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	Electrolytic cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electrolytic cells are composed of a vessel containing electrolyte (usually a solution of water or other solvents capable of dissolving various ions into solution), and a cathode and anode.
		An Electrolytic cell is charged by applying electrical potential across the anode and cathode to force an internal chemical reaction between the ions in the solution and the anode and/or the cathode.
		In actual practice the anode and the cathode in an electrolytic cell swap functions during the charge portion of the cycle; ie - the electrode marked as anode for discharge is really acting as the cathode while charging and the electrode marked as cathode is actually acting as the anode during charging.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electrolytic_cell (330 words)

	SparkNotes: Electrolytic Cells: Electrolysis
		Though the direction of electron flow in electrolytic cells may be reversed from the direction of spontaneous electron flow in galvanic cells, the definition of both cathode and anode remain the same--reduction takes place at the cathode and oxidation occurs at the anode.
		Note that copper is spontaneously plated onto the copper cathode in the galvanic cell whereas it requires a voltage greater than 0.78 V from the battery to plate iron on its cathode in the electrolytic cell.
		The answer is that the electrolytic cell reaction is not the only one occurring in the system-the battery is a spontaneous redox reaction.
	www.sparknotes.com /chemistry/electrochemistry/electrolytic/section1.html (1027 words)

	Chemistry : Chapter 17 : Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Another characteristic of electrochemical cells is that the redox reaction may occur spontaneously (voltaic cell), or nonspontaneous reactions can be forced to occur (electrolytic cell).
		However, in an electrolytic cell, the electrons are being forced to move in a direction opposite of spontaneous.
		The standard cell potential is the difference between the reduction potential of the cathode and the reduction potential of the anode.
	www.wwnorton.com /chemistry/overview/ch17.htm (986 words)

	Aqueous alkali metal chloride electrolytic cell - Patent 4319969
		The electrolytic cell according to claim 1 wherein said electrode layer is an anode and said electrode powder for said anode is made of a platinum group metal or an electric conductive oxide thereof or an electric conductive reduced oxide thereof.
		The electrolytic cell according to claim 1 wherein said electrode layer is a cathode and said electrode powder for said cathode is made of a platinum group metal or an electric conductive oxide thereof or an iron group metal.
		The electrolytic cell according to claim 1, which is used for producing an alkali metal hydroxide and chlorine by an electrolysis of an aqueous solution of an alkali metal chloride.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4319969.html (3759 words)

	Electrolytic cell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Electrolytic cells are composed of an electrolyte (usually water or another solvent capable of dissolving various ion s of interest), a cathode and an anode.
		TAB Cell Line Data Base Catalog of human and animal cell lines available from European sources, including specialised collections, cell banks and glossary, at the National Institute for Cancer Research of Genoa, IT.
		a cell is the basic unit of a living organism and is surrounded by a cell membrane.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Electrolytic_cell.html (395 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The carbonaceous material is comprised of carbon and a reactive compound capable of reacting with one of sodium, nitrogen and sodium cyanide during operation of the cell to produce aluminum, the reactive compound present in an amount sufficient to suppress formation or accumulation of cyanide compounds in the liner.
		To function as cathodes in an electrolytic cell where alumina is reduced to aluminum, the base materials are required to be wetted by molten aluminum at the cell operating temperature or be reactive with molten aluminum to form a layer 66 on the base material wettable by molten aluminum layer 50.
		During this period, cell voltage was measured and averaged 3.37 V. After 3 hours, the cell was disassembled and based on the amount of aluminum recovered, an overall current efficiency of 83% was obtained.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=03/89689.031030&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (3294 words)

	FaradNet Book "Electrolytic Capacitors" Chapter 2
		A cell of this type, with aluminum as the anode and an electrolyte as a negative electrode or cathode, is used as a capacitor, with the aluminum oxide film separating them, acting as an extremely thin dielectric.
		The electrons in the electrolyte are in fact not free but are bound in ions, although the powerful electric field obtained can detach some of the electrons from the ions and transfer them to the insulating layer.
		Electrolytes of low conductivity or high specific resistance exhibit low leakage current due to the lack of or rather the reduced number of ions but such electrolytes have the drawback that they increase the resistance effectively in series with the capacitor.
	www.faradnet.com /deeley/chapt_02.htm (1519 words)

	Electrochemistry E
		In contrast, in the spontaneous electrochemical reaction in a galvanic cell the hydrogen is oxidized at the anode by transferring electrons to the anode and the oxygen is reduced at the cathode by accepting electrons from the cathode.
		The electrolytic capacitor is not to be confused with the electrochemical capacitor.
		The metal substrate to be coated is made the cathode in an electrolytic cell where the cations of the electrolyte are the positive ions of the metal to be coated on the surface.
	www.corrosion-doctors.org /Dictionary/Dictionary-E.htm (6143 words)

	unit04-sect02-les01-lessona (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In a galvanic cell, the anode is negative relative to the cathode.
		In an electrolytic cell, the anode is positive relative to the cathode.
		In the electrolytic cell, nickel is oxidized and zinc is reduced.
	www.cdli.ca /courses/chem3202/unit04/section02/lesson03/3-lesson-a.htm (443 words)

	Electrochemistry Encyclopedia --- Brine electrolysis
		The cathode is typically steel in diaphragm cells, nickel in membrane cells, and mercury in mercury cells.
		The catholyte is evaporated in a multi-effect evaporator.
		In the all cell processes, the filtered brine is heated and passed through a bed of salt in a saturator in order to increase the salt concentration before feeding it to the electrolyzers.
	electrochem.cwru.edu /ed/encycl/art-b01-brine.htm (6587 words)

	Iron Conservation Part I
		The cleaning continues until the electrolyte is exhausted or the activity of the zinc abates.
		The anode is the positive terminal of the electrolytic cell, to which electrons, negatively charged ions, or colloidal particles, travel when an electric current is passed through the cell.
		Since an electrolytic cell for cleaning artifacts lacks the resistance of a battery, and the battery chargers generally do not have the necessary internal resistance controls to compensate for it, the chargers run well above their maximum safe operating amperage.
	nautarch.tamu.edu /class/anth605/File10a.htm (4559 words)

	Chemical Sciences: Electrochemical Reactions
		When the electromotive forces of a cell and a device are opposed and the electromotive force exerted by the device is the stronger, the cell will be driven by the device; the cell is then called an electrolytic cell.
		When the electromotive forces of the cell and a device are opposed and the electromotive force exerted by the cell is the stronger, the device will be driven by the cell; the cell is then called a galvanic cell (after Luigi Galvani) or a voltaic cell (after Alessandro Volta).
		An electrolytic cell is a cell in which current flows, power is consumed, and the cell reaction being driven is the reverse of the spontaneous cell reaction.
	www.psigate.ac.uk /newsite/reference/plambeck/chem2/p02091.htm (568 words)

	Anode support system for a molten salt electrolytic cell - Patent 4326939 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		As a result of the electrolytic decomposition of the aluminum oxide, oxygen is formed at the carbon anodes and reacts with the carbon to form CO and CO.sub.2.
		These busbars, however, in particular in the case of large electrolytic cells can be connected not only to the end faces of the anode beams but on each part of the long sides of the beams which is advantageous for the operation of the cell.
		Each cell has four cathode bars 24 which conduct the direct current from the cells to the next cell via busbars 26, 28, and do so with a constant.alpha.=0.5 that is equal amounts of current are fed to the left and to the right of the anode beam.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4326939.html (3056 words)

	THE CHEMISTRY OF COPPER PLATING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		One of the most important applications of electrolytic cells is the process of electroplating, in which a thin layer of metal is deposited on an electrically conducting surface.
		Electrolyte solution should be stored for re-use; if it becomes necessary to dispose of the solution, it should be flushed down the drain with plenty of water.
		As the electrolytic cell operates, pure copper is transferred to the cathode.
	www.woodrow.org /teachers/chemistry/institutes/1986/exp30.html (999 words)

	Chapter 20, Section 8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Just as in voltaic cells, the electrode at which reduction occurs is called the cathode, and the electrode at which oxidation occurs is called the anode.
		The cathode in the electrolytic cell is negative because electrons are being forced onto it by the external voltage source.
		Because the cell emf is negative, an external emf of at least 1.02 V must be provided to force the electrolysis reaction to occur.
	cwx.prenhall.com /bookbind/pubbooks/blb/chapter20/medialib/blb2008.html (1110 words)

	Exam4A_Sp97
		For the galvanic cell, FeFe aq)Ag aq)Ag a.
		In both a galvanic cell and an electrolytic cell, cations migrate toward the cathode and anions toward the anode.
		In a galvanic cell the anode is assigned the negative electrode, but in an electrolytic cell the anode is assigned the positive electrode.
	www.tamuk.edu /chemistry/kfjb000/1312Ex4S97.htm (647 words)

	Chapter 41: Electrochemistry II
		The sum of the battery voltages must be greater than the voltage of the voltaic cell in order to stop the electrons from moving and force them in the opposite direction.
		Since the lower half-cell is oxidized, this is an electrolytic cell.
		The F is lower on the table and yet is oxidized, therefore this is an electrolytic cell.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~voyce/Chap41/Voyce_Chap41.htm (1217 words)

	Electrolytic Cells (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		These cells are important because they are the basis for the batteries that fuel modern society.
		Electrolytic cells use electrical work as source of energy to drive the reaction in the opposite direction.
		The amount of a substance consumed or produced at one of the electrodes in an electrolytic cell is directly proportional to the amount of electricity that passes through the cell.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/ch20/faraday.html (1644 words)

	SparkNotes: Electrolytic Cells: Introduction and Summary
		An electrolytic cell is the inverse of a galvanic cell.
		Electrolytic cells consume electrical energy from an outside source emf to make a non-spontaneous redox reaction occur.
		For example, a galvanic cell, can be made from the spontaneous reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to produce water and electricity, but an electrolytic cell can combine water and electricity to produce hydrogen and oxygen--a non-spontaneous reaction.
	www.sparknotes.com /chemistry/electrochemistry/electrolytic/summary.html (189 words)

	Electrolytic cell -- Electrolytic cells are composed of an electrolyte (usua... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Electrolytic cell -- Electrolytic cells are composed of an electrolyte (usua...
		An Electrolytic cell is powered by electricity to produce a change in the chemicals in the cell, providing the energy to convert the chemicals into ones with higher energy storage.
		In contrast, a Galvanic Cell uses the chemical energy of the high-energy chemicals reacting to generate electricity - the opposite of the electrolytic cell.
	electrolytic-cell.en.tracking24.net (134 words)

	ELECTROLYTIC CELL FOR THE INACTIVATION OF VIRUSES IN WATER.
		1.1 In a previous test programme an electrolytic cell was developed which could reduce the bacteriological count in water with low chloride concentrations by as much as 6 orders of magnitude.
		The purpose of the present experimental programme is to establish the mechanism of bacterial kill in the electrolytic cell so that the most appropriate electrode material and cell design can be specified.
		The electrolyte was a standard solution made up of distilled water with the additions of NaCl and Na2SO4 to provide the necessary ions for chloride content and electrical conductivity.
	www.fwr.org /waterq/dwi0743.htm (683 words)

	Device Update
		After electrolytic calibration, the platinum/titanium heavy water cell was run, and some small apparent excess heat appeared at low power (up to 5.2 watts input).
		The part of the power wires between the top of the cell and the SEC perimeter was dissipating heat into the SEC, and the electrical power that made that heat was not directly measured.
		I thought that this would not be a problem, because the SEC was to be calibrated with an electrolytic cell, which I thought would perform in a manner very similar to the test cell.
	www.infinite-energy.com /iemagazine/issue33/deviceupdate.html (1219 words)

	Iron Conservation Part II
		In all Type 3 electrolytic setups, the conservator is unable to regulate the electrode potential or the current density to each artifact, which lessens the possibility of reducing the appropriate corrosion compounds back to a metallic state.
		After the brief electrolytic treatment, the wooden undercarriage was swabbed with hydrochloric acid to neutralize the 1 percent sodium hydroxide used as the electrolyte.
		Frequent changes of the electrolyte and use of as large a vat as possible ensures that the chloride level of the electrolyte is lower than the chloride level of the artifact.
	nautarch.tamu.edu /class/anth605/File10b.htm (13780 words)

	Electrolysis
		After that comes a look at the process of electroplating followed by a brief mention of the calculations that relate time, current and the amount of a chemical that reacts in an electrolytic cell.
		An electrolytic cell is a combination of electrodes and chemicals through which an electric current is forced.
		Electrolytic cells come in many forms and are used for a variety of purposes, such as electroplating with chrome and silver, extracting aluminum from aluminum ores, and even generating metallic sodium and gaseous chlorine from salt.
	dl.clackamas.cc.or.us /ch105-09/electrol.htm (162 words)

	Electrolysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Electrolytic cells are electrochemical cells that are non-spontaneous.
		Electrolytic cells recieve electrical energy and chemical reactions produce substances at the electrodes.
		The Downs cell is an industrial electrolytic cell that produces metallic Sodium metal from molten Sodium Chloride.
	members.aol.com /logan20/faraday.html (1601 words)

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