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Topic: Electrical signals

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	radio - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about radio
		The electrical current is sent to the tuning circuit, which picks out the signal from the particular transmitting station desired.
		To carry the transmitted electrical signal, an oscillator produces a carrier wave of high frequency; different stations are allocated different transmitting carrier frequencies.
		In a superheterodyne receiver, the incoming signal is mixed with an internally generated signal of fixed frequency so that the amplifier circuits can operate near their optimum frequency.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /radio (499 words)

	Method for determining the transit time of electrical signals on printed circuit boards using automatic standard test ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Signal transit times on printed circuit boards which are equipped with all the passive components but without any active components can be determined using automatic standard test equipment composed of a standard test unit and a performance board with fittings attached thereto.
		A second signal transit time of a second signal travelling from the starting point to an end point along at least one channel on the printed circuit board plugged in, is measured.
		A difference between the first signal transit time and the second signal transit time is derived, and from the difference, a channel signal transit time of the channel on the printed circuit board is determined.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6703844.html (2050 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A single-ended signal is carried on a single signal-conducting path, with the voltage relative to a common ground reference set of conductors being the signal.
		Because the signal on the differential pair is treated as the difference between the voltages on the two conducting paths, a common noise voltage that is coupled to both conducting paths in the differential pair does not affect the signal.
		When the signal paths 102a-102h are fully integrated into the electrical connector module 18, support sections 106 are disconnected from the signal paths 102a-102h, and each signal path 102a-102h is disconnected from the other signal paths 102a-102h inside the electrical connector module 18.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=01/39332.010531&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (5428 words)

	Bass guitar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The instrument is a descendant of the double bass (a cousin of the violin and viola da gamba) and shares design attributes of the electric guitar and features in common with a range of other bass instruments.
		The electric bass, in contrast to the electric upright bass, is played while being held horizontally across the body and may be played with the fingers (and sometimes the thumb) or a plectrum (pick).
		The electric bass is the standard bass instrument in many musical genres, including country, jazz, many flavors of rock and roll, soul, funk, and modern orchestral music.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bass_guitar (3615 words)

	Adapter unit for translating electrical signals - Patent 4228474 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		An adapter unit for translating electrical signals from one signal producing apparatus to a magnetic tape player including means to produce a magnetic field in the vicinity of a magnetic pick-up head of a magnetic tape player when the adapter is inserted into the tape player.
		The means for producing a magnetic field is in electrical communication with a plug adapted to electrically communicate with the output of the signal producing apparatus.
		Electrical signals are translated from the cassette player to the transducer (10 and 12) through leads 8 and 9 wherein a magnetic field is produced.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4228474.html (1008 words)

	ELECTRIC TOMATOES
		The experiments showed that when an electric stimulus is used to wound a tomato leaf, bioelectrical signals are rapidly transmitted from the injured cells to other cells throughout the plant.
		These signals, known as action potentials, alert the cells to increase their production of naturally occurring chemicals called proteinase inhibitors (pin), which boost the plant's resistance to insect feeding.
		"Proving that a genuine electrical signal can turn on genes is important because it raises the possibility that we may be able to use electrical stimulation as an environmentally sound means for increasing crop resistance to pests," says Dr. Eric Davies, professor and head of NC State's Department of Botany.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/SUA10/tomato697.html (625 words)

	RECORDED ELECTRICAL SIGNALS INDUCED BY MAGNETIC STORMS
		An objection, often put against the seismic electrical precursory signals, is that their origin can be due to ionospheric and magnetic anomalies of the their normal field.
		Consequently, the question that arises is: how is it possible, in any methodology that uses electrical signals recorded on ground surface, to discriminate between electrical signals induced by magnetic and ionospheric anomalies from the electrical signals that are generated at the focal area.
		In the case of an extraterrestrialy induced signal, since the induced field is of "far" origin, its effect will be the same on all monitoring sites and therefore the azimuthal direction of the calculated electrical field intensity vector will be the same for all of them.
	www.earthquakeprediction.gr /ionosphericsignalen.htm (594 words)

	Multidirectional Analysis of Electrical Signals
		In the case of an oscillating electrical field, that is the result of the interference of more than one oscillating components, then its total intensity vector prescribes, in the general case, an ellipse.
		Electrical field orthogonal components (after Patra and Mallick, 1980) that have been generated by the same current source and correspond to a local electrical field anomaly.
		In conclusion, it is shown by this study that the seismically activated areas, due to the applied stress load, generate electrical signals that can be used for the calculation of their azimuthal direction in relation to the monitoring site.
	www.earthquakeprediction.gr /multidirectional_analysisen.htm (1714 words)

	Repeaters and Bridges: Networks For Dummies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The electrical signal entering the repeater at one end is weakened.
		Electrical signals traveling through wires (such as copper wires used in most networks), weaken due to the wire's electircal resistance.
		The downside of repeaters, which are dumb electrical devices, is that they do not "understand" the nature of the electrical signals they are amplifying.
	www2.rad.com /networks/1997/nettut/repeaters.html (297 words)

	Instrumentation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The amplitude of the output signal is proportional to the amplitude of the input signal.
		The output signal is the voltage measured at the output terminal of the amplifier.
		A step input signal is an input signal that increases immediately from zero to a fixed voltage, remains at the fixed voltage for several seconds and then immediately returns to zero.
	www.neuro.mcg.edu /amurro/cnphys/instrumentation.htm (2433 words)

	Arrangement for checking a contact inserted between a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit to allow electrical ...
		When the card is transmitting signals to the data-processing system through a contact made at the card, the quality of contact can be checked at the system by known means which are easily put into operation and which may consist for example in checking the received data by software means.
		When a signal SE emitted from output 10 of transmitter circuit E (representing the logic 1 state) is fed to one of the inputs of circuit CI1, a signal is generated from the open-collector output of this circuit when a validating signal VE emitted from output 30 of transmitter circuit E is present.
		The signal, which passes through resistor R2, enables transistor T1 to be unblocked and the emitter current Ie1 of the transistor is then equal in absolute value to the current I1 generated at the collector of transistor T1, which is fed to input 21 of means M2.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4163210.html (2902 words)

	Analog and digital signals - Chapter 9: ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTATION SIGNALS - Volume I - DC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Due to the fact that electrical quantities of voltage and current are easy to measure, manipulate, and transmit over long distances, they are widely used to represent such physical variables and transmit the information to remote locations.
		For example, a pneumatic (air signal) level "transmitter" device set up to measure height of water (the "process variable") in a storage tank would output a low air pressure when the tank was empty, a medium pressure when the tank was partially full, and a high pressure when the tank was completely full.
		Analog electronic signals are still the primary kinds of signals used in the instrumentation world today (January of 2001), but it is giving way to digital modes of communication in many applications (more on that subject later).
	www.allaboutcircuits.com /vol_1/chpt_9/1.html (1206 words)

	Action potential (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		When a biological cell or patch of membrane undergoes an action potential—or electrical excitation—the polarity of the transmembrane voltage swings rapidly from negative to positive and back.
		In his discovery of "animal electricity," Luigi Galvani elicited an action potential through contact of his scalpel with the sciatic motor nerve of a frog he was dissecting, causing one of its legs to kick as in life.
		Because the salty cytoplasm of the axon is electrically conductive, and because the myelin inhibits charge leakage through the membrane, depolarization at one node is sufficient to elevate the voltage at a neighboring node to the threshold for action potential initiation.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/action_potential (949 words)

	Heart conduction system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It records the electrical activity of the heart's two upper chambers (atria).The second and largest wave, the QRS wave, records the electrical activity of the heart's two lower chambers (ventricles).The third wave is the T wave.
		Electrical impulses generated in the SAN cause the right and left atria to contract first.
		Abnormally conducted signals, resulting in alterations of the heart's normal beating, are called arrhythmias or dysrrythmia.
	your-doctor.com /healthinfocenter/medical-conditions/cardiovascular/conductiontutorial.html (644 words)

	Invent Now \| Hall of Fame \| Search \| Inventor Profile
		In 1895 Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi built the equipment and transmitted electrical signals through the air from one end of his house to the other, and then from the house to the garden.
		On December 12, 1901, he received signals from across the ocean.
		News of this achievement spread around the world, and he was acclaimed by outstanding scientists, including Thomas A. Edison.
	www.invent.org /hall_of_fame/97.html (210 words)

	Amplification
		Signals with different waveforms have, in general, frequency spectra with different bandwidths even if their periods are the same (42).
		The signals s1(t) and s2(t) in each of the active inputs of an instrumentation amplifier are entirely differential at the moment T if s1(T) = s2(T) [3.2] providing the supply voltages of the amplifier are symmetrical.
		There are two possibilities for common-mode signals to go through despite the high CMRR of the input stage: because of the limited common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of the stage itself, and due to a partial transformation of the common-mode signal into a differential at the input.
	www.enel.ucalgary.ca /People/Mintchev/amplification.htm (2545 words)

	Electrical Signals In Frogs
		Electricity was beginning to move from the status of a laboratory curiosity to that of a tool for probing the material world, simultaneously showing promise of future technical applications in commerce and industry.
		Obviously when equilibrium had been reached an electrical potential would then exist across the membrane-the "transmembrane potential." The nerve impulse was simply a localized region of "depolarization," or loss of this transmembrane potential, that traveled down the nerve fiber with the membrane potential being immediately restored behind it.
		Knowledge of the physics of electricity and magnetism had progressed from Oersted's demonstration of the relationship between the two, to Faraday's generation of electrical current by magnetic induction, and to Maxwell's profound insight on the nature of electromagnetic radiation, the latter predicting the existence of a whole spectrum of electromagnetic radiation.
	www.painstudy.com /NonDrugRemedies/Pain/p9.htm (7503 words)

	Electrical Signals and Blood Flow
		Electrical signals created by the S-A node follow a natural electrical pathway through your heart walls.
		The movement of the electrical signals causes your heart's chambers to contract and relax.
		An ECG is a recording of the electrical activity in your heart.
	www.guidant.com /condition/heart/heart_signals.shtml (487 words)

	The Secret Life of the Brain : Scanning the Brain: EEG
		An EEG is a recording of electrical signals from the brain made by hooking up electrodes to the subject's scalp.
		These electrodes pick up electric signals naturally produced by the brain and send them to galvanometers (instruments that detect and measure small electric currents) that are in turn hooked up to pens, under which graph paper moves continuously.
		Although it was known as early as the nineteenth century that living brains have electrical activity, an Austrian psychiatrist named Hans Berger was the first to record this activity in humans, in the late 1920s.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/brain/scanning/eeg.html (266 words)

	Tektronix MBD: Products > Options and Accessories Communication Signal Analyzer Package Applications : Intro
		The Tektronix TDS Communication Signal Analyzer package gives you the most comprehensive oscilloscope solutions for connecting to, capturing and characterizing optical and electrical signals in high-speed communication designs.
		Whether the signals are electrical (differential or single-ended) or optical, connecting the design to the measurement system is no easy matter.
		Electrical Communication Adapters such as the AFTDS ease connection to differential communication signals, such as DS1, DS2 and E1, by terminating the signal in 100 Ohm, 110 Ohm or 120 Ohm and adapting various connector styles (bantam, Siemens and RJ-11) to the oscilloscope's 50 Ohm BNC environment.
	www.tek.com /Measurement/Products/catalog/tds500_700_acc (1191 words)

	The Secret Beyond Matter
		The eye is responsible for transforming light into an electric signal by means of the cells in the retina.
		It is these electrical signals which form the picture in the brain.
		It is a stunning fact that the brain, which is made of wet meat, can know which electrical signal should be interpreted as smell and which one as vision, and can convert the same material into different senses and feelings.
	www.secretbeyondmatter.com /ourbrains/theworldinourbrains.html (1371 words)

	A Brief Introduction to the Brain:Membrane Potential
		Transient electrical signals are important for transferring information over long distances rapidly within the neuron.
		Chemical signals, on the other hand, are mainly involved in the transmission of information between neurons.
		Electrical signals (receptor potential, synaptic potential and action potential) are all caused by transient changes in the current flow into and out of the neuron, that drives the electrical potential across the plasma membrane away of its resting condition.
	ifcsun1.ifisiol.unam.mx /Brain/mempot.htm (792 words)

	Infrared headset nixes radiation TRN 040903
		The device converts electrical signals to infrared signals, sends the signals through the pipe, detects the infrared signals and converts them back to electrical signals.
		When a person speaks into a cell phone, the sound waves of speech hit a tiny diaphragm in a microphone, causing vibrations that are converted to electrical signals.
		In conventional headsets, electrical signals from the remote caller are converted back to sound by reversing the process: an electromagnetic coil moves a tiny diaphragm in sync with the electrical signals.
	www.trnmag.com /Stories/2003/040903/Infrared_headset_nixes_radiation_040903.html (679 words)

	Tissue-engineered cells transmit electrical signals in animal hearts
		Heart contraction starts with an electrical signal that begins in the atrium, a tiny area of the heart’s upper-right chamber.
		Damage to the electrical pathway between the atrium and ventricles (the lower chambers) can result in complete heart block, a potentially fatal condition that can only be treated by implanting a cardiac pacemaker.
		Today, the research team reported that the pathway developed and the connexins were present and functioning in the implanted tissue more than one year later.
	www.innovations-report.de /html/berichte/medizin_gesundheit/bericht-14522.html (732 words)

	Your Heart's Electrical System
		The electrical system in your heart controls the speed of your heartbeat.
		The system includes a network of electrical pathways, similar to the electrical wiring in your home.
		The S-A node normally produces 60-100 electrical signals per minute — this is your heart rate, or pulse.
	www.guidant.com /condition/heart/heart_electrical.shtml (329 words)

	Electrical signals in neves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Electrical conduction along a wire involves electrons flowing through a material which offers little resistance to them, like copper or aluminum.
		The signals in wires typically travel at a large fraction of the speed of light, while the slow ion transport in nerves means the signals in nerves travel much much slower.
		Signals on neurons may be measured with electronic equipment.
	van.hep.uiuc.edu /van/qa/section/Everything_Else/Humans_and_Animals/20020812111737.htm (489 words)

	Auditory Detection and Discrimination in Deaf Cats: Psychophysical and Neural Thresholds for Intracochlear Electrical ...
		Detection thresholds for the 2 signals are indicated by arrows.
		The ranges of thresholds for the different signals are indicated by the arrows on the abscissae.
		Parkins CW, and Colombo J. Auditory-nerve single-neuron thresholds to electrical stimulation from scala tympani electrodes.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/86/5/2330 (7508 words)

	Electrical Stimulation - The Spine Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Neurostimulation uses a small system that is surgically placed under the skin to send mild electrical impulses to the spinal cord or to a peripheral nerve.
		The electrical impulses are delivered through a lead that is also surgically placed.
		Because neurostimulation works in the area where pain signals travel, electrical impulses can be directed to cover specific sites where you are feeling pain.
	www.espineinstitute.com /PainMngmt_ElectricalStimulation.htm (267 words)

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