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Topic: Electricity distribution

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	Electricity Distribution
		For electric customers like hospitals, banks and government facilities, continuous electric power is essential to daily operations and these temporary failures can have serious impacts.
		These electric customers often benefit from backup power, or small generating facilities installed at or inside their buildings that can provide electricity when the grid is not working.
		In addition to determining where new distribution lines should be built, the utilities also consider more immediate options for combating congestion by encouraging customers to pursue energy efficiency and asking key customers with high demand to cut back their loads on days when the area's demand is at its peak.
	www.mtpc.org /cleanenergy/important/fueldistribution.htm (474 words)

	Electricity distribution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electricity distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electricity.
		In the early days of electricity generation, direct current (DC) generators were connected to loads at the same voltage.
		Electricity industry reform has led to the creation of electricity markets through the separation of contestable retailing from distribution, a natural monopoly and the separation of the monopoly transmission from generation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Power_distribution (1083 words)

	Electricity Encyclopedia @ LaunchBase.org (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Electricity is responsible for many well-known physical phenomena such as lightning, electric fields and electric currents, and is put to use in industrial applications such as electronics and electric power.
		Electric charge is a property of certain subatomic particles (e.g., electrons and protons) which interacts with electromagnetic fields and causes attractive and repulsive forces between them.
		Electric charge gives rise to one of the four fundamental forces of nature, and is a conserved property of matter that can be quantified.
	www.launchbase.org /encyclopedia/Electricity (1526 words)

	Distribution board: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Distribution boards are typically found in central locations inside buildings and often serve as the point at which electricity electricity quick summary:
		The volt is the si derived unit for electric potential and voltage (derived from the ampere and watt)....
		Distribution boards may be surface-mounted on a wall or may be sunk in to the wall.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/di/distribution_board.htm (1882 words)

	New Zealand Electricity Market - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Distribution of electricity from the grid exit points to the end consumers' premises is the responsibility of 28 distributors who have monopoly control of the lines services on their networks.
		The final chapter of the Electricity Governance Rules, on transmission, was gazetted on April 28 to become effective on 28 May 2004.
		There are two exceptions to the regulations: generation companies can own the lines required to transport electricity from their power stations to the grid or local distribution network; and distribution companies can own a small amount of conventional generation capacity within their network but are not limited in the level of renewable generation capacity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/New_Zealand_Electricity_Market (1635 words)

	Electricity distribution - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It also meant that cables and lines had to be made from relatively large diameter copper in order to carry the high currentss required to meet the demand of distributed load.
		Power transformers could be used to raise the voltage from the generators and reduce it to supply loads.
		In North America, early distribution systems were single phase and used a voltage of 2200 volts corner-grounded delta.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /e/el/electricity_distribution.html (500 words)

	Distributed Energy Program: Electricity Grid - How the Grid Works
		For instance, a power plant may be located close to a city to serve the electrical loads in the city and its suburbs, or it may be located in the midpoint of a triangle formed by three cities.
		The grid consists of two infrastructures: the high-voltage transmission systems, which carry electricity from the power plants and transmit it hundreds of miles away, and the lower-voltage distribution systems, which draw electricity from the transmission lines and distribute it to individual customers.
		The interface between the two is the electrical substation, which features transformers that "step down" the transmission voltages—ranging from 138 kV to 765 kV—to lower voltages for the distribution systems.
	www.eere.energy.gov /de/electricity_grid.html (639 words)

	[No title]
		Electricity distribution must be based on some outdated technology (called "Legacy Distribution System" or LDS in the rest of the document).
		In essence, an Electricity Source (ES) such as a generator is connected to a DV encoder that encodes the voltage and current, and produces a bit stream.
		Electricity distribution can then be trivially reduced to the task of label (voltage) switching as electricity flows through the distribution network.
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc3251.txt?number=3251 (2435 words)

	GIS in Management of Electricity Distribution Network: A case study of Onitsha-North L.G.A., Anambra state, Nigeria. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Electricity distribution facilities spatial database was designed and created using relational database model approach.
		Electricity is an aspect of the utility sector that is very essential to the smooth and meaningful development of a society.
		Thus, to take wise decisions vital to the operations, growth and management of electricity distribution facilities, information must be collected and analysed to its full extent, such information contributes not only to efficient services, but also to the operation and maintenance of assets, and to the sensible planning of extensions and new works.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /application/utility/power/utilityp0022.htm (690 words)

	(WO/1999/045616) AN ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION BOARD HAVING A DISTRIBUTION TERMINAL BLOCK, AND A DISTRIBUTION TERMINAL ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		tricity from the mains supply to the place of consumption and for the metering of the consumption of electricity, the electricity distribution board and the electricity meter are separate units.
		Accordingly, an object of the invention is to provide an electricity distribution board of the type mentioned in the opening paragraph, where repairs of e.
		Hereby, the connec- tions to the distribution terminal block may be separated completely from all other equipment present in the elec- tricity board, so that just authorized persons can gain access to the distribution terminal block and make changes in it.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=99/45616.990910&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (1176 words)

	Energy Sector >>Legislation >> Electricity Law
		Electricity is defined as a form of energy such as electrical power, electrical current, electrical voltage, and electrical energy, produced from electrical production, sources, such as hydropower, wind power, solar energy, fuel, and coal.
		Distribution of Electricity refers to the supplying of electricity from a systematic transmission or a production plant to tire various local sub-stations known as distributors for high, medium, or low voltage.
		Transmission of Electricity through Lao PDR refers to the transmission of electricity from a foreign country through the territories of Lao PDR to a foreign country in accordance with the agreement of the government of Lao PDR.
	www.poweringprogress.org /energy_sector/electric_law.htm (3693 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In transmission and distribution, the conclusion again was that there was "no significant difference in technical efficiency between the two ownership types" Service delivery Since privatisation of electricity distribution, a number of cities have seen flouts on an unprecedented scale.
		When the distribution was originally privatised in 1998, five firms were sold and it was heralded as a historic scheme earning a regional privatisation record of $586 million. Presumably by selling five enterprises, the idea was to prevent one company from owning the entire sector.
		If governments are not able to manage electricity utility sectors, they are not likely to be able to effectively control the activities of multinational companies for whom their national utility is a minor asset on the company’s balance sheet.
	www.psiru.org /reports/2001-04-E-Distrib.doc (9477 words)

	Solar cells change electricity distribution \| EnergyBulletin.net \| Peak Oil News Clearinghouse
		We approach this news as current and former public electric utility executives, sympathetic with consumer and environmental concerns.
		The announcements are good news for consumers worried about high energy prices and dependence on the Middle East, utility executives worried about the long-term viability of their next investment in central station power plants, transmission, or distribution, and for all of us who worry about climate change.
		It is also good news for the developing world, where electricity generally is more expensive, mostly because electrification requires long-distance transmission and serves small or irregular loads.
	www.energybulletin.net /19262.html (737 words)

	D0011001
		Electrical Corporation's review and authorization for Parallel Operation shall not be construed as confirming or endorsing the Electricity Producer's design or as warranting the Generating and/or Interconnection Facility's safety, durability or reliability.
		Electrical Corporation shall not, by reason of such review or lack of review, be responsible for the strength, adequacy, or capacity of such equipment.
		Electrical Corporation shall not use information contained in the Application to propose discounted tariffs to the customer unless authorized to do so by the customer or the information is provided to Electrical Corporation by the customer through other means.
	www.cpuc.ca.gov /published/Final_decision/3252-05.htm (6260 words)

	logos: Creating stability in a world of unstable electricity distribution
		Researchers at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) suggest that deregulation is stressing the national transmission system by causing it to operate beyond its design.
		A recent North American Electric Reliability Council assessment predicted that electricity demand would grow 20 percent from 2002-2011, but only 3.5 percent new transmission capacity is planned.
		The nation's electricity grid is so complex that it makes sense to have intelligent computers operating it to make the split-second decisions needed, Liu explained.
	www.anl.gov /Media_Center/logos22-1/electricity.htm (1101 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Power Grids Work"
		Electrical power is a little bit like the air you breathe: You don't really think about it until it is missing.
		The grid is quite public -- if you live in a suburban or rural area, chances are it is right out in the open for all to see.
		In this article, we will look at all of the equipment that brings electrical power to your home.
	science.howstuffworks.com /power.htm (223 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Technology: Energy: Electricity Generation and Distribution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Electricity Distribution Equipment - 11kV distribution equipment for monitoring faults on overhead and underground systems, switchgear monitoring and control, automation systems.
		CEA Technologies - Brings electrical utility industry professionals together to identify and address technical issues that are critical to their organizations.
		Electric Transmission and Distribution - Department of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory concerned with transmission technology and reliability.
	dmoz.org /Science/Technology/Energy/Electricity_Generation_and_Distribution (931 words)

	Benchmarking - International Association for Benchmarkling Electric Distribution
		To create a cooperative environment where full understanding of the performance and enablers of "best in class" electricity distribution management processes can be obtained and shared at reasonable cost.
		To use the efficiency of the association to obtain process performance data and related best practices from regarding electricity distribution management.
		To support the use of benchmarking to facilitate electricity distribution management process improvement and the achievement of accuracy, timeliness and efficiency.
	www.iabed.com (616 words)

	Electricity Distribution Network Operators
		Jun 18 1996 : PPL stake increased to 51%
		Mar 31 1990 : vested as Southern Electric plc
		Mar 31 1990 : vested as Northern Electric plc
	www.energylinx.co.uk /electricity_distribution_map.htm (682 words)

	JPS - Transmission & Distribution of Electricity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		JPS delivers power to homes and businesses via 1,200 kilometres of transmission lines and 12,000 kilometres of distribution lines.
		The transmission system conveys electricity at high voltages from the generating plants to substations in each neighbourhood.
		From there, the distribution system takes electricity to the customers’ doorsteps at voltages conducive to home or office equipment.
	www.jpsco.com /site.nsf/web/transmission.htm (81 words)

	Amazon.com: Protection of Electricity Distribution Networks (IEE Power Series, No. 28) (Iee Power Series , No 28): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Protection of the distribution network is an essential factor in the provision of power to consumers who expect a high level of security for their supply.
		With up to date coverage of the theoretical and practical aspects of protection equipment on networks and in electrical plant, it has been written as a reference guide for professional engineers and students and includes many detailed practical examples and case studies.
		With the increasing dependence on electricity supplies, in both developing and developed countries, the need to achieve an acceptable level of reliability, quality and safety at an economic price becomes even more important to customers.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0852969236?v=glance (726 words)

	Orissa announces privatisation of electricity distribution companies
		The distribution business is currently carried on by Grid Corporation of Orissa (Gridco) which also own and operates the power transmission business in the State.
		Gridco's distribution system comprises a total of approximately 1,10,000 km of lines and sub-stations which are dividend into 10 circles.
		This is an important milestone in the extensive programme of reform of the electricity system in Orissa which has been underway since 1993.
	www.expressindia.com /fe/daily/19971128/33255723.html (355 words)

	Ontario Local Electricity Distribution Companies
		The Ontario electricity industry underwent significant restructuring aimed at establishing a competitive electricity market on the premise that competition will foster price and cost discipline among electricity providers.
		During a time of significant restructuring of the electricity industry in Ontario, Macquarie was able to draw on its significant expertise with similar transactions in the utilities sectors in Australia and around the world to assist many LDCs and their owners in reviewing the available ownership and/or financing options.
		Macquarie North America has assisted the Municipal Electricity Association (predecessor to the Electricity Distributors Association) to develop a framework for the amalgamation of LDCs and has provided expert testimony at Ontario Energy Board hearings on regulatory matters.
	www.macquarie.com /ca/ontario_utilities.htm (417 words)

	ActewAGL \| Education Site \| Electricity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		All content on this site is focused on the electricity service in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) though some facts and site links may include information used more widely.
		This site looks at how electricity is made (or generation), how electricity gets to the ACT (or transmission), and how electricity gets to your home (or distribution).
		There is also basic information about what electricity is and how it works.
	www.actewagl.com.au /education/electricity (69 words)

	Amazon.com: Electricity Distribution Network Design (Power): Books: E. Lakervi,E. J. Holmes,A. T. Johns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		When the original edition was published in 1989, it was the first book for decades to be devoted to planning and design of distribution systems.
		If you have just graduated from university (college) and find yourself working in a electric power utility or power company the learning curve is pretty steep.
		A word of caution, this book applies more readily to a Eurocentric view of electric power distribution, although the technical background and references are excellent and can be universally applied.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0863413099?v=glance (585 words)

	Safety - Public Safety (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Safety standards are inherent within the design of our electricity distribution system and normally all dangerous parts are well out of reach of members of the public.
		Despite this fact people can still find themselves at risk of serious injury from the thousands of kilometres of wires that make up our electrical distribution system which delivers power to more than 4.8 million customers.
		Sadly, every year in the UK many people are injured and some killed after they come into contact with live electricity overhead lines, underground cables or equipment.
	www.central-networks.co.uk /Content/Safety/safety_public.aspx (249 words)

	EIA - International Energy Data and Analysis
		Electricity Trade and Electricity Distribution Losses Time Series Tables
		S.5 World Electricity Distribution Losses (Billion Kilowatthours), 1980-2003
		C.10 Gross Heat Content of Solar and Wood and Waste Electric Power, 1980-2003
	www.eia.doe.gov /emeu/iea/elec.html (425 words)

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