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	Electrokinetics
		Electrokinetic remediation is a process in which a low-voltage direct-current electric field is applied across a section of contaminated soil to move contaminants.
		The principle of electrokinetics remediation is similar to a battery.
		Electrokinetics is most effective in clays because clay particles have a negative surface charge.
	www.cpeo.org /techtree/ttdescript/elctro.htm (605 words)

	Electrokinetics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electrokinetics is the science of electrical charges in moving substances, such as water.
		In October 2003, Dr. Daniel Kwok, Dr. Larry Kostiuk and two graduate students from the University of Alberta revealed a new method of generating electric power by exploiting the natural electrokinetic properties of a liquid such as ordinary tap water, by pumping fluids through tiny microchannels.
		This technology could provide a new power source for devices such as mobile phones or calculators which could be charged up by pumping water to high pressure.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electrokinetics (182 words)

	Electrokinetic UFO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		From figs.27(i) and (ii) can be seen the diagrammatic form of a rig made by Thomas Townsend Brown which, according to film footage taken at the time (presumably in the late 50’s) by his colleges, hovered in the air about six feet off the ground when connected up to a high voltage source.
		TT Brown’s reasoning behind his method of electrokinetic levitation is to be found in his US patent 3,187,206 where he says, "A force is produced in the direction of one electrode provided that electrode is of such configuration to cause the lines-of-force to converge steeply upon the other electrode.
		The force, therefore, is in a direction from the region of high flux density toward the region of low flux density, generally in the direction through the axis of the electrodes." And, "Broadly, the invention relates to shaping an electrical field to produce a force upon the device that shapes the field.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /ufophysics/electrokineticufo.htm (1665 words)

	Technical Documents - Technical Evaluation Reports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Electrokinetics separates and extracts contaminants from saturated or unsaturated soils, sludges and sediments, and groundwater.
		The goal of electrokinetic remediation is to effect the migration of subsurface contaminants in an imposed electric field via electroosmosis, electromigration and/or electrophoresis.
		The purpose of this document is to describe recent field demonstrations, commercial applications, and research on electrokinetics for either treatment of soil and ground water in situ or to increase the solubility and mobility of contaminants to improve their removal by pump-and-treat remediation.
	www.gwrtac.org /html/topics/electro.htm (237 words)

	Environmental Soils Research Group
		Electrokinetics and bioaugmentation to optimise the remediation of PCP contaminated soil
		Electrokinetics, the application of a direct electric current, causes movement through soil by a number of different mechanisms.
		The electrokinetic conditions will be correlated with bacterial degradation of the organic in order to understand the fundamental underlying interactions.
	www-civil.eng.ox.ac.uk /research/envsoils/environmental_soils_group.html (1071 words)

	ELECTROKINETICS - LoveToKnow Article on ELECTROKINETICS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The rate at which this conserved energy varies with the current is called the electrokinetic momentum of this circuit (= Li).
		It has been found experimentally that whilst for fairly thick wires from 8 to 60 mils in diameter the safe current varies approximately as the I5th power of the diameter, for fine wires of I to 3 mils it varies more nearly as the diameter.
		Action of one Current on A nother.The investigations of Ampere in connection with electric currents are of fundamental importance in electrokinetics.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /E/EL/ELECTROKINETICS.htm (7573 words)

	Stanford Microfluidics Laboratory
		Electrokinetics is the general term describing phenomena that involve the interaction between solid surfaces, ionic solutions, and macroscopic electric fields.
		Two important classes of electrokinetics are electrophoresis and electroosmosis where the motions of solid bodies and fluids, respectively, occur when an external electric field is applied to the system.
		Movie of the electrokinetic injection and separation of two simple fluorophores (bodipy and fluorescein) in a microfabricated capillary electrophoresis system.
	microfluidics.stanford.edu /electrokinetics.htm (208 words)

	Bioremediation Modules: summary of E-Bio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Two of these, electrokinetics and electric redox, have potential to be combined synergistically with bioremediation.
		Electrokinetics represents a promising technology for remediation of low permeable soils, such as silts and clays.
		The module includes formulation of the governing equations for the coupled flow processes associated with electrokinetics remediation, utilization of an existing numerical model for electrokinetics remediation, and demonstration of the required test set-up to perform bench scale electrokinetic bioremediation experiments.
	www.engr.colostate.edu /bioremed_crcd/ebio_summary.html (151 words)

	Electrokinetics (Electromigration) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Electrokinetics (Electromigration) Available Technology ER Remediation of Metals in Unsaturated Soil Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) Albuquerque, New Mexico TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION: Remediates in situ heavy metals from partially saturated and unsaturated soils without disturbing the soil.
		Large anionic organic dyes were mixed with a portion of soil and the rate of electromigration of the dye in an imposed electric field was monitored photographically.
		The success of demonstrating electromigration of large molecules in unsaturated soil is encouraging and indicates that it may be feasible to remediate in situ anionic heavy metals such as chromium from unsaturated soil with electrokinetic techniques.
	www.p2pays.org /ref/21/20608.htm (275 words)

	Newswise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		By fine-tuning a common technique known as electrokinetics, adapting it to the chemistry of particular pollutants and soils, they have achieved 90 percent removal rates for metals.
		They also demonstrate that electrokinetics, previously limited to extracting metals, can be made to work on organic contaminants in low-permeability soils.
		"We expect that combining electrokinetics and use of a co-solvent will efficiently remediate low-permeability soils, like clay, that are contaminated with organic material," she said.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view?id=SOIL.UIC (789 words)

	HAZWASTES: Operators Discover Electrokinetics For Hazwaste Removal
		Electrokinetics, a technology used to recover oil, remove water from sludge and stabilize the ground for construction, is now be-ing used to clean up hazardous waste sites.
		Pamukcu began studying electrokinetics in 1989 and is now working to fine-tune the technology.
		For example, in clay soil, it's nearly impossible to pump waste out and treat it; however, with the electrokinetic method, the only equipment needed is a portable DC generator, two electrodes and a collection system.
	wasteage.com /mag/waste_hazwastes_operators_discover/index.html (622 words)

	AC Electrokinetics: Applications for Nanotechnology
		AC Electrokinetics offers advantages over scanning-probe methods of nanoparticle manipulation in that the equipment used is simple, cheap and has no moving parts, relying entirely on the electrostatic interactions between the particle and dynamic electric field.
		Recent studies [Hughes and Morgan 1998] have shown that the trapping efficiency of planar electrode arrays is dependent on a number of factors including the magnitude and dimensions of the electric field and the radius of the particle to be trapped.
		A common electrode configuration used in AC Electrokinetics research is a quadrupole arrangement where four electrodes point towards a central enclosed region [Huang and Pethig 1991], as shown in the schematic in figure 5.
	www.foresight.org /Conferences/MNT7/Papers/Hughes (5717 words)

	Jason Looker - Research
		Electrokinetics is the study of how micron-sized charged particles that are submerged in an electrolyte solution move in response to an applied electric field.
		In this work, the microscopic description is given by the linearized ionic transport (electrokinetic) equations, including the effects of ion diffusion, electromigration and convection.
		Periodic homogenization is used to derive effective governing equations for the fluid velocity, ionic flux and current density that capture the macroscopic behaviour.
	www.ms.unimelb.edu.au /~jrlooker/research.html (535 words)

	4-5 Electrokinetic Separation
		Figure 4-5: Typical In Situ Electrokinetic Separation System The principle of electrokinetic remediation relies upon application of a low-intensity direct current through the soil between ceramic electrodes that are divided into a cathode array and an anode array.
		Removal of contaminants at the electrode may be accomplished by several means among which are: electroplating at the electrode; precipitation or co-precipitation at the electrode; pumping of water near the electrode; or complexing with ion exchange resins.
		Targeted contaminants for electrokinetics are heavy metals, anions, and polar organics in soil, mud, sledge, and marine dredging.
	www.frtr.gov /matrix2/section4/4-4.html (1122 words)

	Biophysics & Statistical Physics Group: Electrokinetics
		Identification and analysis of cell populations and (micro)biological particles are essential in many practical applications ranging from cancer research to chemical analysis of environmental pollutants.
		In addition to biological and environmental applications, AC electrokinetic phenomena have been suggested as possible mechanisms for nanomotors.
		For example, since the composition and shape of cancer cells differ from those of healthy cells, these difference are reflected in their characteristic dielectric properties which can be exploited in identifying them.
	www.lce.hut.fi /research/polymer/electrokinetics.shtml (360 words)

	Electrokinetic Instabilities and Sample Stacking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Microfabrication technology has enabled the application of electrokinetics as a method of performing chemical analyses and achieving liquid pumping in electronically-controlled microchip systems with no moving parts.
		A major challenge to achieving robust, high-efficiency FASS is the role of electrokinetic instabilities (EKI) generated by a coupling of electric fields and ionic conductivity gradients.
		Suppression and/or control of electrokinetic flow instabilities is critical as these conductivity-gradient-induced instabilities dramatically increase dispersion rates and thereby limit stacking efficiency.
	www.nsti.org /Nanotech2005/showabstract.html?absno=1034 (212 words)

	NITRATE REMOVAL USING ELECTROKINETICS/IRON WALL PROCESS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The feasibility of remediating nitrate in ground water using a combination of zero-valent iron treatment wall and electrokinetic processes was investigated.
		Water elevations at the influent and effluent were maintained at the same elevations to study the effects of electrokinetics and limit the hydraulic influences.
		Electrokinetics are reported to be suitable for dissolving metal contaminants (low pH conditions) and moving them to the cathode where treatment can be provided.
	www.engg.ksu.edu /hsrc/97abstracts/doc38.html (491 words)

	Electrokinetics - External Documents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The general concept of the technology is to use electrokinetics to move contaminants from the soils into "treatment zones" where the contaminants can be removed from the water by either adsorption or degradation.
		A DC electric field is applied across the contaminated concrete to electrokinetically transport the solubilized contaminants from the concrete pores to a collector on the concrete surface.
		The objective was to evaluate the measurement of electrokinetic effects as a method of monitoring and predicting the movement of groundwater, contaminant plumes, and other fluids in the subsurface.
	www.gwrtac.org /html/external/electrok.htm (1794 words)

	ELECTROKINETICS - Online Information article about ELECTROKINETICS
		Definitions of Unit Electric Current.—In electrokinetic investigations we are most commonly limited to the cases of unidirectional continuous and constant currents (C.C. or D.C.), or of simple periodic currents, or alternating currents of sine form (A.C.).
		It has been found experimentally that whilst for fairly thick wires from 8 to 6o mils in diameter the safe current varies approximately as the 1-5th power of the diameter, for fine wires of r to 3 mils it varies more nearly as the diameter.
		Action of one Current on Another.—The investigations of Ampere in connexion with electric currents are of fundamental importance in electrokinetics.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /ECG_EMS/ELECTROKINETICS.html (8275 words)

	Projects Using Electrokinetics in Groundwater Remediation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Electrokinetics used to enhance bioventing and reportedly reduced gasoline levels of 100-2,200 ppm to below the target of 100 ppm after 90 days.
		Purpose of the research is to develop an in situ electrokinetic process for remediating unsaturated soils contaminated with heavy metals.
		An electrokinetic soil reactor designed to mimic in situ electrokinetic flushing was applied to silt loam artificially contaminated with lead.
	www.icubed.com /gwrtac/html/electro.html (771 words)

	Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable \| Technology Cost and Performance
		Both electrokinetic extraction and electrokinetic stabilization configurations were explored at this site.
		The pilot scale demonstration was performed using one treatment cell for arsenic extraction, that used a depolarizing agent, and one cell for arsenic stabilization, that used proprietary reactive anodes.
		Results from the pilot-scale tests are not yet publicly-available, but are expected to be made available in the first quarter of 2000.
	costperformance.org /profile.cfm?ID=20&CaseID=20 (466 words)

	Transport of Nitrates Through Clay Using Electrokinetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In this paper, the results of laboratory experiments to investigate the feasibility of using electrokinetics to transport nitrates (a nutrient) through a low-permeability soil are presented.
		Tests were conducted using a kaolinite soil consolidated from a slurry under a vertical stress of 127 kPa.
		Sodium nitrate was introduced in a chamber in front of a graphite electrode that becomes the cathode in the electrokinetic process.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?9705609 (151 words)

	atips
		AC electrokinetics are used to study, separate, manipulate, interrogate and characterize particles on the cellular level.
		The term "dielectrophoreis" was coined by the late H.A. Pohl in 1951, and refers to the motion of uncharged particles in nonuniform electric fields.
		A popular method for integrating the laboratory functionality is the use of AC electrokinetics.
	www.atips.ca /people/keilman (198 words)

	Interfacial Continuum Mechanics Research
		Particle interactions in electrokinetics (Carnie with J Ennis(CSIRO))
		The effect of particle interactions on electrophoretic mobility has so far been limited to the case of thin double layers.
		Electrochromatography, whereby an electric field is applied opposing the elution of a solution through a packed chromatography bed, is a new technique being used for the separation of protein mixtures and DNA fragments.
	www.ampc.ms.unimelb.edu.au /Research.html (1376 words)

	Improvement of Soft Clays by High-Voltage Electrokinetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Upon application of a nonuniform high-voltage direct-current (DC) field to a clay-water-electrolyte system through electrically insulated electrodes, electrophoretic and dielectrophoretic forces are generated and imposed on clay particles.
		The primary experimental data indicate that high-voltage electrokinetics increased undrained shear strength of a marine sediment up to 267% and the pullout resistance of steel plates up to 88%.
		The effect of high-voltage electrokinetics was irreversible even long after withdrawal of the electric fields.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?9601224 (177 words)

	An Electrokinetic Testing Apparatus for Undisturbed/Remoulded Soils Under In-Situ Stress Conditions
		In this paper, the design and construction of an apparatus for the study of electrokinetics are presented in detail.
		The results of a high voltage electrokinetic test on a remolded natural clay sample are reported to illustrate the operation of the apparatus and to study the mechanism of high voltage electrokinetics.
		The electrokinetic testing apparatus developed in this study provides a viable tool for the study of electrokinetics on clayey soils for better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the process.
	www.astm.org /JOURNALS/GEOTECH/PAGES/298.htm (287 words)

	Water Science and Technology 38:7 (1998) 135-142 - Chin F. Chew and Tian C. Zhang - In-situ remediation of ...
		The feasibility of using electrokinetics coupled with a zero valent iron (Fe) treatment wall to abiotically remediate nitrate-contaminated soils was investigated.
		Upon completion of each test run, the contaminated soil specimen was sliced into five parts and analyzed for nitrate-nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen and nitrite-nitrogen.
		In control experiments where only electrokinetics was used at various constant voltages, 25 to 37% of the nitrate-nitrogen was transformed.
	www.iwaponline.com /wst/03807/wst038070135.htm (292 words)

	CEH Oxford 1 column template (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Biodegradation has been combined with electrokinetics, the application of direct electric current to soil, to enhance metal removal from soil (sulphur-oxidising bacteria solublise metals and electrokinetics transports them to the electrodes) and to combine movement with biodegradation in situ (PAHs move in the presence of surfactants; 2,4-D movement has been correlated to biodegradation).
		Molecular probes to monitor cyanide biodegradation by fungi are under development in collaboration with the molecular microbial ecology and molecular diversity groups.
		Soil electrokinetic studies are being extended to investigate PCP movement and biodegradation in collaboration with the molecular diversity group and Dr Gilliane Sills in Engineering Science, University of Oxford.
	www.nerc-oxford.ac.uk /cehoxford/groups/envbiotech (314 words)

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