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Topic: Electricity liberalization

	Electricity liberalization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As electricity supply is a natural monopoly, this entails complex and costly systems of regulation to enforce a system of competition.
		The standard model for electricity liberalization is the "British model", after the British system which began in the late 1980s with the privatization and vertical de-integration of the UK electricity industry.
		Liberalization of electricity tends to substantially benefit large consumers (mainly industrial users), but benefits for domestic consumers compared with a public monopoly or a regulated private monopoly are questionable.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electricity_liberalization (231 words)

	EIoP: Text 2005-010: Full Text
		The lesser degree of electricity liberalization, and thus its intergovernmentalism, was evident in the wide discretion that the electricity directive of 1996 accorded to member states.
		All in all, while the movement towards liberalization was consistent across the two periods, the creation of an EU regime for electricity in 1996 had an impact on the extension of the goals of competition for consumers by introducing eligibility for small consumers.
		Liberalization at the national level in electricity moved swiftly beyond the requirements of the EU regime and, as has already been argued, before the EU followed these developments with the most recent regime change in the sector.
	eiop.or.at /eiop/texte/2005-010.htm (10995 words)

	EIoP: Text 2002-007: Full Text
		Since none of the telecoms and electricity directives obliged the member states to establish regulatory authorities, and since the member states did so in both sectors with amazing uniformity (again, with the exception of German electricity), it is suggested that this aspect of the process of liberalization is governed by an ”informal European regime”.
		The privatization of telecoms and electricity industries is so sweeping that the effects of variations in state traditions, level of economic development, political institutions, and public preferences seem to have minimal effects on the advance of liberalization.
		Since the current wave of liberalization is unprecedented in the history of telecoms and electricity, it is necessary to classify liberalization as a governance regime and to compare its diffusion across Europe with the diffusion of former governance regimes.
	eiop.or.at /eiop/texte/2002-007.htm (10003 words)

	Liberalization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Liberalization of autocratic regimes may precede democratization (or not, as in the case of the Prague Spring).
		For example, the European Union has liberalized gas and electricity markets, instituting a system of competition; but some of the leading European energy companies (such as EDF and Vattenfall) remain partially or completely in government ownership.
		Liberalization is one of three focal points (the others being privatization and stabilization) of the Washington consensus's trinity strategy for economies in transition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liberalization (318 words)

	CEU :: Central European University
		Liberalization and sustainability: economic and environmental repercussions of electricity market deregulation in accession countries.
		Project the key economic implications of electricity liberalization in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland.
		Electricity use is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.
	www.ceu.hu /ongoing_projects_long.html (5108 words)

	Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Electricity bought in Germany for instance is approximately 33% more expensive than in the United States and 50% more expensive than in Australia.
		To take electricity as an example, this means that electricity as such is considered to be a good (as the European Court of Justice has stated), selling electricity therefore a service, and building a power plant exercising one's right to establish oneself anywhere in the European Union.
		In a next step during 1994 a Directive was adopted which liberalized the market for the exploration and production of hydrocarbons (gas and oil) which, together with the Directives on public procurement in the excluded sect(6), brought the upstream part of the natural gas market within the scope of the internal market.
	mason.gmu.edu /~awallac1/energy.htm (4953 words)

	Germany: Taking the Lead in Electricity and Gas,By Branko Terzic, Berthold Wurm and Yorck Dietrich,January 15, 2000
		This introduction of competition in electricity and gas supply in Germany is referred to as "liberalization." Liberalization, also known in Europe as "third-party access," or TPA, is similar to the concept of "retail access" in the United States.
		According to proposals for French liberalization, however, only the biggest industrial customers will be able to choose their suppliers in the first phase of liberalization.) The German law also permits the country's local municipal utilities to invoke a "single buyer" status provision, which would preclude direct end-use sales in those municipalities.
		The German electricity market also is experiencing innovative new electricity pricing plans such as Mainova's "green" plan for purchase of electricity generated from renewable sources, along with the company's "classic" and "plus" plans for low- and high-usage customers.
	www.pur.com /pubs/3382.cfm (2951 words)

	Managing the Privatization and Restructuring of Public Utilities - Sectoral Activities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The challenges of liberalization, privatization and restructuring have mainly arisen from the need to meet soaring worldwide demand for utility services and the incapacity of the public sector to provide adequate services due to the multiplicity of areas demanding state attention in situations of prolonged economic crisis and hardship.
		The vital role of water and electricity (and to a lesser extent gas) in the life and development of societies explains the strong public interest in the ownership and management of utilities infrastructure and distribution.
		The Argentine electricity privatization programme which was launched in 1992 was the most recent of a series of privatizations in the country which began in the late 1950s and early 1960s and was followed by a second wave in the 1970s.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/dialogue/sector/techmeet/tmpu99/tmpure1.htm (10122 words)

	Distributed Generation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Despite their small size, DG technologies are already a factor in electricity markets, particularly for high reliability applications, as a source of emergency capacity or to defer the expansion of a local network.
		Liberalization of the electricity market itself has had an impact, increasing the complexity and transaction costs for all market players but particularly affecting smaller producers.
		In fact, liberalization of the electricity market is not broad enough to take advantage of the flexibility of many types of DG.
	www.3nw.com /energy/dg/distributed_generation.htm (3261 words)

	WISE/NIRS Nuclear Monitor; AUSTRIA: LIBERALIZATION INCREASES NUCLEAR ELECTRICITY IMPORTS
		But due to the liberalization of the electricity market, the import of nuclear electricity has been growing continuously.
		Because of the liberalization of the electricity market, Austrian electricity utilities can now sell their electricity on the international market place and buy electricity from other (foreign) utilities.
		The consequences of this electricity market liberalization contradicts therefore the example of a nuclear free Austria", said Global 2000 on the occasion of the second 'anniversary' of electricity market liberalization on 1 October.
	www10.antenna.nl /wise/595/5554.php (613 words)

	Liberalizing Electricity Markets - Papers and Links - Private Sector Development - The World Bank Group
		This report argues that electricity reform is an issue of sustainable development and provides an opportunity to focus attention on serving those who have little or no access to power supplies.
		The author suggests that the main problem of energy liberalization is the competing desire for efficient, competitive and unregulated wholesale and retail markets against the long-term investment and security of supply.
		From the early 1990s, many countries have liberalized their electricity industries and an important aspect of this development has been the establishment of regulatory agencies.
	rru.worldbank.org /PapersLinks/Regulating-Electricity-Markets (2791 words)

	[No title]
		Statistics on services trade liberalization Liberalization of services in developing countries could provide as much as $6 trillion in additional income in the developing world by 2015, four times the gains that would come from trade in goods liberalization.
		Liberalization of services under the General Agreement on Trade and Services can, according to the Bank, accelerate and lend credibility to domestic policies as well as increasing access to markets in industrial countries.
		In the case of electricity, for example, although private sector investment has been encouraged since the early 1990s, a major problem identified was the lack of accompanying regulatory changes, notably to restructure the existing State Electricity Boards (SEBs) and to pricing of electricity tariffs.
	www.wto.org /english/news_e/pres02_e/pres300_e.doc (2570 words)

	TIME Europe \| Business: A Balance of Power \| 3/6/2000
		When the European Commission's Electricity Liberalization Directive kicked in last year, no one took it to heart more than the Germans, who gave every home, office and factory the right to choose its own energy provider virtually from one day to the next.
		Both are energy traders at major electricity retailers in Germany, and both are dealing as best as they can with a fact that has been lost in the euphoria of a brutal retail price war: while consumers are benefiting from competition brought on by liberalization, competition has a price.
		Germany is Europe's largest and most rapidly liberalizing electricity market, and its transmission network is so interconnected that a megawatt generated in Bavaria is as good as plugged into the local grid of Hamburg or Cologne.
	www.time.com /time/europe/magazine/2000/36/dereg.html (1168 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Italian electricity liberalization could have opposite effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Alongside the government's proposed version is that of the parliament: It is here that one finds provisions that could significantly reduce the effectiveness of that same directive, the AEEG said.
		Under current proposals such responsibilities would be jointly handed over to the industry and finance ministry, a decision that makes no sense, and could create market uncertainty and paralysis in the sector, the AEEG said.
		The single supplier's role as electricity pool supplier to the captive market was also criticized for being too permanent a construct for a body that should disappear with effective competition.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/news/nte21544.htm (292 words)

	Electricity market liberalization to be speeded up :: Small Business in Russia. Russian Business Portal of ...
		RAO UES of Russia is considering the possibility of increasing the liberalization rate of the wholesale electricity market, said Vasily Zubakin, a member of the HydroOGK executive board.
		The rules of the new wholesale electricity market envisage that the volume of electricity traded at non-regulated prices will increase by 5 percent.
		The market's liberalization rate may be increased to 20-30 percent, said Vyacheslav Kravchenko, head of the Energy Ministry's department for restructuring natural monopolies, commenting on the issue.
	business-in-russia.com /headlineitem.asp?id=311577 (132 words)

	The Impact of a Liberalization of Electricity Markets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		On the other hand, deregulation and liberalization of electricity markets is a major focus of the European Commission.
		The core focus of this paper is to analyze the impacts of liberalization and competition in western European countries on renewable.
		By giving the customer the opportunity to choose the kind of electricity according to their willingness to pay, no public grants are necessary to promote the use of renewable.
	www.iaes.org /conferences/past/vienna_47/prelim_program/p00-4/haas.html (507 words)

	energyprobe.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		One of the paradoxes of electricity liberalization is that decentralizing power system must to some extent be conducted centrally.
		A highly successful model used in the State Victoria in Australia to guide what has proven to be one of the most successful electricity liberalizations so far achieved was to set up a special, advisory office responsible to the Ministry of Finance, staffed with recognized experts and mandated to protect the public.
		The experience in some of the most successful electricity liberalization efforts, particularly mid Atlantic seaboard states (the PJM Interconnection) and Australia, suggests that an interjurisdictional market reduces the grip of politicians.
	www.energyprobe.org /energyprobe/print.cfm?ContentID=1400 (1404 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Japan to study further liberalization of electricity retail business (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		High on the agenda is the question of splitting electric power companies into business divisions, the sources said.
		But the Japanese electric power industry is not supportive of wider liberalization, saying that if the government goes too far, power supply-demand conditions will deteriorate and large-scale flouts may occur.
		The United States and European countries are moving toward full liberalization of the electric power industry.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/news/nts13909.htm (300 words)

	Utilities (water; gas; electricity): Background - Sectoral Activities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		During the last few decades economic pressure and increasing global competition have affected the sphere of public services throughout the world, but the services in developing countries have been seriously impacted particularly under the pressure of the structural adjustment programme imposed by the international lending institutions against the backdrop of growing national deficits.
		Privatization is being accompanied by an opening of utility markets to cross-border competition, as in the case of electricity and gas supply in the European Union, where both supplies are expected to achieve full liberalization for all customers by 01 July 2007.
		As of July 2005, full liberalization in electricity supply was declared to have been achieved in Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom, while the rate of liberalization in the rest of the EU countries ranged from 0% in Malta to 90% in Belgium.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/dialogue/sector/sectors/utilit/change.htm (956 words)

	SSRN-Liberalizing the Dutch Electricity Market: 1998-2004 by Eric van Damme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		We describe the evolution of the structure of the Dutch electricity market since the E-Act 1998 that implemented the first EU Electricity Directive.
		The initial idea of the government was to combine liberalization in supply with concentration in generation, with the attempt to create a national champion that could compete on the European market.
		Finally, the liberalization of the retail market for green energy, in effect since July 2001, has shown that retail competition may not yield many consumer benefits.
	papers.ssrn.com /soL3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=869728 (305 words)

	NERA Economic Consulting \| Publication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In this article, NERA Special Consultant Jon Stern and co-author Junior Davis chart the progress of the economic reform of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) electricity industries during the mid-1990s, identifying the factors that have limited the realization of these reforms and considering the prospects for reform over the next few years.
		As part of their discussion, the authors examine the current progress of electricity price unbundling and rebalancing, utility commercialization, industry and market restructuring and liberalization, and privatization in ten CEE countries that are candidates for EU membership.
		Davis further consider the implications of the 1996 EU Electricity Liberalization Directive, whose conditions must be satisfied by the ten CEE countries featured in the article before they join the EU.
	www.nera.com /Publication.asp?p_ID=791 (159 words)

	International Market Research - France: Electricity Market Liberalization
		Notwithstanding accusations of lagging behind in the liberalization effort, 37 percent of the French electricity market was open to competition in France by early 2003.
		The next stage of EU mandated energy liberalization requires that by July 1, 2004, 70 percent of the French electricity market for non-domestic or industrial users must be open to competition.
		It is generally agreed that liberalization and privatization in the energy sector would be beneficial for the French economy.
	strategis.ic.gc.ca /epic/internet/inimr-ri.nsf/en/gr116325e.html (3234 words)

	Hydro invests in electricity and gas trading system - Hydro
		In addition to developing a complete trading system for gas and electricity, Navita has proven itself by delivering on time and on budget for demanding customers,” says Richard Erskine, leader of Technology Ventures in Hydro.
		”By establishing itself in the Nordic market, where liberalization of electricity trade has advanced further than anywhere else in Europe, Navita has the right background for succeeding in markets where liberalization is taking place,” says Erskine.
		Hydro’s venture vehicle for the oil and energy industry, Norsk Hydro Technology Ventures, was established in March 2001 with an initial funding of NOK 350 million.
	www.hydro.com /en/press_room/news/archive/2005_12/navita_en.html (378 words)

	RIA Novosti - Russia - Khristenko seeks electricity reform boost via liberalization
		President Vladimir Putin said Friday that the inability of Russia's electricity monopoly Unified Energy System (UES) to meet demand from commercial consumers was impeding annual GDP growth.
		The minister said that a new liberalization plan had two main aims: to attract private investment into the thermal power sector and to increase gradually the share of private traders on the domestic electricity market to 5%-15%.
		"The development of the electric power industry is a key reserve of the development of the Russian economy," he said at the opening of a government meeting on the future of energy industry.
	en.rian.ru /russia/20060607/49177183.html (303 words)

	SBird-academic
		He received his masters in government (with honors) from Harvard in 2003, was the recipient of a Kennedy School Rappaport Fellowship in 2004, and has worked for Harvard’s Electricity Policy Group since 2002.
		He is president of the board of directors at Mass Energy (a consumer’s energy non-profit).
		Three different models for regulatory change are considered using empirical data and case study material in electricity liberalization.
	people.bu.edu /sbird/sbird-research.html (788 words)

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