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Topic: Electron beam

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	National Center for Electron Beam Food Research
		Walking on carpet can generate static electricity, that is, an electron (e-) similar to the illuminating electrons emitted by a light bulb, the electrons that form images on the picture tube of your television and electrons used to create Xrays for dental Xray imaging.
		The speeding electrons damage and destroy bacteria in and on the food upon colliding with the bacteria.
		Electron beam irradiation controls bacteria, molds, yeast, and insects which cause deteriation and spoilage and decrease the quality of fresh produce and other foods.
	www.tamu.edu /ebeam/faq.html (644 words)

	Joining Technologies News: Electron Beam Welding
		Electron beam welding is a phenomena that is thoroughly understood by scientists and engineers that have studied the process in the research lab, but very little information is published for those of us that want to know more about the welding process performed with electron beam energy.
		The focused beam of electrons is directed at a targeted location on the weld joint at which point the kinetic energy of the electrons is converted to thermal energy.
		Beam Deflection - The movement of the electron beam by the electromagnetic coils or by undesirable magnetic or electrical fields.
	www.joiningtech.com /news/electronbeamweldin_21 (1775 words)

	Electron Beam Curing of Composites
		Lockheed is investigating the use of electron beam processing for curing whole wings and fuselage sections for its high speed civil transport aircraft and for the Venture Star, the Space Shuttle replacement vehicle, figure 1.
		Electron beams work by the incoming high speed electrons knocking off other electrons in the polymer-initiator mix, which is why curing is quicker and better as the beam energy is increased.
		The high energy of the electron beams, and also the x-rays that can be generated from these beams, means that the radiation penetrates into the composite, giving a uniform cure to materials several centimetres thick.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=848 (2108 words)

	Electron Beam Verification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		For electron beam therapy, bremsstrahlung photons are considered a contamination and are undesirable.
		electron beam field was used to acquire the image of the head sections of a Rando phantom with 50 MU or less.
		electron cone beam with a cerrobend cutout defining a 10 x 10 cm2 electron beam field was used to acquire the image of the head section of a Rando phantom with 50 MU.
	www.ucsf.edu /jpouliot/ElectronBeamVerification.htm (1405 words)

	Electron beam lithography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The practice of using a beam of electrons to generate patterns on a surface is known as Electron beam lithography.
		One caveat: While electron beam lithography is used directly in industry for writing features, the process is used mainly to generate exposure masks to be used with conventional photolithography.
		Interference lithography using electron beams is another possible path for patterning arrays with nanometer-scale periods.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electron_beam_lithography (1192 words)

	3. Our Methods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Since the electron beam’s intensity is enough to vaporize any known materials, it even allows the joining of dissimilar metals…one of many engineering feats that have remained impractical, if not impossible, with conventional welding techniques.
		Electron beam welding can perform welds as narrow as a few thousandths of an inch or wider than a quarter of an inch.
		Because electron beam welding is performed in a vacuum, welds are clean, free of oxidation.
	www.electronbeamweldinginc.com /serv03.htm (337 words)

	Single Particle Motion in Electric and Magnetic Fields
		The beam electrons are accelerated by an electric field mainly concentrated in the cathode sheath.
		The beam scatters by collisions and beam-plasma instabilities.
		Electrons in the center of the beam are normal to the sheath and can pass the grid when their energy exceeds the potential energy of the sheath.
	www.physics.ucla.edu /plasma-exp/Beam (830 words)

	Beam Welding and Thermit Welding
		Laser beam welding (LBW) is a welding process which produces coalescence of materials with the heat obtained from the application of a concentrated coherent light beam impinging upon the surfaces to be joined.
		Electron beam welding (EBW) is a welding process which produces coalescence of metals with the heat obtained from a concentrated beam composed primarily of high-velocity electrons impinging upon the surfaces to be joined.
		When using the laser beam for welding the electromagnetic radiation impinges on the surface of the base metal with such a concentration of energy that the temperature of the surface is melted and volatilized.
	www.key-to-steel.com /Articles/Art79.htm (1824 words)

	Paton Welding Institute - Electron Beam Welding
		Beam current is measured in a circuit of this insulated sensor.
		Longitudinal sections of the welding electron beams, formed by new (above) and utilized (48 hrs) cathode (below) with the requirement: Replace cathode, because the focus position and current density are changed essentially.
		Electron beam analyzer is assembled inside industrial 19 rack / panelmount workstation with added A/D and D/A converters and deflecting pulses generator.
	www.nas.gov.ua /pwj/beam/i13c.html (291 words)

	Electron Beam Welding
		The electrons are accelerated from the source with high voltage potential between a cathode and anode.
		The potential energy of the electrons is transferred to heat upon impact of the workpiece and cuts a perfect hole at the weld joint.
		The electron beam stream and workpiece are manipulated by means of precise, computer driven controls, within a vacuum welding chamber, therefore eliminating oxidation, contamination.
	www.ebteccorp.com /ebweld.html (376 words)

	Electron Beams
		The energy given to the electron falling through the potential V is eV, where V is the anode potential and e is the charge on the electron.
		As you have learned in the lecture part of this course, the electron beam is traveling in the transverse magnetic field B of the Helmholtz coils.
		To correct this, loosen the mounting screws of the vacuum tube and rotate the tube a little until the electron gun is in the proper orientation and the beam is circular.
	teacher.nsrl.rochester.edu /phy_labs/Electron_Beams/Electron_Beams.html (2697 words)

	Advanced Electron Beams: Electron beam Emitters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		These electrons are then accelerated by an electric field to over half the speed of light and pass out of the vacuum chamber through a thin titanium window into the atmosphere.
		Electron beams are also used for liquid, gas and surface sterilization as well as to clean up hazardous waste.
		Although Electron beams have a number of advantages over possible alternatives, they have historically suffered from the major commercial disadvantage that the systems were large, expensive, and complex to maintain.
	www.aeb.com /products.html (681 words)

	DavidPace.com - Electron Beam Lab Exercises (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The beam is produced by an oxide coated nickel cathode that is negatively biased with respect to the conducting aluminum vacuum chamber.
		The electron beam is set at an angle with respect to a uniformly applied background magnetic field.
		In this image the electron beam is directed toward a conducting mesh (not visible) that has been biased negatively with respect to the chamber.
	www.davidpace.com /physics/graduate_school/e_beam_lab.html (699 words)

	Electron Beam Welding Services
		Electron Beam Welding became viable, as a production process, in the late 1950's.
		This has resulted from the ability to use the very high energy density of the beam to weld parts ranging in sizes from very delicate miniature small parts and components using just a few watts of power, to welding steel and metals at a thickness of 10 to 12 inches with 100 Kilowatts or more.
		The electron beam can be projected into inaccessible locations, and the only thing required is a line of sight.
	www.electronbeamwelding.com /?sPage=EBWelding (325 words)

	Electron beam Decontamination
		The phrase "electron beam" probably conjures images of 1950s science fiction more than modern food safety, but a West Virginia University researcher believes in the technology's ability to bring quality meat and fish to consumers.
		"Samples processed with the electron beam were as fresh as they were prior to treatment, and they actually had an improved texture and a more desirable color." Most of Jaczynski's work has been done with the fish surimi, popular with the seafood industry as a crab substitute.
		He adds that the processing technology for the electron beam is much safer for workers' environment than other radiation methods using gamma or x-rays.
	www.nis.wvu.edu /2003_Releases/electron_beam.htm (617 words)

	What are Electron Microscopes? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Electron Microscopes were developed due to the limitations of Light Microscopes which are limited by the physics of light to 500x or 1000x magnification and a resolution of 0.2 micrometers.
		The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) was the first type of Electron Microscope to be developed and is patterned exactly on the Light Transmission Microscope except that a focused beam of electrons is used instead of light to "see through" the specimen.
		Electron Microscopes(EMs) function exactly as their optical counterparts except that they use a focused beam of electrons instead of light to "image" the specimen and gain information as to its structure and composition.
	www.unl.edu /CMRAcfem/em.htm (428 words)

	Advanced Electron Beams: Electron Beam Technology, E-Beam Emitters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Advanced Electron Beams produces patented electron beam emitters that represent a leap in electron beam technology, as significant as the advancement from mainframes to laptop computers.
		Electron beam emitters produce a broad beam of electrons which can be used to perform numerous vital functions in industrial and manufacturing processes.
		The commercial potential of electron beams was first recognized in the 1970's, but this potential could not be realized until AEB's leap forward in emitter design.
	www.aeb.com /index.htm (264 words)

	International company "ANTARES" is supplier of quality titanium
		New electron guns BTP by simple power up to 600 kW which are capable to work at a gas pressure 1,33 Pa, with a high penetrating power of bundle in a cloud of vapour 13,3 Pa allows to realise high speed melting of fissile gas-saturated charge (titanium sponge).
		Offered units may be variously equipped: electronic guns with the cold cathode, systems of power supplies and management of an electronic beam for performance of technological processes: melting, welding, evaporations and other operations which are carried out in vacuum.
		Advantage of gas-discharge electronic guns with the cold cathode is simplicity of a design, reliability and durability of work in low and average vacuum, at rather not high cost of manufacturing.
	www.antares.com.ua /Producing.html (1008 words)

	electron beam evaporator, e-beam evaporator, mini e-beam evaporator, mini, effusion cell, Oxford Scientific
		The material either in rod form, or in a crucible, is heated by electron bombardment from the surrounding filament.
		The capacity for electrons to be directed to deliver up their energy in a confined area, leads to extremely high power densities and local heating, allowing temperatures in excess of 3000K to be reached.
		A small electrode is used to intercept the edge of the beam and collects the ions present in the partially ionised evaporant.
	www.oxsci.com /pages/products/evaporators/index.htm (730 words)

	The LLNL Electron-Positron Beam Facility (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		These beams are transported to experiments, including a positron trap for particle physics research and a positron microprobe for high-resolution materials science.
		An electron beam impinges on a target, in which the electrons decelerate and produce a high flux of bremsstrahlung photons, which convert to electron-positron pairs in the field of the target nuclei.
		The electron beam used to produce the positrons is generated by the LLNL Electron Linac, built in 1972 for nuclear physics experiments.
	www-phys.llnl.gov /H_Div/Positrons/PositronFacility.html (710 words)

	Electron beam welding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Important variations of temperature field versus electron beam deviation relatively to the junction (from rather asymmetric one when the beam is displaced on the side of low conducting Inox up to a symmetric temperature distribution when electron beam is displaced on the side of high conducting Cu) is shown in Fig.
		It is found that the surface temperature is decreasing when electron beam is passing a series of holes, later on the temperature is increasing up to its steady state value.
		A deviation of electron beam trajectory from a junction also may be detected by temperature monitoring (Fig.
	www.imp.cnrs.fr /groupe3/pyrom/EBeng.htm (370 words)

	Robot Electron Beam Welding
		Electron Beam Welding (EBW) is a fusion joining process that produces a weld by impinging a beam of high energy electrons to heat the weld joint.
		Electrons are elementary atomic particles characterized by a negative charge and an extremely small mass.
		An electron beam welding gun uses a high intensity electron beam to target a weld joint.
	www.robots.com /electron-beam-welding.htm (267 words)

	Acceleron : Electron Beam Drilling / EB Drilling : Technical Data Library
		Electron Beam Drilling is an innovative machining process, which drills many small holes in resistant material.
		The perforation technique is simple: The highly concentrated energized electron beam instantly vaporizes the material at the point of impact.
		Compared to other hole drilling techniques, the electron beam process has unique features that give it special capabilities for hole drilling over a wide range of applications.
	www.acceleron-enbeam.com /techdata/ebdrill.htm (340 words)

	Electron beam welds nanotubes TRN 080101
		Zapping the tubes with a beam of electrons from an electron microscope fixes the superficial, shifting hydrocarbon atoms in place, according to Florian Banhart, a lecturer at the University of Ulm.
		The electrons also change the insulating hydrocarbons into amorphous carbon and its graphitic cousin, which are conductors, he said.
		The soldering in an electron beam could then be carried out in an apparatus such as used for electron beam lithography,” he said.
	www.trnmag.com /Stories/080101/Electron_beam_welds_nanotubes_080101.html (853 words)

	Joining Technologies Electron & Laser Beam Welding
		Our electron beam welding experience stretches back to the mid-seventies, when electron beam welding was just earning its acceptance as a manufacturing process in industry.
		Today electron beam welding is a widely used and accepted process for many product manufactures throughout the world.
		Laser welding is a natural transition from electron beam welding, and as with electron beam welding, we have become efficient and highly qualified end-users of this exceptional process.
	www.joiningtech.com /Services/Laser_Beam_Welding (554 words)

	Electron Beam
		Such a beam can be produced by accelerating and focusing electrons between a cathode and anode separated by a vacuum (i.e.
		Perhaps the most abundantly manufactured electron beams are those produced in cathode ray tubes within some television sets.
		Electron Beams are used in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Electron Beam Lithography (EBL).
	www.nanoword.net /library/defgen/generate.php?termid=23 (76 words)

	Electron Beam Welding Services by Electron Beam Engineering
		Electron Beam Engineering was formed in 1991 by founder Richard E. Trillwood, CEO.
		We are the only electron beam welding and machining job shop in the United States that designs Electron Beam and Laser Welding equipment and industrial machined components.
		We have six electron beam welders and two Lasers, and always maintain spare capacity for the rush jobs that are required "yesterday".
	electronbeamwelding.com (240 words)

	Electron Beam Welding & Laser Welding Services by Electron Beam Engineering, California CA
		Electron Beam Welding & Laser Welding Services by Electron Beam Engineering, California CA Electron Beam Welders for Sale at Low Prices.
		Electron Beam Welding application is a fusion joining process that is extremely diverse; from aerospace welded components to jewelry.
		The process of Electron Beam Welding has found acceptance for high volume production use in automotive manufacturing, consumer products and standard EB weld joints for vacuum and high vacuum systems and parts.
	www.ebeinc.com (288 words)

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