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Topic: Electrolytic aluminium process

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	Aluminium - LoveToKnow 1911
		The process exhibited several disadvantages, the electrolyte had to be kept constant in composition lest either fluorine vapours should be evolved or sodium thrown down, and the raw materials had accordingly to be prepared in a pure state.
		Aluminium sulphate, known commercially as "concentrated alum" or "sulphate of alumina," is manufactured from kaolin or china clay, which, after roasting (in order to oxidize any iron present), is heated with sulphuric acid, the clear solution run off, and evaporated.
		Aluminium silicates are widely diffused in the mineral kingdom, being present in the commonest rock-forming minerals (felspars, andc.), and in the gem-stones, topaz, beryl, garnet, andc.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Aluminium (6509 words)

	Patents in Class 205/646
		An electrolytic etching method for etching treating an object to be etched by an electrochemical reaction through an electrolyte between the object to be etched and an etching electrode, where the contact angle of the electrolyte to the...
		A method of electrolytically graining aluminium, aluminium alloy or aluminium laminate, desirably in a substantially uniform manner, in particular for use as a lithographic printing plate substrate, is disclosed wherein the graining is e...
		An electrolytic apparatus for applying a voltage to a workpiece (1) and a counter electrode (5) both immersed in an electrolyte (3) contained in a vessel (4) thereby processing the workpiece (1) comprises a voltage source (15, 15') for a...
	www.freepatentsonline.com /CCL205-646.html (2085 words)

	Aluminium
		Powdered aluminium and rust in the approximate ratio of 1:3 are packed in a refractory crucible with a magnesium ribbon, or a powder of magnesium and barium peroxide, to ignite it.
		Aluminium can be protected by a thick layer of oxide made by electrolysis, a process called "anodizing." The surface is first thoroughly cleaned and degreased in trichloroethylene, or by electrolysis, where the aluminium is the cathode and the grease driven off by the evolved hydrogen.
		Aluminium was the preferred structural material for aircraft after wood and fabric were superseded, and all sides in the war foresaw the need for increased aluminium capacity.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/phys/alumin.htm (4695 words)

	Aluminium bauxite data, aluminium extrusions, fabricators, powder coating and anodising, uk
		Aluminium is obtained from alumina by electrolytic reduction - a chemical term meaning the removal of oxygen atoms from Aluminium oxide.
		The Aluminium is forced to flow between the mandrel and the die, reproducing the shape of the mandrel on the inside of the section and the shape of the die on the outside.
		Anodising is an Electro-chemical process whereby the natural oxide film on Aluminium is thickened by passing an electric current through certain acid electrolytes with the Aluminium part as the anode.
	www.snelsons.co.uk /aluminium_how.html (2005 words)

	Coatings and Fabrication
		After rinsing, the aluminium is dipped into a desmut solution to remove the insoluble components of the aluminium which remain on the surface after etching, rinsed and presented for anodising.
		Once the required thickness of anodic film is obtained, the aluminium is removed from the electrolyte and rinsed thoroughly to remove the acids from the pores in the film.
		The aluminium is immersed into a special electrolyte under carefully controlled electrical conditions and temperature for various time periods to produce a variety of colours.
	www.coatfab.com /anodising.htm (1093 words)

	How Aluminium is made
		Aluminium production is a continuous process which extracts pure aluminium metal from alumina, the powdery white oxide of aluminium.
		Overhead cranes are used to lift the ten tonne ladles and pour the molten aluminium into holding furnaces where it is mixed with specific amounts of alloy materials to produce special qualities and strength according to customer requirements.
		This alloyed aluminium is poured from the furnaces into continuous and semi-continuous casting machines which produce 22kg Gautschi and 25kg Brochot mould ingots, tee ingots, rectangular slabs and circular extrusion billets.
	www.energymanagertraining.com /aluminium/Al_how.htm (519 words)

	PowerPedia:Electrolytic - PESWiki
		Electrolytes are normally formed when a salt is placed into a solvent such as water and the individual atomic components are separated by the force applied upon the solute molecule, in a process called chemical dissociation in which the solution applies force to hold the ions apart.
		Electrolyte balance is maintained by oral, or in emergencies, intervenous (IV) intake of electrolyte-containing substances, and is regulated by hormones, generally with the kidneys flushing out excess levels.
		In electrolytic capacitors the chemical effect is used to produce an extremely thin 'dielectric' or insulating coating, while the electrolyte layer behaves as one capacitor plate.
	peswiki.com /index.php/Electrolytic (3912 words)

	Aluminium - Aluminium Foil Production
		Aluminium is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon, and the most common metal.
		Alumina, or aluminium oxide (Al) is refined from the bauxite in a caustic soda/high temperature process.
		Aluminium is obtained by an electrolytic smelting process, which breaks down the alumina into molten aluminium and oxygen.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=1434 (522 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Electrolytic reduction involves passing a large current through a molten metal oxide or an aqueous solution of the metal's salt.
		Mineral processing involves the use of physical processes to manipulate ore particle size, and concentrate valuable minerals using the processes of separation, based on such properties of the ore, as density, chemical composition, electrostatic, magnetic or fluorescence properties.
		A roasting process is used to extract metals from sulfide ores: in this process the ore is heated in the presence of oxygen and the sulfur is oxidised and driven off as sulfur dioxide.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=extractive_metallurgy (632 words)

	Strip Processing
		Continuous processing lines ensure the achievement of the performance characteristics required for a highly diverse range of end products, whereby major goals include: high product quality with respect to mechanical and surface properties, high production based on fast, constant process speeds, low operating costs and minimum down-time.
		Electrolytic and Organic Coating Lines are also supplied by Siemens VAI for the production of highest quality value-added strip.
		Siemens VAI is also in a unique position to supply full range of Mechatronic Packages comprising essential process equipment such as mash lap, flash butt and laser welders, zinc air knives, skin pass mills, shape measurement and control systems, tension levellers, scale breakers, side trimmers, roll coaters and surface inspection systems.
	www.industry.siemens.com /metals-mining/EN/processes/mp_proc_06.htm (520 words)

	:: ALUMINIUM BAHRAIN :: About Alba ::
		The molten aluminium settles at the bottom of the cell where, at regular intervals, it is extracted - or tapped - using a vacuum crucible.
		To sustain the electrolytic process, alumina is fed into the cells continuously - 365 days a year - to always maintain a sufficient quantity of dissolved alumina in the electrolyte.
		The raw materials required to produce one tonne of aluminium are 1.9 tonnes of alumina; 418 kg of carbon (a blend of petroleum coke and pitch) and 17.5 kg of aluminium fluoride.
	www.aluminiumbahrain.com /en/default.asp?action=article&id=30 (235 words)

	Worcester Aluminium Alloys Limited - Design Manufacture Extrusion
		The electrolyte is a mixture of cryolite (Na), a molten salt, and certain additives to give it appropriate density, conductivity and viscosity.
		Once the exact content of the molten aluminium has been analyzed, it is either cast into ingots, slabs or billets using the DC casting (direct chill) method, or cast directly into semi-finished products.Aluminium is cast into shapes that vary depending upon the type of equipment that will be used to process the metal.
		Anodizing is an electro-chemical process whereby the natural oxide film on aluminium is thickened by passing an electric current through certain acid electrolytes with the aluminium part as the anode.
	www.worcester-aluminium.com /produc.htm (1986 words)

	Aluminum Production -- the Hall - Héroult Process -- Electrolysis of Aluminum Fluoride
		Aluminium of higher purity is obtained by mixing aluminum ore with broken carbon and with a metal, and further "reducing the said ore by means of electricity, so that the aluminium forms an alloy with the metal, and finally separating the aluminium from the alloy by amalgamating the said metal..."
		aluminium bronze, in which case the negative electrode is formed of the metal with which the aluminium is to be alloyed, e.g.
		In this process the elimination of the silica is accomplished by combination of the silicon with the fluorin of the flused fluorid; forming silicon fluorid, which escapes into the atmosphere as a gas...
	www.fluoride-history.de /p-aluminum.htm (3029 words)

	Metals and non-metals/General Metallurgy - The Process of Extraction of Metals from their Ores and Refining them
		It is the process of heating the concentrated ore in the presence of excess air.
		Under this process the oxides of metals that are in the middle of the reactivity series are reduced to free metals using chemical reducing agents such as carbon, aluminium, sodium or calcium.
		In this process, the block of impure metal is kept on the sloping floor of a hearth and heated slowly.
	members.fortunecity.com /nedians2/Physical.html (1520 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Metallurgy
		Aluminium alloys and magnesium alloys are used for applications where strength and lightness are required.
		Metals are shaped by processes such as casting, forging, rolling, extrusion, sintering, metalworking, machining and fabrication.
		Metallurgy is also applied to electrical and electronic materials where as metals such as aluminium, copper, tin and gold are used in power lines, wires, printed circuit boards and integrated circuits.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Metallurgy (1077 words)

	ALUMINIUM
		Aluminium, the third most common element onEarth after oxygen and silicon, and by far the most abundant metal on Earth, is now used very widely for everything from soft drink cans to car bodies to window frames.
		Aluminium is one of a number of soft and weak metals (like copper and tin) that scientists call "poor" metals.
		Processing alumina happens on a large scale, but the electrical process cannot be done in a single large vat.
	www.atlanticeurope.com /Elements/Aluminium.html (709 words)

	Patents in Class 204/247.4
		An electrolytic process and apparatus for reducing calcium oxide in a molten electrolyte of CaCl.sub.2 -CaF.sub.2 with a graphite anode in which particles or other contamination from the anode is restricted by the use of a porous barrier...
		Finely divided particles of alumina are electrolytically reduced to aluminum in an electrolytic reduction vessel having a plurality of vertically disposed, non-consumable anodes and a plurality of vertically disposed, dimensionally stabl...
		A process for the electrolytic deposition of aluminum at low temperatures and low electrical potential in which the anode is the sole source of aluminum and comprises a composite mixture of an aluminous material such as aluminum oxide an...
	www.freepatentsonline.com /CCL204-247.4.html (2092 words)

	Aluminium
		Aluminium can be produced via two different routes: primary aluminium production from ore and recycling aluminium from process scrap and used aluminium products.
		The aluminium oxide is released from the other substances in bauxite in a caustic soda solution, which is filtered to remove all insoluble particles.
		Primary aluminium is produced in reduction plants (or "smelters"), where pure aluminium is extracted from alumina by the Hall-Héroult process.
	www.energymanagertraining.com /aluminium/Aluminium.htm (1933 words)

	Metallurg Aluminium presents the Age of Aluminium
		Aluminium is the world’s most recently discovered metal in common use, yet it had practical applications long before it was officially “discovered”.
		What followed was a long and painstaking process to unlock the secrets of the metal, which never occurs in its pure form in nature, but exists only in combination with other materials – silicates and oxides.
		Aluminium is a metallic element that comes from the ore bauxite, which gets its name from Les Baux, France, where it was discovered in 1821.
	www.metallurgaluminium.com /ageofaluminium.html (1007 words)

	History of Aluminium (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Aluminium is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust and constitutes 7.3% by mass.
		They discovered that if they dissolved aluminium oxide (alumina) in a bath of molten cryolite and passed a powerful electric current through it, then molten aluminium would be deposited at the bottom of the bath.
		Aluminium has only been produced commercially for 146 years and is still a very young metal.
	www.world-aluminium.org /history (491 words)

	:: ALUMINIUM BAHRAIN :: About Alba ::
		Aluminium is an abundant, light metal with a silvery appearance, used in the manufacture of products requiring light weight, resistance to corrosion and electrical conductivity.
		Aluminium oxides are virtually all that remain after calcium, potassium, sodium and silicon have been leached out.
		Bauxite is the principle ore of aluminium, and is predominantly found in tropical and sub-tropical regions.
	www.aluminiumbahrain.com /en/default.asp?action=article&ID=20 (785 words)

	NTP 265: Health risks in electrodeposition processes
		The aim is to describe, in a general manner, the different types of electrolytic treatments of metallic surfaces and the health risks they entail, the toxicity of the contaminants that are generated, as well as some of the possible operative solutions.
		Electrolytic metal coating consists in the deposition of metallic ions over the piece, with the aim of providing protection or for decorative purposes.
		Anodizing consists in the oxidation of aluminium, forming a coat of the oxide upon the surface of the piece (anode).
	www.mtas.es /Insht/en/ntp/ntp_265_en.htm (906 words)

	A to Z of Terms related to the Thermal Spray Process and Surface Engineering
		Thermal sprayed coatings of aluminium usually on substrates of steel or nickel chromium alloys which are subsequently heat treated to aluminise the surface.
		A thermal spray process in which the coating material is heated and accelerated to the work piece by a series of detonations or explosions from oxy-fuel gas mixtures.
		This is a glow discharge process whereby bombardment of a cathode releases atoms from the surface which then deposit onto a nearby target surface to form a coating.
	www.gordonengland.co.uk /glossary.htm (5140 words)

	Aluminium / Design/Designer Information
		In 1886, the year that the Hall-Héroult process was discovered, alumnium cost $12 a pound, six years later the price had plummeted to 86 cents a pound and five years after that to 36 cents a pound.
		Aluminium proved more popular in the US where Hollywood stars such as Marlene Dietrich, Ramon Navarro and Norma Shearer commissioned aluminium furniture in the 1930s from designer Warren McArthur.
		There was not enough aluminium left to make consumer products and supplies became so scarce that the US government ended Alcoa’s monopoly of aluminium production by building its own factories which were sold after the war to Reynolds Metal Company and the Kaiser Corporation.
	www.designmuseum.org /design/aluminium (1046 words)

	Gal Aluminium Extrusions - Aluminium environmental
		The electrolytic reduction process requires the use of fluorides compounds, namely sodium fluoride and Aluminium fluoride in order to improve properties of the electrolytic bath.
		The addition of fluoride generates energy savings in the order of 50% since it allows for the electrolytic process to be operated at a temperature of approximately 960oC.
		In modern smelters, exhaust from pots is captured by an advanced exhaust system and routed to be taken to gas treatment centres where alumina is injected into the gas stream and the fluoride is adsorbed by the alumina.
	www.galaluminiumextrusions.com /aluminiuminfo/aluminium_environmental.htm (847 words)

	Chemistry : Periodic Table : aluminium : key information
		Small and large samples of aluminium foil, sheet, wire, rod and tube like this (and aluminium alloy in rod form) can be purchased via their web catalogue from Advent Research Materials via their web catalogue.
		Aluminium is an abundant element in the earth's crust, but it is not found free in nature.
		The Bayer process is used to refine aluminium from bauxite, an aluminium ore.
	www.webelements.com /webelements/elements/text/Al/key.html (338 words)

	Health and safety in surface engineering
		Aqueous electrolytic, normally consisting of electroplating of metal coatings, anodising of aluminium and titanium, as well as the electropolishing of stainless steel.
		A process where ferrous articles are dipped into molten zinc (or an alloy of zinc) to produce a relatively thick surface layer giving protection against corrosion.
		A process where ferrous articles are dipped into molten tin (or an alloy of tin) to produce a relatively thick layer of tin (or tin alloy).
	www.hse.gov.uk /surfaceengineering/index.htm (692 words)

	Vedanta Resources - Mining
		Calcined alumina from the refinery is fed from the storage silos into the electrolytic cells at the smelter.
		Cryolite is mixed with the alumina and this solution is maintained at a high temperature to carry on the process of electrolytic reduction.
		The reduction process takes place in a reduction cell, referred to as the pot, where alumina is reduced to molten aluminum.
	www.vedantaresources.com /aluminiumprocess.htm (306 words)

	HistoryOfAluminum - Process
		However, due to the lack of a large and inexpensive source of electricity, this new process was still not commercially exploitable.
		When Gramme invented the dynamo in 1886, this freed the process from its final stipulation, and lead to the invention of modern electrolytic process used today.
		The Hall-Heroult process has been able to withstand many years and attempts to rewrite or add to it and remains the fundamental basis of all commercial aluminum production today.
	www.historyofaluminum.com /process.php (348 words)

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