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Topic: Electron neutrino

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Muon neutrino

Neutrino oscillation

Electron antineutrino

Lepton

Muon

Antiparticle

Quark

Fermion

Muon antineutrino

	Neutrino - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This allows for a neutrino that was produced as an electron neutrino at a given location to have a calculable probability to be detected as either a muon or tau neutrino after it has traveled to another location.
		This effect was first noticed due to the number of electron neutrinos detected from the sun's core failing to match the expected numbers, a discrepancy dubbed the "solar neutrino problem".
		The neutrino was first postulated in 1931 by Wolfgang Pauli to explain the energy spectrum of beta decays, the decay of a neutron into a proton and an electron.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electron_neutrino (3136 words)

	Neutrino
		The neutrino was first postulated in 1931 by Wolfgang Pauli to explain the continuous spectrum of beta decay, the decay of a neutron into a proton and an electron.
		This phenonemnon known as neutrino oscillation explains why there are many fewer electron neutrinos observed from the sun and the upper atmosphere than expected, and has also been directly observed.
		Neutrinos are produced as a result of the natural background radiation from radioactive atomic nuclei within the Earth.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/neutrino (1399 words)

	Neutrino -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Detection of neutrinos is therefore very challenging as it has to rely either on large detection volumes or artificially produced neutrino beams of high intensity and energy, since the interaction probability is roughly proportional to the energy of the neutrino.
		This phenomenon, known as (additional info and facts about neutrino oscillation) neutrino oscillation, explains why there are many fewer electron neutrinos observed from the (A typical star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system) sun and the upper atmosphere than expected, and has also been directly observed.
		Solar neutrinos originate from the (A nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy) nuclear fusion powering the (A typical star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system) Sun and other stars.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/ne/neutrino.htm (3011 words)

	Learn more about Neutrino in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Massive neutrinos can oscillate between the three flavors, in a phenomenon known as neutrino oscillation (which provides a solution to the solar neutrino problem and the atmospheric neutrino problem at the same time).
		Most of the energy of a collapsing supernova is radiated away on the form of neutrinos which are produced when protons and electrons in the core combine to form neutrons.
		Some years ago it was believed that massive neutrinos could account for the dark matter, though with the current knowledge of neutrino masses they don't contribute a significant fraction to it.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /n/ne/neutrino.html (777 words)

	What's a Neutrino?
		Hence, the "electron neutrino" is associated with the electron, and two other neutrinos are associated with heavier versions of the electron called the muon and the tau (elementary particles are frequently labelled with Greek letters, to confuse the layman).
		This is the origin of the long-standing "solar neutrino problem." The possibility that the missing electron neutrinos may have transformed into another type (undetectable to this experiment) is soon suggested, but unreliability of the solar model on which the expected neutrino rates are based is initially considered a more likely explanation.
		It is soon recognized to be a heavier version of the electron and muon, and its decay exhibits the same apparent imbalance of energy and momentum that led Pauli to predict the existence of the neutrino in 1931.
	www.ps.uci.edu /~superk/neutrino.html (946 words)

	neutrino on Encyclopedia.com
		Neutrinos are also emitted when a pion decays into a muon and in the decays of a number of other elementary particles.
		Neutrinos are stable and can be absorbed only by the same weak interactions through which they are created; an energetic neutrino can induce the reverse of the decay that produced it.
		In 1962 it was found that the neutrino associated with the muon (the muon neutrino) is distinct from that associated with the electron (the electron neutrino).
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/n1/neutrino.asp (969 words)

	Neutrino mass discovered (July 1998) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb
		Neutrinos were first detected in 1956 by Fred Reines of the University of California at Irvine and the late George Cowan.
		In this case the electron is in a mixture of spin-up and spin-down eigenstates, and it precesses around the magnetic field.
		Neutrinos would therefore represent a significant amount of "dark matter", mass that we cannot see but is predicted to exist by cosmological models.
	physicsweb.org /article/world/11/7/3 (1351 words)

	Solar neutrino puzzle is solved (July 2001) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb
		Electron neutrinos are produced in the Sun's core when boron-8 nuclei undergo beta decay: the Sun is not thought to produce muon or tau neutrinos.
		Two different reactions can occur when an electron neutrino strikes a deuterium nucleus: in a "neutral-current reaction" the neutrino splits the deuterium nucleus into a proton and a neutron; in a "charge-current reaction" two protons and an electron are produced.
		According to the SNO detector, the flux of electron neutrinos from the Sun is 1.75 million neutrinos per square centimetre per second.
	physicsweb.org /article/world/14/7/10 (989 words)

	SNO First Results
		The determination that the electron neutrinos from the Sun transform into neutrinos of another type is very important for a full understanding of the Universe at the most microscopic level.
		From this initial phase, the SNO scientists report on an accurate and specific measurement of the number of solar electron neutrinos reaching their detector, by studying a reaction unique to heavy water where a neutron is changed into a proton.
		The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory is a unique neutrino telescope, the size of a ten-storey building, 2 kilometers underground in INCO's Creighton Mine near Sudbury Ontario planned, constructed and operated by a 100-member team of scientists from Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom.
	www.sno.phy.queensu.ca /sno/first_results (1065 words)

	Description of the neutrino
		The neutrinos are only concerned with the weak interaction and this allows to them to pass through the earth without any deviation or so.
		Moreover, the neutrino seems to have a remarkable property: its spin is always oriented in the direction opposite to its velocity (it is said to be of left helicity).
		This oscillation between neutrino families could help to explain the deficit observed in the solar neutrino flux and could be a good experimental tagging of the fact that neutrinos are massive.
	wwwlapp.in2p3.fr /neutrinos/ankes.html (761 words)

	Neutrino Masses
		Neutrinos are fundamental, subatomic particles that are similar to electrons but are neutral meaning that they possess no electric charge.
		There are three types, or "flavors," of neutrinos, one of which is associated with the electron, one of which is associated with the muon, and one of which is associated with the tau lepton.
		When neutrinos are initially produced, they spin in a very specific way: If you take your left hand and point your thumb in the direction that the neutrino is moving and let your fingers curl naturally, the fingers indicate the spinning direction.
	www.jupiterscientific.org /sciinfo/numasses.html (1989 words)

	Leptons
		There are six leptons in the present structure, the electron, muon, and tau particles and their associated neutrinos.
		As one of the leptons, the electron is viewed as one of the fundamental particles.
		Associated with the electron is a the electron neutrino.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/particles/lepton.html (635 words)

	Atmospheric Neutrinos
		The pions decay to a muon and a muon neutrino.
		Fully contained muons and electrons are identified by a pattern recognition algorithm that uses the maximum likelihood method to compare the measured distribution of hits and with the expected shape due to a muon (sharp, collapsed angle if beta < 1) and an electron (fuzzy due to the electromagnetic shower).
		In terms of neutrino oscillations, this null result is interesting because it implies that the detailed flux calculations we rely on for the predicted zenith angle distribution properly account for the geomagnetic field.
	hep.bu.edu /~superk/atmnu (1258 words)

	The Solar FAQ: Solar Neutrinos and Other Solar Oddities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The energy spectrum of the neutrinos is not significantly different from expectations, though there is a hint of a surplus (or smaller deficit, rather) at the highest energies (Fukuda et al 1998e; Normile 1998a).
		Neutrino travel across astronomical distances is obviously inaccessible to laboratory studies, and has for a long time been regarded as the most promising area to search for anomalies, that can explain the missing solar neutrinos.
		Neutrino physics is in general a "hot" experimental topic today, with much work in progress, not only on neutrino oscillations, but also on other aspects of neutrino physics, as well as on neutrino astronomy.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/faq-solar.html (15805 words)

	Can Gravity be Induced?
		The deficiency in the neutrino count may be accounted for as follows.: Neutrinos originate from, or near, the Sun's surface.
		Neutrinos have little or no charge and so cannot be significantly affected by the magnetic field of sunspots on the Sun's surface.
		It remains to be seen if the limit (18) to discern solar neutrino origin is a technical or a natural limitation.
	www.goodfelloweb.com /nature/cgbi/index.html (3773 words)

	First Measurement of Geoneutrinos at KamLAND
		Geoneutrinos, anti-electron neutrinos emanating from the earth, are expected to serve as a unique window into the interior of our planet, revealing information that is hidden from other probes.
		Neutrinos and their anti-matter counterpart, anti-neutrinos, are subatomic particles that interact so rarely with other matter they can pass untouched through a wall of lead stretching from the earth to the moon.
		Neutrinos are produced during nuclear fusion, the reaction that lights the sun and other stars.
	www.innovations-report.com /html/reports/earth_sciences/report-47232.html (1127 words)

	Hebb, Jean (1966-08-10) Radiative corrections to neutrino-electron processes. ...
		The pair annihilation corrections are used to calculate the radiative corrections to stellar neutrino luminosities in the temperature range in which the zero order process gives the dominant contribution.
		A characteristic distance, the neutrino charge radius, is associated with a charge distribution of the neutrino and depends on the cut-off.
		With the cut-off at the nucleon mass the charge radius of the electron neutrino is estimated to be two orders of magnitude smaller than the experimental limit.
	etd.caltech.edu /etd/available/etd-09182002-113654 (262 words)

	Theory: Leptons
		All are particles that are somewhat like electrons: they have half a quantum unit of spin angular momentum, and do not participate in strong interactions.
		For example, a high-energy electron-type neutrino can convert to an electron by exchanging a W-boson with a neutron (which becomes a proton when it absorbs the W boson).
		If the detector detects everything but neutrinos, then an event where the total final energy detected (or the total final momentum) does not match the initial energy (or momentum) in the incoming particles, then neutrinos must have been produced.
	www2.slac.stanford.edu /vvc/theory/leptons.html (782 words)

	Neutrino Mass Measurement
		Because, Process (i) is only sensitive to electron-neutrinos, while processes (ii) and (iii) are sensitive to all neutrino types, SNO is able to measure the overall flux of neutrinos emanating from the Sun and its electron-neutrino fraction.
		If neutrinos had no masses then all of the neutrinos coming out of the Sun would be of the electron type.
		However, SNO finds that only about 1/3 of the solar neutrinos are of the electron type and 2/3 of them are of a different type.
	www.jupiterscientific.org /sciinfo/neutrinomasses.html (813 words)

	The Ultimate Neutrino Page
		Majorana mass of the electron neutrino: 0.24 eV Depending on the nuclear matrix element.
		The mass of electron neutrinos is measured in tritium beta decay experiments.
		In practice the neutrinoless double beta decay is identified from the normal two neutrino double beta decay by electron spectra, which requires lots of data to be taken.
	cupp.oulu.fi /neutrino/nd-mass.html (543 words)

	The Mainz Neutrino Mass Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The neutrinos are 3 of the 12 fundamental particles out of which the matter is made of.
		Up to recently neutrinos were assumed to be massless, but the actual measurements of neutrinos from the sun and of neutrinos created in the atmosphere by cosmic rays indicate that they have some probably very small mass.
		The Mainz Neutrino Mass Experiment measures the shape of the beta decay spectrum of tritium very precisely.
	www.physik.uni-mainz.de /exakt/neutrino/en_index.html (108 words)

	Upper limit on the mass of the electron neutrino
		Upper limit on the mass of the electron neutrino
		, of the electron neutrino from astronomical observations.
		and confirms the view that electron neutrinos do not constitute the major component of the matter density of the Universe.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v326/n6112/abs/326476a0.html (165 words)

	PNNL Majorana Information Resources
		The objective of the Majorana experiment is to study neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) with an effective Majorana-neutrino mass sensitivity below 50 meV to characterize the Majorana nature of the neutrino, the neutrino mass spectrum, and the absolute mass scale.
		An experimental study of the neutrino mass scale implied by neutrino oscillation results is now technically within our grasp.
		Recommendation: The Neutrino Scientific Assessment Group recommends that the highest priority for the first phase of a neutrino-less double beta decay program is to support research in two or more neutrino-less double beta decay experiments to explore the region of degenerate neutrino masses (νββ > 100 meV).
	majorana.pnl.gov (786 words)

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