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	Electromagnetic propulsion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electromagnetic propulsion uses the concepts and applications of electromagnets.
		The concept of electromagnetic propulsion is no simpler than in a simple coilgun: a (preferably soft) iron core is inserted into a coil.
		When a diamagnetic metallic torus is placed around the core, because it cannot be magnetized, its atoms become agitated, current is produced in it (thereby producing a magnetic field), and the electromagnet produces an opposing field (in accordance with Lenz's law and the law of the conservation of energy).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electromagnetic_propulsion (180 words)

	Encyclopedia: Spacecraft propulsion
		Spacecraft propulsion is used to change the velocity of spacecraft and artificial satellites, or in short, to provide delta-v.
		The law of conservation of momentum means that in order for a propulsion method to change the momentum of a space craft it must change the momentum of something else as well.
		The Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program is a research program established in 1996 by NASA to develop revolutionary methods of spacecraft propulsion that, while they may be possible in the future, require breakthroughs in physics before they could be implemented, which may be seen as a sign of wishful thinking.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Spacecraft-propulsion (8427 words)

	ISA \| Electromagnetic propulsion about to take off
		Electromagnetic propulsion, powered by electricity and magnetism rather than fiery chemical reaction, is a reality though not yet ready for government or commercial production, and researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology and its partners will use a $5 million grant from the Department of Defense to get the ball rolling.
		Electromagnetic propulsion, which can send an aircraft, satellite, shuttle, bullet, or train zooming through the air or along a track, produces such extreme temperatures and wear that it creates a challenge for researchers working to make devices they can use repeatedly.
		The heat and friction caused by electromagnetic propulsion is much different from traditional chemical acceleration (such as the explosion that propels a bullet from a gun) and is not yet fully understood.
	www.isa.org /InTechTemplate.cfm?Section=InTech&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=37275 (402 words)

	Spacecraft Propulsion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Tethers Unlimited Use of space tethers for propellantless electrodynamic tether propulsion, pumped tether length propulsion, and transferring energy and momentum from one spacecraft to another.
		How Stuff Works: How Fusion Propulsion Will Work Shows how building a fusion-powered spacecraft would be equivalent of developing a car on Earth that can travel twice as fast as any car with a fuel efficiency of 7,000 miles per gallon.
		Propulsion Tutorial Explains the different propulsion systems that could be used to send humans to Mars.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Spacecraft_Propulsion.html (295 words)

	AllRefer.com - electromagnet (Electrical Engineering) - Encyclopedia
		The strength of the magnetic field produced by such an electromagnet depends on the number of coils of wire, the magnitude of the current, and the magnetic permeability of the core material; a strong field can be produced from a small current if a large number of turns of wire are used.
		Electromagnets are used to lift large masses of magnetic materials, such as scrap iron.
		Because the coils of a superconducting electromagnet offers no resistance to the flow of electricity, no energy is wasted by the development of heat, and the magnetic field produced by the magnet can be very strong.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/E/electromg.html (404 words)

	Georgia Tech researchers get $5 million to smooth out kinks in electromagnetic propulsion
		Electromagnetic propulsion, which can send an aircraft, satellite, shuttle, bullet or train zooming through the air or along a track, produces extreme temperatures and wear that create quite a challenge for researchers working to make devices that can be used consistently without becoming seriously damaged.
		In other words, electromagnetic propulsion is so intense that it severely damages the guns and launchers that use it.
		The heat and friction caused by electromagnetic propulsion is much different than traditional chemical acceleration (such as the explosion that propels a bullet from a gun) and is not yet fully understood.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-07/giot-gtr072204.php (567 words)

	Electromagnetic pulse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The electromagnetic radiation from an explosion (especially nuclear explosions) or an intensely fluctuating magnetic field caused by Compton-recoil electrons and photoelectrons from photons scattered in the materials of the electronic or explosive device or in a surrounding medium.
		The effects are usually not noticeable beyond the blast radius unless the device is nuclear or specifically designed to produce an electromagnetic shockwave.
		In the case of a nuclear detonation, the electromagnetic pulse consists of a continuous frequency spectrum.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse (211 words)

	Microwave EMW Propulsion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The pulses are in the 3 GHz region (the microwave region) of the electromagnetic spectrum at a wavelength of 10 centimeters.
		At these microwave frequencies the 'optical properties' of the electromagnetic wave can be used to great advantage; and the particularly useful ability of the lens to refract or redirect part of the wave could be used to produce two waves.
		Additionally, the nulls or 'gratings' through which the electromagnetic waves are propagated can be spaced much closer together to within a few wavelengths of each other to facilitate an in-line dual radiation of electromagnetic pulses (as per Mike Competillo's Radio Wave Controlled Electric Field Drive System page).
	homepage.ntlworld.com /ufophysics/microprop.htm (830 words)

	OTHER ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
		Electrothermal propulsion includes resistojets and arcjets (performance of the chemical propellant is augmented by electrical heating) and is used on operational satellites.
		Electromagnetic propulsion includes pulsed plasma thrusters (PPT) using Teflon as propellant (low thrust, LEO orbit and attitude trimming).
		Electric propulsion can reduce the propellant mass needed for station keeping substantially in exchange for significant use of electrical power (the spacecraft battery may have to be used for several hours per day).
	www.wtec.org /loyola/satcom2/03_07.htm (1278 words)

	Indiadaily.com - Anatomy of Propellant-less Electromagnetic Propulsion of advanced alien civilizations
		Electromagnetic intensity is used as the propulsion mechanism in most of the alent extraterrestrial UFOs.
		A further advantage is that in inducing electromagnetically the state of equivalent velocity, the actual lifting energy is of relativistic origin and is supplied by conversion of a tiny portion of the mass to be lifted into equivalent potential energy.
		In this case, the electromagnetic induction of the state or domain of equivalent acceleration simply catalyses and sustains this energy conversion.The result is a very high efficiency in upward thrust generation.
	www.indiadaily.com /editorial/4517.asp (577 words)

	Electromagnetic propulsion -- Eloctromagnetic Propulsion using the concepts ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Electromagnetic propulsion -- Eloctromagnetic Propulsion using the concepts...
		Eloctromagnetic Propulsion using the concepts and applications of electromagnets.
		The concept of electromagnetic propulsion is no simpler than in a simple railgun: a (preferably soft) iron core is inserted into a coil.
	electromagnetic-propulsion.en.tracking24.net (182 words)

	Dark Energy Propulsion - Stormfront White Nationalist Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This quantum mechanical propulsion system design is the first of its kind and operates on principles other than the usual action-reaction types of propulsion systems that fires a blast of energy out of the back of a vehicle to propel it forward, i.e., rockets or jets.
		This is considered electromagnetic propulsion, and we will utilize a quantum mechanical function intrinsic to monopoles, in order to generate a strong magnetic attraction instilled in the projected, pulsed laser plasma to the exterior charged vehicle.
		It represents the topological essence of electromagnetism and the hyperboloidal geometry of the universe.
	www.stormfront.org /forum/showthread.php?t=188164 (4190 words)

	Electromagnetic Propulsion Ships, Submarines: patents & articles
		Figure 1 is a schematic perspective view of a tube across which is gapped a magnetic flux field and showing an EMF crossing the gap using, for example, sodium chloride in water as the ionic media, and indicating the direction of force generated by the tube.
		In electromagnetic phenomena it has long been known that if a current is passed across a magnetic field a force is set up which generally is dependent upon the flux D, the distance between conductors, and the amperage or current.
		Similarly the magnet 35 may be of the permanent type or may be of conventional electromagnet construction where the field strength is established by a winding around a suitable core.
	www.rexresearch.com /emships/empship.htm (5307 words)

	Tech Researchers Get $5 Million To Smooth Out Kinks In Electromagnetic Propulsion
		Atlanta (July 22,2004) -- When electromagnetic propulsion was first demonstrated more than a century ago, it inspired science fiction dreams of rocket-less space launches, magnetic levitation (maglev) vehicles and super guns.
		In fact, electromagnetic propulsion produces certain effects that currently defy scientific explanation.
		The program has received a $5 million, five-year grant to begin research to understand what materials, lubricants and designs are needed to reduce the damage caused by electromagnetic propulsion, specifically in a railgun — a gun with the potential to be more powerful than existing guns that use electromagnetic propulsion to fire a projectile.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/08/040805090820.htm (756 words)

	TerrestrialOrganismTheory
		If the base form of the propulsion system were an irregularly shaped solid object in the center of the thrust field, then at times the structure would still seem to be a symmetric ball of glowing gas when viewed from the outside.
		The spinning molecule method of propulsion is able to take advantage of the phased array of superconductors in order to focus the dynamic propulsion fields at specific points in the air, far away from the surface of the phased array.
		Instead of closely examining all of the technical details of the "spinning molecule" methods of propulsion (and how they are different from "ion" propulsion), the central point that you should gather by studying such systems is that such machines demonstrate the plausibility of atmospheric electromagnetic propulsion as a method of flight.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/thetriplettfamily/TerrestrialOrganismTheory.html (10182 words)

	ScienceDaily -- Browse Topics: Science/Physics/Electromagnetism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Differential Forms in Electromagnetic Theory - The differential forms research group at BYU is investigating the use of the calculus of differential forms in teaching and research.
		Electromagnetic Inertia - Derivation and proof of the inertial properties of electrostatic and magnetostatic fields.
		Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum Poster - A poster of all known ranges of EMR including gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared, microwaves, radio waves.
	www.sciencedaily.com /directory/Science/Physics/Electromagnetism (1514 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Maglev Trains Work"
		This is the basic principle behind electromagnetic propulsion.
		Electromagnets are similar to other magnets in that they attract metal objects, but the magnetic pull is temporary.
		As you can read about in How Electromagnets Work, you can easily create a small electromagnet yourself by connecting the ends of a copper wire to the positive and negative ends of an AA, C or D-cell battery.
	www.howstuffworks.com /maglev-train1.htm (438 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Electromagnetic Propulsion Will Work"
		Now, at the beginning of the 21st century, aerospace engineers are devising innovative ways to take us to the stars, including light propulsion, nuclear-fusion propulsion and antimatter propulsion.
		Electromagnetic propulsion could take us to the heliopause at a speed unachievable by conventional spacecraft.
		When cooled to extremely low temperatures, electromagnets demonstrate an unusual behavior: For the first few nanoseconds after electricity is applied to them, they vibrate.
	science.howstuffworks.com /electromagnetic-propulsion.htm (221 words)

	Propellant-less Electromagnetic Propulsion by Dimitriou Stavros
		A further asset is that in inducing electromagnetically the state of equivalent velocity, the actual lifting energy is of relativistic origin and is supplied by conversion of a tiny portion of the mass to be lifted into equivalent potential energy.
		In this case, the electromagnetic induction of the state or domain of equivalent acceleration simply catalyses and sustains this energy conversion, as it will be shown in the current Ph.D. work The result is a very high efficiency in upward thrust generation.
		The whole process is best attained in high-Q electromagnetic resonators, such as specially shaped transmission lines and cavities, with dimension from a fraction of the metre to several metres across.
	jnaudin.free.fr /stvdmdoc/prplessp.htm (1217 words)

	Definition of Spacecraft propulsion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration, and the rate of change of momentum is called force.
		Here some other source must provide the electrical energy (perhaps a solar panel or a nuclear reactor) while the ions provide the reaction mass.
		The first is the specific impulse: the amount of thrust that can be produced using a unit of fuel.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Spacecraft_propulsion (3063 words)

	BPP Workshop Summary, NASA TM-97-206241 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Because these propulsion goals are presumably far from fruition, a special emphasis was to identify affordable, near-term, and credible research that could make measurable progress toward these propulsion goals.
		Experiments and theories were discussed regarding the coupling of gravity and electromagnetism, vacuum fluctuation energy, warp drives and wormholes, and superluminal quantum tunneling.
		This includes negative mass propulsion (Bondi 1957), theories that suggest that inertia and gravity are affected by vacuum fluctuations (Puthoff 1989 and Haisch 1994), and numerous other theories about the coupling between matter, electromagnetism, and spacetime (Dinowitz 1996, Froning 1997, Ringermacher 1994, Vargas 1991, Woodward, 1992, and Yilmaz 1992).
	www.lerc.nasa.gov /WWW/bpp/TM-97-206241.htm (4842 words)

	Magnetically Levitated Ducted Fan Being Developed as a Propulsor Option for Electric Flight
		The rotor is driven by modulated electromagnetic fields between the rotor and the stator.
		The electromagnetic concept under investigation uses permanent magnet elements attached to the outer circumference of the rotor drum and wire coils placed in the stator shell.
		The next step in the development process will be to further develop the electromagnetic propulsion concept and integrate both the magnetic suspension and propulsion function into a single multifunction assembly.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/RT/2003/7000/7720emerson.html (597 words)

	Stirniman's Electrogravitics Reference List (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Electromagnetic gauge invariance is a cornerstone in the foundation of quantum theory and QED, and it is also part and parcel linked with the dogma of light speed invariance.
		Liu's theory predicts that the electromagnetic potential acts like a kind of "refractive index" to wave propogation, and is similar in some respects to what was predicted in the earlier paper on electron optics by Ehrenberg and Siday in 1949.
		Hooper, as well as Carr, Rognerud, Jefimenko, et al, find that a electromagnetic effect which is not shieldable, and hence difficult to distinguish from gravitation, results from equal and opposite electric currents (dipole-current), and that a similar effect can also be generated by a moving magnet or a moving electric current.
	www.eskimo.com /~bilb/freenrgl/gravres2.html (15587 words)

	Electromagnetic Propulsion using the dark force - Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum
		This will draw all electromagnetic waves and light and negative energy towards the front of the torus essentially stretching out the waves and changing there frequency.
		Not too thrilled by the concept of magnetic propulsion, but the idea of anti-magnetic propulsion is intriguing.
		Also as your craft approaches the speed of light the gas, mainly hydrogen floating freely in the universe will appear to be thicker because of your speed much like the difference between a stopped car and one traveling at high velocity.
	www.bautforum.com /showthread.php?p=283723#post283723 (4876 words)

	InTech: Electromagnetic propulsion about to take off
		ONE HUNDREDYEARS OF ELECTROmagnctic propulsion research is enough, it is now time to begin some practical use, researchers say.
		The heat and friction caused by electromagnetic propulsion is much different from traditional chemical acceleration and is not yet fully understood.
		The research findings will help the Navy develop powerful, yet reliable railguns that will be able to fire a projectile at six times the speed of sound, or up to 2.5 kilometers per second.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3739/is_200409/ai_n9411382 (423 words)

	NASA - NASA celebrates official opening of Propulsion Research Laboratory - Marshall Center Space News Release 04-192 ...
		The Propulsion Research Laboratory also will provide an invaluable educational tool to university and K-12 students and teachers to inspire the next generation of space explorers -- as only NASA can.
		The Propulsion Research Center is a member of the National Space Science and Technology Center, or NSSTC, which provides an additional resource for propulsion study by NASA and its academic partners.
		The NSSTC, a Huntsville-based clearinghouse for cutting-edge space science and propulsion research in operation since 2001, was founded by the Marshall Center and local, state and national university partners and other federal agencies.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2004/04-192.html (1112 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Electromagnetic Propulsion Will Work"
		For decades, the only means of space travel have been rocket engines that run off of chemical propulsion.
		This type of spacecraft, which would be jolted through space by electromagnets, could take us farther than any of these other methods.
		In this edition of How Stuff Will Work, you will get to see just how Goodwin's electromagnetic propulsion system works and how it could send spacecraft deep into space.
	travel.howstuffworks.com /electromagnetic-propulsion.htm (221 words)

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