidocstore/dept.asp?dept_id=1530 (2131 words)

	Engineering Carbon Nanotubes and Nanotube Circuits Using Electrical Breakdown -- Collins et al. 292 (5517): 706 -- ...
		Engineering Carbon Nanotubes and Nanotube Circuits Using Electrical Breakdown -- Collins et al.
		Jump to: Page Content, Section Navigation, Site Navigation, Site Search, Account Information, or Site Tools.
		Engineering Carbon Nanotubes and Nanotube Circuits Using Electrical Breakdown
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/short/292/5517/706 (395 words)

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