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Topic: Electrical synapse

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	Synapse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Synapses are specialized junctions through which cells of the nervous system signal to one another and to non-neuronal cells such as muscles or glands.
		A synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell is called a neuromuscular junction.
		Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory depends on what type(s) of ion channel conduct the post-synaptic current, which in turn is a function of the type of receptors and neurotransmitter employed at the synapse.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Synapse (1111 words)

	Synapse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Synapses form the circuits in which the neurons of the central nervous system interconnect.
		At a prototypical synapse, such as a dendritic spine, a mushroom-shaped bud projects from each of two cells and the caps of these buds press flat against one another.
		One important excitatory neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, does not undergo reuptake, but instead is removed from the synapse by the action of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.
	www.northmiami.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Synapse (1010 words)

	Electrical synapse -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		This form of signaling is more rapid than that which occurs across (Click link for more info and facts about chemical synapses) chemical synapses, which are the predominant kind of junctions between neurons.
		At many electrical synapses, channels are able to close and able largely to prevent the flow of ions in one of the two directions.
		There is also evidence for " (The property of being physically malleable; the property of something that can be worked or hammered or shaped under pressure without breaking) plasticity" at some of these synapses--that is, that the electrical connection they establish can strengthen or weaken as a result of activity.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/el/electrical_synapse.htm (131 words)

	Neurobehavior:HW#1 KEY
		Electrical synapses have no or very little delay between the signal that occurs in the presynaptic cell and the one that occurs in the postsynaptic cell (because the cells are directly connected to one another).
		Electrical synapses are said to be stereotyped, the signal that occurs in the presyn.
		Electrical synapses are often observed in regions where there needs to be a high degree of synchrony in the reaction, such as muscle contractions (in some muscles, the muscle fibers will all be interconnected by electrical synapses to ensure simultaneous contraction of all the muscle fibers within one muscle).
	www.lifesci.ucsb.edu /~mcdougal/neurobehavior/modules_homework/2000hw1key.html (3384 words)

	Synapse Article, Synapse Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Synapses form the circuits in which the neurons of the central nervous systeminterconnect.
		Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory depends on what type(s) of ion channel conduct the post-synaptic current,which in turn is a function of the type of receptors and neurotransmitter employed at the synapse.
		The necessity of re-uptake and the phenomenon of desensitization in receptors and ion channels means that thestrength of a synapse may in effect diminish as a train of action potentials arrive in rapid succession--a phenomenon that givesrise to the so-called frequency dependence of synapses.
	www.anoca.org /synaptic/synapses/synapse.html (901 words)

	Ch.5: Synaptic Activity
		At a chemical synapse, the arrival of a nerve impulse at the endfoot of an axon triggers the release of a chemical agent, a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator substance, which falls upon the membrane of the postsynaptic cell.
		The chemical synapse is composed of the endfoot (or terminal button) of the sending neuron, the membrane of the receiving neuron, the space between them, and some associated intracellular structures on both sides.
		Synapses may also be classified according to the distribution of dense material on the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes, as seen by electron microscopy with conventional staining methods.
	www.albany.edu /faculty/cafrye/apsy601/Ch.04feb10,psychopharmacology.html (8354 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		At chemical synapses, the electrical currents generated by the action potential in the pre-synaptic terminal have little effect on the post-synaptic cell because a.
		The fusion between the pre- and postsynaptic membranes in an electrical synapse is necessary to a.
		One difference between the membrane of an axon and that at the synapse of a post-synaptic cell is that a.
	soma.npa.uiuc.edu /courses/bio303/TestBank/Ch6_Key.html (1878 words)

	Biophysical Journal: Synaptic Integration in Electrically Coupled Neurons
		Electrical synapses couple the electrical activity of neurons in central and peripheral nervous systems of vertebrates and invertebrates (Bennett et al., 1963; Auerbach and Bennett, 1969; Baker and Llinas, 1971; Llinas et al., 1974; Nicholls and Purves, 1972; Korn et al., 1973; Schmalbruch and Jahnsen, 1981; McMahon, 1994).
		Interactions of chemical and electrical synapses synchronize the activity of groups of neurons, from invertebrate (Marder and Eisen, 1984; Rela and Szczupak, 2003) to mammalian central neurons (Galarreta and Hestrin, 1999, 2001; Gibson et al., 1999; Tamas et al., 2000; Szabadics et al., 2001).
		The co-localization of chemical and electrical synapses in dendrites offers the possibility that the flow of synaptic currents across the electrical synapse may reduce the amplitude of the chemically induced synaptic responses in the driving dendrite, in proportion to the degree of electrical coupling.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3938/is_200401/ai_n9369772 (1341 words)

	Rediscovering Biology - Online Textbook: Unit 10 Neurobiology
		Neurons communicate at their meeting points, called synapses; the small gaps separating the neurons are referred to as the synaptic space.
		An electrical synapse is what is often called a "gap junction," in which the membranes of two neurons are continuous at tiny spots, making the cells electrically contiguous.
		In the case of chemical synapses, however, chemicals called neurotransmitters are released from a presynaptic neuron, and dock with receptor proteins on the postsynaptic neuron.
	www.learner.org /channel/courses/biology/textbook/neuro/neuro_6.html (442 words)

	Synapse - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Chemical synapses ("synapses") are specialized junctions through which cells of the nervous system signal to one another and to non-neuronal cells such as muscles or glands.
		At this interface, the membraness of the two cells flank each other across a slender gap, the narrowness of which enables signaling molecules known as neurotransmitters to pass rapidly from one cell to the other by diffusion.
		The pre-synaptic nerve terminal generally buds from the tip of an axon, while the post-synaptic target surface typically appears on a dendrite, a cell body, or another part of a cell.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /s/sy/synapse.html (942 words)

	Introduction to Synapses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		However, the synapses, as well as dendritic and somatic surfaces, are blanketed by neural connective tissue cells (glia) as well as a continuous basement membrane (none of this is shown in the "Synapse" figure at right).
		The electrical synapse is formed of connexons in line across the two plasma membranes with the two passageways aligned to yield an intercytoplasmic pore.
		Most electrical synapses are bidirection in their transmission, but there are mechanisms to regulate both the event of this transmission and the direction.
	sky.bsd.uchicago.edu /lcy_ref/synap/synapse.html (5469 words)

	Seeing is relieving: electrical synapses between visualized neurons - Nature Neuroscience
		Two reports of electrical synapses between identified inhibitory neurons in the neocortex suggest that many neuron types known to communicate chemically may also be electrically coupled.
		Thus, it is not clear that the electrical coupling is required for the oscillations observed in inhibitory neurons (and their follower cells), but it would make the cells fire more synchronously.
		Electrical transmission is commonly thought to be faster than chemical transmission, and this is true in respect to the beginning of charge transfer across a gap junction during the rising phase of the presynaptic impulse.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/neuro/journal/v3/n1/full/nn0100_7.html (2002 words)

	Publication: Astrid A. Prinz et al. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The conductance of electrical synapses is usually estimated from voltage recordings at the neuronal somata under the assumption that each cell is isopotential.
		For a cell pair with unbranched neurites and an electrical synapse at their ends, we used cable theory to derive an analytical expression that relates the synaptic conductance to voltage recordings at the cell bodies and to the neurite properties.
		The white arrow indicates the position of the electrical synapse at the frontal contact of the two neurites.
	www.biochem.mpg.de /mnphys/publications/02prifro/abstract.html (391 words)

	The Synapse and Synaptic Transmission Page
		Such synapses have been referred to as "electrical synapses." When the ion channels linking the pre- and post-synaptic cytosolic compartments are closed, there can be no transmission through the electrical synapse.
		Electrical transmission is not faithfully transmitted across this distance and so electrical transmission must be replaced by chemical transmission in order for a signal to get across the synapse.
		Conversion of electrical transmission to and from chemical transmission slows the velocity of transmission of an ap along a nerve pathway (synaptic delay).
	faculty.etsu.edu /currie/synapse.htm (764 words)

	Bi/CNS 150 PS #2 answer key (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		synapse A: electrical synapse, very small delay because transmission is a direct electrical impulse.
		synapse B: ionotropic chemical synapse: longer delay than the electrical synapse, because the signal is converted from electrical to chemical and back to electrical for transmission.
		You isolate a single synapse of a pre-synaptic and post-synaptic junction in three mutants and the wild-type animal.
	www.cns.caltech.edu /bi150/keys2000/ps2ans.html (1299 words)

	Therapy Information Services - Neuroscience
		Synapses are the junctions formed with other nerve cells where the presynaptic terminal of one cell comes into 'contact' with the postsynaptic membrane of another.
		Electrical synapses occur where the presynaptic terminal is in electrical continuity with the postsynaptic.
		Type I is an excitatory synapse, generally found on dendrites, type II is an inhibitory synapse, generally found on cell bodies.
	www.therapyedu.com /neuro/chap2.htm (2170 words)

	Synapse of the Brain
		Synapse : are circuits of chains of neurons that are functionally connected.
		The meaning of synapse is "to clasp or join.
		- chemical synapse: are specialized in release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters.
	www.angelfire.com /la2/aaronsamudia/pagesyn.html (110 words)

	A Brief Introduction to the Brain:Synapse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		A synapse is the place where two neurons join in such a way that a signal can be transmitted from one to the other.
		overwhelmingly most abundant type of synapse is the one in which the axon of one neuron activates a second neuron, usually making a synapse with one of its dendrites or with the cell body.
		There are two ways in which this can happen, one is by the coupling of ion channels at the synapse, creating a passage way for the traveling ionic flux of the action and membrane potentials, which is called an electrical synapse, and the other is by a much more complicated way called a chemical synapse.
	ifcsun1.ifisiol.unam.mx /Brain/synap.htm (298 words)

	ipedia.com: Synapse Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Synapses are circuits in which the neurons of the central nervous system interconnect.
		This gap is sometimes called the synaptic cleft.
		The drugs known as selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors or SSRIss affect certain synapses by inhibiting the re-uptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
	www.ipedia.com /synapse.html (992 words)

	Effect of Neuritic Cables on Conductance Estimates for Remote Electrical Synapses -- Prinz and Fromherz 89 (4): 2215 -- ...
		The conductance of electrical synapses is usually estimated from voltage recordings at the neuronal somata under the assumption
		The white arrow indicates the position of the electrical synapse at the frontal contact of the 2 neurites.
		Families of traces like these were used to estimate the conductance of the electrical synapse as described in the text.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/89/4/2215 (5025 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Discovering the Brain (1992)
		On the other side of the synapse is usually a dendrite, sometimes with a dendritic spine—a small protuberance that expands the surface area of the dendrite and provides a receptive site for incoming signals.
		A completely different arangement for transmitting signals is the electrical synapse, at which the cell membranes of two neurons are extremely close together and are linked by a bridge of tubular protein molecules.
		Hence this mechanism for relaying signals relies entirely on direct electrical coupling; an electrical synapse is about 3 nanometers (nm), or billionths of a meter, wide, as compared with the 25-nm gap of a chemical synapse.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309045290/html/30.html (612 words)

	Electical Synapses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		While electrical synapses have been positively identified between presynaptic primary afferent terminals and the somata of medial ELL granular cells in Gnathonemus petersii (Meek and Bell, 1999), there has been no evidence that such synapses exist between the EOCD-carrying juxtalobar afferent and these granular cells.
		The model addresses the possible presence of electrical synapses by incorporating a relatively simple mechanism to simulate the effects of both known and possible direct electrical coupling between these cells.
		An electrical synapse is characterized by direct opening between two cells.
	www.ohsu.edu /nsi/faculty/robertpa/lab/vickers02/thesis/text/electricalSynapses.htm (218 words)

	Model 1a, Electrical Synapses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The maximum conductance of the chemical EPSP component was increased in unison with this manipulation to produce spike number responses of more than zero for the smallest delays, in order to reasonably maintain the net depolarizing input to the model cell.
		Decreasing the amplitude of the electrical component to 75% of the model value was sufficient to totally abolish the graded spike number response of the cell (not shown).
		This suggests that, at least under the input paradigm described by this particular model, the EOCD electrical synapse input component is necessary for maintenance of the desired neural code (even though this electrical synapse is not known to exist in vivo).
	www.ohsu.edu /nsi/faculty/robertpa/lab/vickers02/thesis/text/model1aElectricalSyn.htm (142 words)

	Synaptic Integration in Electrically Coupled Neurons -- García-Pérez et al. 86 (1): 646 -- Biophysical ...
		The distance from the electrical synapse to the presynaptic chemical inputs was 0.15
		from the electrical synapse of one neuron are shown in Fig.
		Modulation of an electrical synapse between solitary pairs of catfish horizontal cells by dopamine and second messengers.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/86/1/646 (5354 words)

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