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Topic: Electromagnetic radiation hazard

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Specific Absortion Rate

1973 energy crisis

	Encyclopedia: Electromagnetic radiation hazard
		Electromagnetic radiation is a combination of oscillating electric and magnetic fields propagating through space and carrying energy from one place to another.
		Klystrons give off both ionizing radiation in the form of X-rays and non-ionizing radiation in the form of radio and microwave, all of which are forms of electromagnetic radiation.
		EM radiation with a wavelength between 400 nm and 700 nm is detected by the human eye and perceived as visible light.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Electromagnetic-radiation-hazard (458 words)

	Electromagnetic radiation hazard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Additionally, induced current caused by radiation is a significant danger in the handling of electrically initiated explosives or pyrotechnics.
		This risk is commonly reffered to as RadHaz or HERO (Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance).
		Each frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum is absorbed by living tissue at a different rate, called the specific absorption rate or SAR, which has units of watts per kilogram (W/kg).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_hazards (558 words)

	Electromagnetic radiation
		An rf burn hazard is a hazardous condition caused by the existence of radio frequency (rf) voltages in places where they are not intended to be.
		Most studies on the subject of radiation hazards (RADHAZ) have emphasized the impact of electromagnetic radiation on man. Man is singled out because of the biological, thermal, and neurological effects that occur in human organs and other biological tissues.
		The overwhelming danger to date appears to be the hazard from thermal effects, which are a function of intensity of radiation and frequency.
	www.tpub.com /neets/book17/75k.htm (836 words)

	Electromagnetic radiation hazard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electromagnetic radiation can be classified into ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation, based on whether it is capable of ionizing atoms and breaking chemical bonds.
		There are three major potential hazards associated with non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation: electrical, fire, and biological.
		Strong electromagnetic fields can generate an electric current in other metal objects by electromagnetic induction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_hazard (558 words)

	Electromagnetic Radiation: Field Memo
		Yet, electromagnetic radiation is exactly that, electrical energy moving through space as a wave, and electrical energy in a wire is a special case in which the energy is guided by a wire.
		As you move further out into the radiative near-field (one half wavelength to 1 wavelength from the source), the E and H field relationship does not have so many surprises as in the reactive near-field, but the E to H relationship is still complex.
		Polarization of a radiated wave is "That property of a radiated electromagnetic wave describing the time-varying direction and amplitude of the electric field vector: specifically, the figure traced as a function of time by the extremity of the vector at a fixed 1 location in space, as observed along the direction of propagation."
	www.osha.gov /SLTC/radiofrequencyradiation/electromagnetic_fieldmemo/electromagnetic.html (8300 words)

	Specific absorption rate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mobile devices transmit and receive non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in the form of radio signals.
		The long-term effects of exposure to electromagnetic radiation remain unclear.
		There are already unsubstantiated reports about dwindling species of butterflies, dragonflies, grasshoppers, fireflies etc, or their extinction from densely radiated areas (with effective mobile and satellite coverage) of human habitations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Specific_absorption_rate (361 words)

	IDUST - Radiation Hazard Tutorial
		Radiation from radioactive substances consists of alpha and beta particles, neutrons and gamma radiation.
		If radiation damage takes place just as a cell or molecule is about to carry out a function, there might not be time for repair to take place and the damage then persists, either causing a cell to die or propagating that damage on to the next generation of cells.
		We are exposed to natural radiation (as from radium, radon, and yes, even natural uranium), all the time and we don't all die of leukemia or lymphomas, thanks to the body's wonderful mechanisms for self repair.
	www.idust.net /Tutorial/DBish001.htm (2546 words)

	Cyberphysics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		All electromagnetic radiation is pure energy (zero mass) and part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
		The energy of a photon of electromagnetic radiation or nuclear radiation is given to an orbital electron.
		Nuclear radiation emanates from the nucleus of an atom.
	www.cyberphysics.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /topics/physics/radioact/Radio/Glossary.htm (4485 words)

	Clavius: Environment - radiation primer
		Since EM radiation is carried by the photon (a particle) and since equivalent energies can be computed for proper particles, there isn't any real need to maintain such a strict distinction.
		Radiation exposure is cumulative, meaning that the longer you're exposed to it, the worse effect it has.
		Radiation exposure is measured in American units by the "rad", an acronym standing for "radiation absorbed dose", and in the SI system by the Gray (Gy).
	www.clavius.org /envradintro.html (2850 words)

	Electromagnetic Radiation and Your Health
		Professor Denis Henshaw, of Bristol University's human radiation effects group, showed three years ago that there was a theoretical mechanism whereby power lines could increase human uptake of the radioactive gases produced naturally in the soil and also of traffic pollutants.
		Children are especially vulnerable to radiation and pollution damage because they have more growing and dividing cells than adults.
		Henshaw is understood to have shown that in some areas children living near power lines could receive doses of 95 millisieverts of radiation a year, compared with the maximum for homes of one millisievert.
	home.naxs.com /bland/appal/emftimes.html (747 words)

	Electromagnetic radiation hazard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The lowest frequencies that are ionizing are ultraviolet, and any higher energy, such as X-rays or gamma rays are also ionizing.
		Ionizing radiation poses its own special hazards; see radiation and radiation poisoning.
		Non-ionizing radiation is not capable of having these effects on molecules.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/electromagnetic_radiation_hazard (406 words)

	The Why Files \| 1. Radiation, 60 years later
		First, some definitions: Ionizing radiation -- alpha and beta particles, and X-rays and gamma rays -- is released by nuclear reactions in bombs, power plants and uranium-bearing rocks (X-rays are also made in medical equipment).
		While we know large doses of ionizing radiation can cause disease or kill, the health impact of lower doses is more elusive.
		Yet all humans are exposed to background radiation (in the United States, the average is 360 millirems per year), from radon, cosmic rays and other sources, and life expectancy continues to rise.
	whyfiles.org /020radiation (408 words)

	Dangers of electromagnetic radiation
		The paper was entitled: "Evidence that Electromagnetic Radiation is Genotoxic: The implications for the epidemiology of cancer and cardiac, neurological and reproductive effects."
		This is achieved by ignoring and not citing the extensive evidence that it damages chromosomes and by inappropriately dismissing the epidemiological evidence of cancer and miscarriage.
		The brain is particularly sensitive because it is very electromagnetically active as is shown by the EEG, and the brain communicates with the organs and the cells of the body using enzymes, hormones and ion currents for example.
	www.nzine.co.nz /features/emr_expert1_revised.html (2466 words)

	Omega-News: Electromagnetic radiation danger challenged (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		SOUTH BEND -- Agreement was in short supply Wednesday as members of an informal group concerned about electromagnetic radiation and low frequency noise met resistance to their conclusions that the phenomena represent a health hazard.
		The last session was attended by Dr. Roland Chamblee, county health officer, who said in a later interview that he doesn't know of a connection between electromagnetic radiation, low-frequency noise and various diseases, but does know it would cost millions of dollars and take years of research to find out.
		She recommended installing filtering equipment on ground wires leading from electrical installations to the Earth, then monitoring the effect on those who have disease symptoms that may be connected to the high frequency impulses.
	omega.twoday.net /stories/644692 (433 words)

	Electromagnetic Radiation Hazard
		Some ordnance, such as rocket ammunition, maybe susceptible to ignition by electromagnetic radiation (from such sources as radar or radio transmitters).
		This condition is called Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (HERO).
		Information regarding the protection of ordnance material from radiation hazards is contained in NAVSEA OP 3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529/NAVELEX 0967-LP-624-6010.
	www.tpub.com /gunners/42.htm (1235 words)

	cell electromagnetic phone radiation, cell electromagnetic phone radiation info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A repeat performance is now in the making, this time involving the fear that cell phone (electromagnetic!) radiation could be responsible for brain cancer, yet another myth, along with that of...
		Consumer magazines had reported that attaching an earpiece to a cell phone supposedly triples the quantity of electromagnetic radiation that is channeled into the user's head.
		Department and pioneer in a study of cell phone radiation, has certified that the TheShieldô blocks or absorbs 86%-87% of dangerous electromagnetic radiation.
	eradiationprotection.com /phone/cellelectromagneticphoneradiation (1446 words)

	Comcare OHS Factsheet 48 - Positive Performance Indicators (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Electromagnetic Energy (EME) is energy stored in an electromagnetic field, emitted whenever electricity is generated or used.
		These matters included: the Commonwealth’s $4.5 million electromagnetic radiation research and public information program; current research into electromagnetic radiation; and issues relating to the setting of a new Australian standard for electromagnetic emissions.
		Consideration should be given to whether or not the removal of hazardous RFR sources from the workplace would be an appropriate approach.
	www.comcare.gov.au /publications/factsheets/fact-sheet-38.html (1860 words)

	FM 24-2 Glossary
		the ability of telecommunications equipment, subsystems, or systems to operate in their intended operational environments without suffering or causing unacceptable degradation because of electromagnetic radiation or response.
		For example, the energy radiated by the local oscillator of a radio receiver would not be an emission but a radiation.
		the effect of unwanted energy due to one or a combination of emissions, radiations, or inductions upon reception inaradiocommunication system, manifested by any performance degradation, misinterpretation, or loss of information which could be extracted in the absence of such unwanted energy.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/policy/army/fm/24-2/Gloss.htm (1204 words)

	Electromagnetic Radiation - Free Article
		For clarity's sake, the frequency range of nonionizing radiation used in wireless communications is referred to as "radiofrequency/microwave radiation" or RF/MW.
		If you look at the history of research on nonionizing radiation (the energy waves below the frequencies of visible light on the electromagnetic spectrum), you will see that nonthermal effects were first reported decades ago, but were deemed to be research mistakes.
		She explains how her interest in high frequency radiations developed: As the daughter of an electromagnetically savvy design engineer and a public health nursing administrator, it is not too surprising that I would be keyed into this issue, although it actually happened by accident!
	www.latitudes.org /articles/electrical_sensitivity_articles.html (9292 words)

	A Review of the Potential Carcinogenic Hazard of Electromagnetic Radiation.
		A recent paper reviewed the potential health hazards associated with exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) considering the sources and uses of EMR, the effects of EMR at physiological and biochemical levels, the carcinogenic effects of EMR, and epidemiologic studies of possible associations between EMR exposure and cancer.
		I would be interested in learning of documented evidence of the danger and health risks associated with the installation of mobile telephone transmitting towers in the proximity of schools, etc.
		My father tries to get this published in the papers to try to unite people who suffer from electromagnetic radiation (caused by computers, electro cables, mobile telephones, and so on.
	www.infoventures.com /emf/currlit/bu12454.html (422 words)

	ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION HAZARD
		A condition which would expose personnel, equipment, munitions or fuel to a dangerous level of electromagnetic radiation.
		Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
		Translations for "ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION HAZARD"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /el/electromagnetic+radiation+hazard.html (173 words)

	Mobile Phone Antennas and Human Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Because non-ionizing radiation cannot break chemical bonds, there is no similarity between the biological effects of ionizing radiation (x-rays) and RF energy [41].
		The measurements were for antennas radiating 1600 W ERP (see Q14C for a discussion of antenna power) on towers that ranged from 40 to 83 meters (130 to 275 ft) in height.
		A 2000 survey of GSM base stations by the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency found that public exposures to RF energy were less than 0.1% of their standard [169].
	www.mcw.edu /gcrc/cop/cell-phone-health-FAQ/toc.html (18234 words)

	ARRLWeb: RF Radiation and Electromagnetic Field Safety
		Both RF and 60-Hz fields are classified as nonionizing radiation because the frequency is too low for there to be enough photon energy to ionize atoms.
		A 1995 publication entitled Radio Frequency and ELF Electromagnetic Energies, A Handbook for Health Professionals includes a chapter called "Biologic Effects of RF Fields." In it the authors state: "In conclusion, the data do not support the finding that exposure to RF fields is a causal agent for any type of cancer" (page 176).
		While our primary concern is ordinarily the intensity of the signal radiated by an antenna, we should also remember that there are other potential energy sources to be considered.
	www.arrl.org /news/rfsafety/hbkrf.html (4619 words)

	Electromagnetic Radiation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
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	www.asbestosisresource.com /electromagnetic_radiation.html (573 words)

	HF Instruments - Useful Information
		The Radiocommunications Agency is responsible for allocation, maintenance and regulation of the radio frequency spectrum within the United Kingdom.
		Government agency responsible for investigation into the effect of radiation on human health and setting of exposure limits.
		Includes information on Electromagnetic Radiation and other sources of radiation hazard e.g.
	www.hf-inst.co.uk /info.html (514 words)

	Electromagnetic Radiation Booklist
		Chiabrera, A., Nicolini, C., and Schwan, H. (eds.): Interactions Between Electromagnetic Fields and Cells, NATO Scientific Affairs Division, ASI Series 97A, Plenum Publications Corp., NY and London, 1985.
		Nonionizing Electromagnetic Radiation and Ultrasound (Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements) Oct. 1988.
		Popp, Fritz-Albert (ed.): Electromagnetic Bioinformation, Urban & Schwartzenberg, Baltimore, MD, 1979.
	www.raven1.net /nancbk3.htm (3819 words)

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