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Topic: Electrical grids

	[No title]
		The term 'grid' simply means an arrangement of copper conductors covering an area usually on the underside of a table where 'ectoplasmic' phenomena might be expected during PK displays.
		The best types of grid to be used under different circumstances, their exact location for optimum results and the most suitable type of detector-amplifier that gives consistent data-tape records have yet to be determined.
		In Sitting No. 76 the grids were protected by a 3/4 inch width of Sellotape all round the edge of the table and this had a sufficiently high insulation resistance to prevent contact, but it would have defeated the objects of the experiment if it had extended further inwards.
	www.uri-geller.com /cbs.htm (4530 words)

	Untitled Document
		Electrical power is entering its greatest revolution in a century, one that compares to Thomas Edison's creation of the world's first electrical grids and George Westinghouse's origination of long-distance power transmission.
		Information technology, employed in electrical grid command centers since it has been available, is starting to infuse electronic intelligence throughout the grid.
		Each electrical device will be represented by its own intelligent software agent that communicates information on operating status and needs, collects information on prices and grid conditions, and responds in ways that most benefit its owners and the grid.
	www.climatesolutions.org /pages/eNewsbulletins/March2003/EnergyNetwork.htm (1177 words)

	An Introduction to The Grid
		We regard the electricity as coming from the “National Grid” which is an abstraction allowing users of electrical energy to gain access to power from a range of different generating sources via a distribution network.
		However, as a vision of the future, the analogy between computing and electrical grids is both sound and useful at a certain level of abstraction.
		The consumer grid represents another mode of use of the Grid in which resources are shared on a commercial basis, rather than on basis the basis of mutual self-interest.
	users.cs.cf.ac.uk /David.W.Walker/IGDS/GridCourse.htm (8727 words)

	MITRE's Cyber Resource Center: Infrastructure Sector Energy: Electric Summary
		The global electrical grids consist on thousands of power plants, which are fueled by many different energy sources.
		Electric system operations could become further impaired within an hour if load conditions are changing rapidly or within a few hours if demand is more stable.
		Electrical systems are impacted on an everyday basis by weather, damage to power poles or lines, and transformer, or cable failures.
	www.mitre.org /tech/cyber/sectors/docs/ELECTRIC_DISCUSSION.html (2389 words)

	Mozambique: Private Participation in Isolated Electrical Grids
		The grids were extended to the Vilankulo airport which has become a main hub to bring in an increasing number of tourists.
		The estimated electricity consumption for streetlighting is about 5% of electricity generated, which is paid for by the electricity users.
		The electricity law restructured the power sector, which set the legal framework for private participation in the program and sustainable sector operation.
	www.worldbank.org /afr/findings/infobeng/infob62.htm (444 words)

	MITRE - Y2K - Sector Risks: Electricity Technical Discussion
		Electricity dissipates as it encounters resistance in the wire, heating the copper and surrounding air.
		Although the electric industry owns and operates a majority of its communications equipment, a substantial portion is dependent on local telephone carriers, long distance carriers, satellites, cellular systems, paging systems, networking service providers, Internet service providers, and others.
		Electricity users, including those from telecommunications, natural gas, and oil industries should consider their own exposures to loss of electrical power supply in terms of historical performance of their service provider.
	www.mitre.org /tech/y2k/sectors/docs/ELECTRICITY_DISCUSSION.html (2620 words)

	Shots Across The Bow: Power grids and blackouts
		The grid has a fair amount of spare capacity under normal use conditions, but when power demand hits a peak, like it did this week due to the hot weather, spare capacity in the region is almost nil.
		We do, but the problem is that the grid is so interconnected, that tripping an overload protection in one place may result in another overload down the line because grid level trips cut off generators as well as loads.
		When the TG breaker that feeds the grid is closed, the speed of the turbine is governed by the grid itself.
	shotsacrossthebow.com /archives/001778.html (11845 words)

	Water turbine -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Water turbines were developed in the nineteenth century and were widely used for industrial power prior to electrical grids.
		They can reverse flow and operate as a pump to fill a high reservoir during off-peak electrical hours, and then revert to a turbine for power generation during peak electrical demand.
		On the other hand there are some negative consequences; by their nature, water turbines interrupt the natural ecology of rivers, killing fish and stopping migrations.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/w/wa/water_turbine.htm (2056 words)

	Stereophile: Electrical Power Industry Deregulation Opens Door for Scammers?
		Except for extremely remote communities, electrical power grids are interconnected and synchronized so that their 60Hz power sources work in unison.
		The continental power grid's interconnectedness has given rise to the notion that electrical energy isn't created and distributed like hard goods, but is instead a resource like water, land, or air.
		FutureNet is the second electrical resaler to be investigated in relation to California's forthcoming deregulation.
	www.stereophile.com /news/10117 (877 words)

	Wind Turbines in the Electrical Grid: Wind Energy Variations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Wind presently covers about 20 per cent of the electricity consumption in the Western part of Denmark.The ELSAM electricity supply area comprises the Western part of Denmark with the Jutland Peninsula and the neighbouring island of Fyn.
		Electrical power consumption was 2,700 MW at the time this curve was printed from the power company control centre.
		wind electricity tends to be more valuable to the electrical grid systems than if it were being produced at a random level.
	www.windpower.org /en/tour/grid (304 words)

	WorldChanging: Another World Is Here: Smart Energy Grids
		Smart grids manage supply from a variety of distributed sources - conventional power plants, but also solar, wind and hydro plants as well as people's home energy systems.
		Under development are smart home appliances that can sense and adjust to grid conditions and commercial heating-ventilation-air conditioning systems that allow remote diagnosis and control.
		Just as a historical note; Edison's first power grids were exceedingly dangerous DC grids, and Westinghouses tri-phase AC was invented by Nikola Tesla.
	www.worldchanging.com /archives/000198.html (459 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Power Grids Work"
		Electrical power is a little bit like the air you breathe: You don't really think about it until it is missing.
		The grid is quite public -- if you live in a suburban or rural area, chances are it is right out in the open for all to see.
		The next time you look at the power grid, you will be able to really see it and understand what is going on!
	science.howstuffworks.com /power.htm (223 words)

	Virtual Culture
		The grid system of streets and highways that gives North America its distinctively different (and, some say, homogenous) look when compared to cities in other nations extends to grids of other kinds, to power and electrical grids, and communication networks.
		The grid is still with us, reminding us that William Gibson's "Matrix" is in the here and now (though maybe not perceptible in the ways he envisions it will be).
		We try to bend and twist both grids until they fit one on top of the other, but they always snap back into place and defy an easy interlock, perhaps like "smart" metals and plastics that regain their original shape on heating.
	info.comm.uic.edu /jones/virtcult.html (2175 words)

	PD-16 and the constant blackouts: Are the neocons in the Pentagon targeting electrical grids?
		PD-16 and the constant flouts: Are the neocons in the Pentagon targeting electrical grids?
		The flout was blamed on a "fault" in the national electrical grid.
		The flout cut off electricity to Vatican City and Pope John Paul II had to rely on emergency generators to power amplifiers in order to deliver his Sunday sermon.
	www.propagandamatrix.com /290903blackouts.html (1188 words)

	Master Electrical power engineering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Electrical energy is the major energy carrier of the future.
		The MSc- programme in Electrical Power Engineering brings the student up to date with the hot topics in Power Engineering: renewable energy, decentralisation of generation and the liberalisation of the energy market.
		Power electronics is the field concerned with influencing the flow of current in the high voltage network of utilities, and with designing of new solutions for the energy management in automobiles, ships and aeroplanes.
	masters.ewi.tudelft.nl /index.php?master=electrical_power_engineering (326 words)

	Understanding and predicting space weather - The Industrial Physicist
		If a flare is analogous to an interplanetary thunderstorm, a CME initiates an interplanetary tsunami—a flood of billions of tons of protons and electrons bursting from the sun that is capable of massive interference with any flux-sensitive apparatus it happens to encounter.
		Today’s electrical grids are more susceptible to solar-storm disruption than their more localized predecessors because of the large geographical areas they cover and their interconnected nature (see The Industrial Physicist, October/ November 2003.
		The peak of the last 11-year solar cycle, with a corresponding peak in flare and CME events, was in 2000, when Earth was significantly more dependent on power grids and satellite-based communication than during the previous peak.
	www.aip.org /tip/INPHFA/vol-9/iss-6/p18.html (2342 words)

	H2Nation Magazine Article 07/01/2004:GREEN POWER FOR HYDROGENâ¢ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Due to a strained electrical grid, North America suffered the worst flout in history and, once again, military action was taken in an oil rich, chaotic Middle East.
		This grid stabilizing, premium “Highway Energy™” is transmitted to dual-purpose roadside, stationary facilities that co-produce renewable hydrogen and fuel-cell-generated electricity.
		Generating the electricity at or near the end user’s location also reduces the amount of energy used, because between 5% and 8% of the energy transported over long distance lines is lost in the transmission.
	www.h2nation.com /publications/archiveart/article072904-2.cfm (3951 words)

	Magnetism, Aurorae and Planetary Influence
		In our technological society, this puts charge overloads on electrical grids and will even build up terrific electrical potential in oil lines.
		It is know known that thunderstorms act as a type of conduit of solar generated static electrical charging of the magnetic field.
		Precautions can be taken on power grids, with computers and oil lines to block, deflect or otherwise harden these against burn out induced by the sun.
	www.geocities.com /syzygywjp/Magnetism.html (713 words)

	How are Computational Grids similar to Power Grids ?
		But, it is to be remembered, that the concept and implementation of Computational Grids is still in it's infancy.
		The interface to Electrical Power Grids, the power line provided to the house is much simpler than the elaborate procedure (Authentication, proxy generation, resource brokerage) required to access Computational Grids.
		Computational Grids have to go a long way to achieve this ease of use.
	santanu-sinha.front.ru /grid_doc/node22.html (159 words)

	Stormy Star @ National Geographic Magazine
		The atmosphere was so electrically charged that the northern lights were seen as far south as the Mediterranean, but little damage was done.
		However, for all their intensity, conditions were such that damage to satellites, communications systems, and electrical grids—technology we depend on in our daily lives—was much less than it could have been.
		The electric circuits of the fledgling telegraph system were overwhelmed, shorting out the system in parts of the United States and Europe.
	magma.nationalgeographic.com /ngm/0407/feature1/index.html (1290 words)

	Research and Markets: Opportunities for Nano-Engineered Solutions in the Electrical Power Industry Worldwide \| American ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		There are also huge environmental and political pressures to change the fuel sources that drive power stations and to run electricity grids more efficiently.
		Traditional sources of fuel for electricity generation are rising rapidly in price at a time when industrialization in China, India and elsewhere is pushing up the demand for electricity.
		The report would be valuable to strategic planners at power companies, manufacturers of electricity industry plant and equipment, solar energy companies, battery and fuel cell firms, materials suppliers and a broad range of nanotechnology firms and investors.
	www.aiada.org /article.asp?id=36059 (483 words)

	Press Release (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Pueblo -- The technological shortcomings of the electrical grid and the recent Northeast flout will be the subject of a seminar on Thursday, September 25 by Dr. Howard Hayden, Emeritus Professor of Physics from the University of Connecticut and Adjunct Professor of Physics at CSU-Pueblo.
		"The overall reliance of the grid is 99.9 percent, even though the flout reduced the reliability figure for the Eastern Grid to 99 percent for the year," he added.
		Hayden will discuss the technological infrastructure of future grids and the possibility of using remote sensors to better isolate problems when they occur.
	www.colostate-pueblo.edu /news/releases03/093.htm (233 words)

	GENI History - A Credible Foundation and Projects for the Future - Library - GENI
		That strategy is to interconnect electrical power grids between countries and continents, thereby creating an interconnected global energy grid, with an emphasis on linking local and remote renewable energy resources (wind, solar, hydro, geothermal, tidal and biomass).
		The focus is on electricity and its sources because of their relationship to all the major measures of a sustainable society and environment.
		By mid 1995, interconnecting electrical grids was no longer a strategy needing proof, but was now a phenomenon to be reported.
	www.geni.org /energy/issues/overview/english/history.html (1547 words)

	Distributed electrical grids and such \| Gristmill: The environmental news blog \| Grist Magazine
		Here's the take-home message: Smaller-scale, distributed electrical generation (solar, wind, etc.), built closer to consumers, run by intelligent grids, is cheaper and more efficient than the big, centralized kind, could be implemented with no loss of quality or service, and would sharply reduce greenhouse-gas emissions.
		The impediments are not only technical but political, since distributed electrical grids are by nature democratizing.
		Think of farmers with manure digestors that produce natural gas, running generators to sell power to their neighbors with wind or solar power systems when the wind isn't blowing or the sun is not shining.
	gristmill.grist.org /story/2005/10/5/15453/7223 (816 words)

	VEGA--Vulnerability of Electric Power Grids Analysis Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Under sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Energy, researchers in the Operations Research Department at the Naval Postgraduate School and in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of Texas are investigating the use of optimization techniques for analyzing the security and resilience of electrical power grids against disruptions caused by terrorist attacks.
		Salmerón, J., Wood, R.K. and Baldick, R. "Analysis of electric grid security under terrorist threat," INFORMS Annual Meeting, Denver, CO. ABSTRACT—We describe new analytical techniques to help mitigate the disruptions to electric power grids caused by terrorist attacks.
		Salmerón, J., Wood, R.K. and Baldick, R. “Analysis of electric grid security under terrorist threat,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.
	www.nps.navy.mil /orfacpag/resumePages/projects (729 words)

	Technology News: News: Network Vulnerability and the Electrical Grid
		For starters, the computer systems that run the maze of electrical power grids are largely vulnerable because of poor oversight.
		measures are equally responsible for the high risk the electrical grid faces.
		The U.S. power grid is more of a prime target than power grids in other countries largely because in the United States, electricity drives computer networks that are the backbone of everything from schools to traffic-control devices and government agencies.
	www.technewsworld.com /perl/story/31987.html (1019 words)

	Dr
		Received his Bsc degree in Electrical and Industrial Engineering from the Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia, México, in 1983, Msc in Electrical Engineering from the ESIME-IPN, México, in 1986 and his PhD in Electrical Engineering from UMIST, Manchester UK, in 1995.
		He joined the Electrical Power Grid Department (GAR) of the Mexican Electrical Power Research Institute (IIE) as a researcher in 1985.
		His research interests include steady state and dynamical analyses and control of electrical power grids, currently his involved in projects dealing with the application of FACTS controllers and voltage stability problems in electrical power grids.
	www.ewh.ieee.org /soc/pes/morelos/CalderonCVI.html (165 words)

	ASCE Publications Bookstore Page
		Proceedings of the Electrical Transmission in a New Age Conference, held in Omaha, Nebraska, on September 9-12, 2002
		Electrical transmission is more important now than ever in maintaining the electrical grids in this country.
		These lines are subjected to electrical loads far beyond those meant for their original design.
	www.asce.org /bookstore/book.cfm?isbn=0784406421 (219 words)

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