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Topic: Electrochemical gradient

	Electrochemical gradient - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electrochemical potential is important in electroanalytical chemistry and industrial applications such as batteries and fuel cells.
		Electrochemical gradients are analogous to hydroelectric dams and equivalent to the water pressure across the dam.
		Electrochemical potential is measured in the laboratory and field using reference electrodes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electrochemical_gradient (1011 words)

	Lecture 9, Electrochemical potential
		To describe this, we need a new term, the electrochemical potential of our charged species, defined as the sum of the chemical and electrical potentials for the component (see definitions of work terms in lecture 3).
		Either a concentration gradient or a gradient in potential will favor transport, but the net gradient will be the sum of the chemical and electrical work terms.
		Transport of protons is of particular importance in biological energy conversion, because the proton circuit couples the free energy changes of electron transfer reactions to the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, through the proton gradient.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /crofts/bioph354/lect9.html (803 words)

	Electrochemical potential - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In electrochemistry, the electrochemical potential is a thermodynamic measure that combines the concepts of energy stored in the form of chemical potential and electrostatics.
		It is important in biological processes that involve molecular diffusion across membranes, in electroanalytical chemistry, and industrial applications such as batteries and fuel cells.
		In generic terms, electrochemical potential is the mechanical work done in bringing 1 mole of an ion from a standard state to a specified concentration and electrical potential.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electrochemical_potential (125 words)

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