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Topic: Electrometer

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	Electrometer - LoveToKnow 1911
		ELECTROMETER, an instrument for measuring difference of potential, which operates by means of electrostatic force and gives the measurement either in arbitrary or in absolute units (see Physical Units).
		The most important improvements in connexion with electrometers are due, however, to Lord Kelvin, who introduced the guard plate and used gravity or the torsion of a wire as a means for evaluating the electrical forces.
		The importance of this investigation resides in the fact that an electrometer of the above pattern can be used as a wattmeter, provided that the deflection of the needle is proportional to the potential difference of the quadrants.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Electrometer (2728 words)

	Electrometer
		However, it wasn’t until the development of the Dolezalek quadrant electrometer in 1896 that a device was available with the sensitivity needed to measure the very small currents (picoamps) associated with the ionization chambers used to measure radioactive samples.
		Quadrant electrometers could be operated in a number of ways but the most common method was to measure the rate of deflection of the electrometer’s vane (aka needle) suspended by a fine wire or fiber.
		The early bird cage and box-like quadrant electrometers maintained the vane at a constant potential while the potential/charge being measured was applied to one pair of quadrants.
	www.orau.org /ptp/collection/electrometers/quadrantelectrometer.htm (1095 words)

	ELECTROMETER - Online Information article about ELECTROMETER
		gauge, which is in principle the same as the attracted disk portable electrometer by means of which the potential of the inner coating of the Leyden jar is preserved at a known value.
		middle of the circuit; let a quadrant electrometer be connected first with the quadrants to the two ends of the inductive circuit and the needle to the far end of the non-inductive circuit, and then secondly with the needle connected to one of the quadrants (see fig.
		Curie afterwards suggested that a single electrometer could be constructed with two pairs of quadrants and a duplicate needle on one stem, so as to make two readings simultaneously and produce a deflection proportional at once to the power being taken up in the inductive circuit.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /ECG_EMS/ELECTROMETER.html (4056 words)

	Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory
		MECA (Mars Environmental Compatibility Assessment) is the name of the science package that was slated to fly on the 2001 Marie Curie Mars Lander to study the properties of Mars for future human exploration.
		JPL along with the EMPL developed an instrument for this package called the MECA Electrometer that was designed to characterize the electrostatic and triboelectric properties of the Martian soil.
		The electrometer, which will be attached to the robot arm, as shown below, is used to measure the triboelectrically-induced charge after the Triboelectric Sensor Array is rubbed through the Martian soil and pulled away from the surface.
	empl.ksc.nasa.gov /CurrentResearch/MECA/MECA.htm (1088 words)

	Low noise charge ramp electrometer - Patent 5153502
		The output from the electrometer amplifier, 2, is transmitted to the electrometer buffer amplifier, 7, which in turn transmits a voltage signal to a reset discriminator, 8, and a reset complete discriminator, 9.
		In addition, the output voltage of the electrometer amplifier, 2, as applied to the electrometer buffer amplifier, 7, generates a plus or minus voltage gain of 1.0; this is required to configure the positive or negative input currents for use by the high precision voltage-to-frequency converter, 12.
		The frequency is proportional to the voltage at the output of the electrometer amplifier, 2.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5153502.html (3359 words)

	Electrometer (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The standard electrometer is two thin leaves of gold foil suspended from an electrode.
		Another way to construct an electrometer is to suspend two aluminum or copper foil pieces on wire (tantalum or platinum is best), or (far less expensively) nylon monofilament.
		The most common radiation measurement device, the dosimeter, is actually a ruggedized, calibrated electrometer.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Electrometer.html (260 words)

	Electrometer for Triboelectric Evaluation of Materials
		An electrometer developed for measuring the triboelectric responses of soils on Mars is also potentially useful on Earth for identifying some materials via their triboelectric responses.
		During this operation, the electrometer circuitry measures the time-varying sensor output voltages, which are proportional to the electric charges induced on the sensors by the rubbing.
		Electrometers based on this concept might be useful in industrial settings for inspecting and identifying incoming materials; for example, to identify fabrics coming into a clothing factory.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Apr02/NPO20684.html (580 words)

	Process for the specific quantitative detection of sulfur compounds and apparatus for carrying out this process - ...
		It is known that in the conventional circuit the electrometer is the device which receives the photomultiplier an electrical signal which is proportional to the luminous intensity transmitted by the monochromator filter and transforms it into an input signal -- which is a voltage -- for the recorder.
		The voltage at the output S.sub.2 (V.sub.S.sbsb.2) of the electrometer 13 does not vary linearly as a function of the mass of sulfur detected by the flame photometry detector; it varies in accordance with the law V.sub.S.spsb.2 = K [m].alpha.; [m] designating the mass of sulfur detected and.alpha.
		The circuit which effects this "linearization" of the output voltage of the electrometer is formed of an input E connected to the output S.sub.2 of the electrometer 13 (not shown in FIG.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4111554.html (3832 words)

	Henley's Electrometer
		Middlebury was founded in 1800, and the various pieces of Harris apparatus (an Orrery and a Dry Pile) in the collection date from the early years of the college.
		At the far right is an electrometer with the name of B. Pike and Son of New York on it.
		However, it looks very much like the Harris electrometer at the left; the foot, not shown in the diagram, has the same "brass ferule and pin" for inserting into conductors to indicate their potential.
	physics.kenyon.edu /EarlyApparatus/Static_Electricity/Henleys_Electrometer/Henleys_Electrometer.html (249 words)

	Electrometer - Definition, explanation
		The gold-leaf electrometer is two thin leaves of gold foil suspended from an electrode in a vacuum.
		Modern electrometers consist of an amplifier circuit, connections for external measurement devices, and also possibly a display, data-logging connections, and/or a high voltage supply.
		The most common use for modern electrometers is the measurement of radiation with ionization chambers.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/e/el/electrometer.php (420 words)

	Nuclear reactor and production systems with digital controls - Patent 3998694
		A well-designed electrometer is sufficiently accurate to be employed as a secondary standard but requires operator observation of the rate of deflection of the electrometer needle.
		The Shonka electrometer under manual operation does not require precise AC zero adjustment nor precision phase adjustment, since a reversal of the motion of the pattern in the eyepiece indicates to the operator the exact instant for the termination of a time interval reading.
		The electrometer is shown at 33 with connections for the circuit to its binants 20 and 21.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /3998694.html (10924 words)

	Keithley Instruments -Frequently Asked Question (Site not responding. Last check: )
		However, Electrometers are multi-function (measure Resistance and Charge) and offer more sensitive ranges for the current measurement function.
		Electrometers are a better solution for more accurate measurements in the pA range.
		Also different from the picoammeter and electrometer design, the current amplifier does not offer an internal A/D. The Model 428 has a 0-10volt analog output.
	www.keithley.com /support/data?asset=14707 (229 words)

	Quadrant Electrometer
		The wires from the potential difference to be measured are connected to the pairs of quadrants, and the angle through which the paddle swings is proportional to the potential difference.
		The two electrometers were made by Griffin of London (on the left) and Elliott of London (on the right).
		The quadrant electrometer at the left was purchased by the Vanderbilt University during the academic year 1890-90.
	physics.kenyon.edu /EarlyApparatus/Electrical_Measurements/Quandrant_Electrometer/Quadrant_Electrometer.html (437 words)

	Simple Electrometer
		A trivial JFET electrometer isn't a new idea, there are millions of designs for them out on the Internet, this is just yet another.
		The PCB material the device is built on is copper clad on both sides, this forms the ground connection and gives the electrometer a ground reference.
		Now hold it by one lead, touch the ground plane of the electrometer with your other hand and the other lead of the capacitor to the +ve terminal of the electrometer's 9v battery for a second or so.
	www.vk2zay.net /article.php/9 (585 words)

	Historical Scientific Instrument Gallery (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The electrometer is an instrument for measuring potential differences utilizing electrical attraction or repulsion.
		A slight rotation of the electrodes is registered as a motion of a light beam reflected from a small mirror mounted on the suspension fiber.
		The deflection of the wire toward one or the other electrode is measured by a microscope and is approximately proportional to the potential on the wire.
	physics.unl.edu /outreach/histinstr/electrostatics.html (953 words)

	Electroscopes
		The first electroscope was a device called a versorium, developed in 1600 by William Gilbert (1544-1603), Physician to Queen Elisabeth I..
		A light rod or straw extended from the center of the arc, terminating in a pith ball which hung touching the brass base of the electrometer.
		The first true electrometer came from Horace Benedict de Saussure (1740-1799) who placed the strings and balls inside an inverted glass jar and added a printed scale so that the distance or angle between the balls could be measured.
	www.sparkmuseum.com /ELECTROSCOPE.HTM (498 words)

	Henley Electrometer
		This was one of the early devices invented to give a measurement of static electricity, not merely to indicate its existence.
		The electrometer has a protractor, and a pith ball suspended by a thin piece of wood.
		The concept of "voltage" had not yet been defined, but electricians of the day knew that by charging the equipment until the electrometer reached the same angle, they could repeat an earlier experiment.
	www.thebakken.org /artifacts/Henley.htm (179 words)

	Electrometer Modules / Products & Solutions / Home Page - ZPA
		The electrometers’ flexibility is further increased by various types of complementary replaceable modules that will enrich basic metering systems with new dimensions.
		The ZPA Smart Energy electrometers have a modular design and it is possible to insert certain types of expansion modules into a special shaft.
		The modules are designed so that they reflect the requirements of the customers without an intervention into the actual electrometer, which significantly shortens the reaction time for modification of the electrometer.
	www.zpa.cz /index.php/en/produkty_a_reseni__1/moduly_elektromeru (335 words)

	NASA Tech Briefs - NPO20684
		In operation, an array of triboelectric sensors is rubbed against the material of interest for a predetermined distance, then withdrawn from the material of interest at a predetermined speed.
		Figure 1 is a simplified schematic depiction of one of the triboelectric sensors connected to a charge-sensing circuit (charge-to-voltage converter).
		from charging, thereby constraining the electrometer input and output voltages to be zero.
	www.techbriefs.com /index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=Briefs/Apr02/NPO20684.html (687 words)

	Gamry Instruments, Inc. (Tech Tip) Potentiostat primer
		The electrometer circuit measures the voltage difference between the reference and working electrodes.
		In practice, all modern electrometers have input currents close enough to zero that this effect can usually be ignored.
		The electrometer input capacitance and the reference electrode resistance form an RC filter.
	www.gamry.com /App_Notes/Potentiostat_Primer.htm (1175 words)

	Capacitance and Dielectrics
		Since the electrometer should be grounded, momentarily depressing the "zero check" button will remove any excess charge from either of the capacitor plates.
		Connect the electrometer to the experimental capacitor with the fl lead fastened to the fixed plate.
		are the voltages indicated by the electrometer before and after the plate is inserted respectively.
	www.stkate.edu /physics/phys112/curric/dielectric.html (1293 words)

	Specifying the polarity of the polarizing voltage of an ionization chamber (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In these systems, the entire input amplifier of the electrometer is electrically isolated and floats at the polarizing voltage with respect to the instrument case.
		The outer shield of the cable and the outer electrode of the chamber are all connected to the instrument case, which is grounded.
		Alternatively, the sign of the potential on the electrometer may be intended to refer to the polarity of the charge arriving at the collecting electrode, or the sign of the conventional current flowing onto the collecting electrode, both of which are opposite in sign to the relative polarity of the collecting electrode.
	www.arpansa.gov.au /polarity.htm (961 words)

	Cooled, temperature controlled electrometer (USH0001095)
		The operation of the thermal transfer system is governed by a temperature regulation circuit which activates the thermal transfer system when the temperature of the electrometer circuit and its environment exceeds a level previously inputted to the external variable temperature control circuit.
		The device employs a thermal transfer system to remove heat from the electrometer circuit and its environment and dissipate it to the external environment by means of a heat sink.
		means for thermally insulating said electrometer circuit where said insulating means inhibits the transfer of heat to the electrometer circuit while increasing the stability of the temperature variation to which the electromete...
	www.priorartdatabase.com /IPCOM/000001090 (509 words)

	SMPS+E
		The CPCs also have the disadvantages of a relative slow response time and their handling may be a little complicated, because of the condensation liquid and supply.
		The charged particles are measured in a Faraday Cup Filter isolated and connected to a highly sensitive electrometer and amplifier with a total resistor of 2.5 TW (figure below).
		The data are collected from all Faraday Cup Electrometers (FCE) at a rate of 100 Hz (100 times per second, the response time of these extremely sensitive FCEs is 200 ms).
	www.dustmonitor.com /Research/smpse.htm (1213 words)

	Charge, Plate Separation, and Voltage
		One problem with the electrometer is that it has some capacitance of their own.
		Attach the spade terminals of the electrometer leads to the binding posts on the back side of each capacitor plate.
		The electrometer should read 12 volts at this point (12V is the first small mark above “1” on the lower scale.
	www.csun.edu /~gsl05670/labs/cap_plate_sep_volt.htm (1765 words)

	Klinger Electrometer (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The output of the electrometer is input to the voltage input of the meter.
		There is a zero-offset adjustment pot on the electrometer.
		EQUIPMENT: Electrometer and wall transformer, as photographed, Volt-Ohmeter with large display are all stored in the electricity and magnetism cabinets.
	www.physics.brown.edu /physics/demopages/Demo/em/demo/5a2280.htm (81 words)

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