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Topic: Electron orbital

Related Topics

Atomic orbital

Molecular orbital

Electron configuration

Periodic table block

Periodic table of the elements

Atomic electron configuration table

Periodic table period

Atom

Quantum number

Azimuthal quantum number

Energy level

Period 1 element

Principal quantum number

Valence electron

Magnetic quantum number

	Electron orbital - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In atomic physics, an electron orbital (or simply orbital) is the description of the behavior of an electron in an atom or molecule according to quantum mechanics.
		Since an orbital specifies the places where an electron is most likely to be found, it is possible to define a region of space within which the electron is likely to exist (with ~90% probability, for example), and outside of which it is not likely to exist.
		When the Schrödinger equation for a solitary electron bound to a nucleus is written in spherical coordinates, it separates easily into a radial part (a differential equation that depends only on the distance from the nucleus) and a spherical part (which depends only on the angles, the latitude and longitude).
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Electron_orbital (526 words)

	Atom - MSN Encarta
		The electrons in the orbitals of a particular shell have similar levels of energy.
		Electrons are a type of particle known as a fermion.
		Electrons have another property, called spin, that differentiates the two electrons in each orbital.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567432_5/Atom.html (1199 words)

	Electron Orbital -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics
		Two electrons (one of spin up and one spin down) are permitted in a given orbital, but hund's rule states that electrons of the same energy remain unpaired if possible.
		The structure of electron orbitals was fairly well known prior to the development of quantum mechanics as a result of the importance of the outermost electron shell for an atom's chemical properties.
		Electron orbitals have certain symmetry properties which can be studied and classified using group theory.
	scienceworld.wolfram.com /physics/ElectronOrbital.html (367 words)

	Molecular Orbital Theory
		The goal of molecular orbital theory is to describe molecules in a similar way to how we describe atoms, that is, in terms of orbitals, orbital diagrams, and electron configurations.
		Because electrons in the molecular orbital are lower potential energy than in separate atomic orbitals, energy would be required to shift the electrons back into the 1s orbitals of separate atoms.
		Less electron character between the nuclei means less plus-minus attraction, less stabilization, and higher potential energy for the pi bonding molecular orbital compared to the sigma bonding molecular orbital.
	www.mpcfaculty.net /mark_bishop/molecular_orbital_theory.htm (1632 words)

	Many-Electron Atoms - The Magnetic Properties of the Electron
		Since the orbital angular momentum for an electron in the ground state of hydrogen is zero, we are forced to assume that the electron possesses some internal motion which has associated with it an angular momentum.
		In the case of the electron's orbital motion, we found that as l and hence the orbital angular momentum was increased, the number of possible values for the component of the orbital magnetic moment along a given axis was increased, the number being equal to (2l + 1).
		This means that the component of the electron's spin magnetic moment (and spin angular momentum) along a given axis may have only one of two possible values; the component may be aligned with the field and hence be attracted, or it may be opposed to the field and be repelled.
	www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca /esam/Chapter_4/section_2.html (2222 words)

	Quantum # and electron structure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It measures the average distance of the electron from the nucleus.
		Bohr proposed that electrons moved in stable orbits or shells and when exposed to energy, the electron absorbed the energy and moved to higher orbits further from the nucleus.
		Electrons in the same orbital with opposite spins have essentially the same amount of energy.
	www.saskschools.ca /curr_content/chem30/modules/module2/lesson2/quantumandelectronst.htm (576 words)

	Radioactivity
		Internal conversion is the use of electromagnetic energy from the nucleus to expel an orbital electron from the atom.
		It is also not the same as beta decay, since the emitted electron was previously one of the orbital electrons, whereas the electron in beta decay is produced by the decay of a neutron.
		Electron emissions from the Hg-203 to Tl-203 decay, measured by A. Wapstra, et al., Physica 20, 169 (1954).
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nuclear/radact2.html (628 words)

	Visualizing Electron Orbitals
		Rough sketches of the electron density for the first three shells of the hydrogen atom can give an impression of the constraints that govern the buildup of the periodic table.
		The electron orbital configurations provide a structure for understanding chemical reactions, which are guided by the principle of finding the lowest energy (most stable) configuration of electrons.
		The 4s electrons dip down below the 3d electrons in energy, and since there are ten possible quantum number combinations in the d sub-shell, this inserts 10 elements between the 4s and 4p subshells, the so-called "transition elements".
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/chemical/eleorb.html (816 words)

	The Net Equation: Your Online Source for Chemistry Solutions
		Orbitals in a subshell but differ in their orientation--one might point "up," another to the "left," etc. Possible orbital values range from the negative value of l through zero to the positive value of l.
		If only one electron occupies an orbital, the electron may have either value (the assignment is arbitrary, since this number serves only to separate the electrons).
		To write out the electron configuration of an atom, we use the principal quantum number and the letter term for each subshell; a superscript number indicates how many electrons are present in each subshell.
	library.thinkquest.org /C004970/atoms/orbital.htm (1458 words)

	Electron Orbits
		The orbitals occupied by electrons in different subshells differ from each other with regard to their size, shape, and orientation in space.
		This means that the outer electrons penetrate the regions occupied by inner electrons.
		The shape of an s electron orbital is spherical while that of a p electron orbital is dumbbell shaped.
	www.corrosionsource.com /handbook/periodic/e_orbits.htm (290 words)

	Chemistry 101A, Atomic and Molecular Oribtals Page
		The orbitals are not all shown on the same scale (except for the 1s and 2s orbitals, which are on the same scale).
		In this orbital most of the electron "density" is in the two outer lobes of the orbital, but there is some electron density in the two small inner lobes.
		The 2p-sigma orbital is a bonding orbital which can be approximated by two 2p orbitals with their electron density lobes pointing toward each other.
	www.chem.arizona.edu /~salzmanr/orbitals.html (1640 words)

	The Many Electron Atom
		The orbitals are all given names that depend on the values of the quantum numbers that describe the shape of the wavefunction of that orbital.
		Each electron itself is a wave and has a wavefunction, with roughly the shape described for that of Hydrogen.
		The electron configuation of the elements are what give rise to the shape of the periodic table and the names of the blocks that compose it.
	itl.chem.ufl.edu /2045_s00/lectures/lec_11.html (848 words)

	oe magazine - Feature - Orbital Imaging (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The electric field of the passing electron causes the electrons in the atom to oscillate, generating a tiny amount of electromagnetic radiation.
		Once the electron is free of the attractive field of the atom, its motion is determined entirely by the oscillating laser field.
		Figure 2 In the semi-classical three-step model, the electron is removed from the atom by the laser field and accelerated, then recombined with the parent atom.
	www.oemagazine.com /fromTheMagazine/current/feature.html (1691 words)

	Investigating Atomic Structure: Hund's Rule and Aufbau Principle
		Electrons can occupy different orbitals in an atom, and the order of occupancy is based on the most stable arrangement.
		By investigating the order in which electrons occupy the available orbitals, you will understand the characteristics of electrons and orbitals that contribute to the formation of stable atoms.
		By comparing electron orbital occupancy for elements in the second period, describe the order in which electrons fill the available orbitals.
	qsad.bu.edu /curriculum/text_modules/Orbital_filling_rules.htm (514 words)

	Arrangements of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration.
		To designate the electron configuration we use the level number and the letter of the sublevel and a superscript number to represent the number of electrons contained in the sublevel.
		The essence of these calculations is that when an electron is placed into the 2s orbital the electron is likely to spend more time closer to the nucleus than an electron in a 2p orbital.
		As in the case of the second level the 3s orbital is lower in energy than the 3p which is lower in energy compared to the 3d.
	intro.chem.okstate.edu /1215/Lecture/Chapter11/Fri112098.html (1484 words)

	Electron Binding Energy Equations
		Instead of poetically describing the quantum energy of the electron as a dimension of mass times a velocity squared, we discretely define it by the strong force of the electron as imparted by the Aether (environment) at a range of one quantum length.
		Because of the relationship between the classical and Bohr electron radii, the proportion of the two is equal to the electron fine structure constant squared.
		In the case of the electrons, the minor radius increases with the square of the number of electrons (which is equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom).
	www.16pi2.com /electron_binding_energies.htm (1911 words)

	Atomic orbital - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In chemistry, an atomic orbital is the region in which an electron may be found around a single atom.
		Specificaly, atomic orbitals are the quantum states of the individual electrons in the electron cloud around a single atom.
		Modern quantum mechanics confirms that these orbitals are closely related.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Atomic_orbital (2058 words)

	Atomic Orbitals
		Electron orbitals are the probability distribution of an electron in a atom or molecule.
		The electron orbitals presented here represent a volume of space within which an electron would have a certain probability of being based on particular energy states and atoms.
		For example, in a simple lowest-energy state hydrogen atom, the electrons are most likely to be found within a sphere around the nucleus of an atom.
	www.orbitals.com /orb/index.html (422 words)

	Electron -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics
		The electron is a lepton, and therefore has lepton number 1.
		The antiparticle of the electron is called the positron.
		Lorentz, H. The Theory of Electrons and Its Applications to the Phenomena of Light and Radiant Heat.
	scienceworld.wolfram.com /physics/Electron.html (118 words)

	Phsics News Update 716
		In the order of a femtosecond (10^-15 s), for example, an electron orbital can make transitions between degenerate states (those containing the same amount of energy), transforming from a vertical dumbbell to a horizontal one with respect to some axis.
		The researchers, who hail from the Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism at the University of Augsburg in Germany (Peter Lunkenheimer, Peter.Lunkenheimer@Physik.Uni-Augsburg.de) and the Academy of Sciences of Moldova (a former Soviet republic), consider these frozen electron orbitals in spinels to constitute a new class of material which they have dubbed an orbital glass.
		By measuring the response of the material to alternating-current electric fields in the audio- to radio-frequency range, they found that processes involving non-spherical orbitals dramatically slow down at low temperatures to form a glass-like state, in a manner very similar to the arrest of molecular motion that occurs when glass blowers perform their craft.
	www.aip.org /pnu/2005/split/716-3.html (346 words)

	NRC Team First to Record Image of an Electron Orbital - National Research Council Canada
		The electrons whiz around the atoms in orbits that are defined by quantum mechanics.
		Under the rules of quantum mechanics, part of the electron is removed from the molecule, and at the same time, the other part of the electron remains in the molecule.
		The two "parts" of the electron were made to interfere and as a result emitted x-ray radiation.
	www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca /newsroom/news/2004/electron_orbital04-nr_e.html (461 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The most stable arrangement of electrons in a sublevel is the one with the greatest number of parallel spins.
		The result is that each orbital will have one electon spinning in a common direction before two electrons will fill the same orbital.
		There is a pattern between the electron configuration for the elements and their positions on the periodic table.
	users.stlcc.edu /gkrishnan/electron3.html (1234 words)

	CHEMICAL PHYSICS: TOMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF ELECTRON ORBITALS
		The electron gains so much energy from the laser field that its wavelength at the moment of recollision is about 0.14 nanometers -- short enough to probe the structure of the electron cloud through self-diffraction on the molecule.
		Essentially, an atomic orbital (electron orbital) can be thought of as an electric charge distribution averaged over time, and in representing orbitals it is convenient to describe a surface enclosing the space in which the electron is likely to be found with a high probability.
		Excited states of the two-electron atom, in which each electron is in a bound state but the sum of the energies of the two excited electrons is larger than the binding of a single electron, can be unstable.
	www.scienceweek.com /2005/sa050204-1.htm (1612 words)

	Electron tunneling model of the covalent bond ?
		As the electron gets closer to the nucleus, the nuclear charge confines the electron to such a tiny volume of space that its energy rises, allowing it to "float" slightly away from the nucleus without ever falling into it.
		But the electron fluid is able to tunnel through the potential energy barrier separating the two wells; like any liquid, it will seek a common level in the two sides of the container.
		If the two electrons have opposite spins, the two fluids are able to interpenetrate each other, very much as two gases are able to occupy the same container.
	www.chem1.com /acad/webtut/bonding/TunnelBond.html (955 words)

	Snapshot of an electron orbital - Advanced Physics Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The outermost electron in a nitrogen molecule is found around each of the atoms (shown in red and orange) and also contributes to the \'glue\' between them (shown in blue).
		When these molecules react, the electrons shift their allegiances between different atoms and change the shape of the molecular orbitals.
		The imaging technique uses extremely short laser pulses to briefly ionize an electron away from a molecule of nitrogen, which is simply two nitrogen atoms stuck together.
	www.advancedphysics.org /forum/showthread.php?t=1189 (616 words)

	CHEMystery: Atomic Structure and Bonding: Electron Configurations
		The distributions of electrons among the orbitals of an atom is the atom's electronic structure or electron configuration.
		There are 3 orbitals for a p subshell, 5 for a d, and 7 for a f.
		The core electrons are the rest of the electrons, and they are buried deep within the atom and usually do not play a role in chemical reactions.
	library.thinkquest.org /3659/structures/electronconfig.html (740 words)

	Slides19b
		An electron in an orbital about two protons has a potential energy indicated by the heavy curve if constructive interference of the atomic orbitals represents the electron's orbital.
		If destructive interference represents the orbital in which the electron happens to be found, the linear combination results in a depeletion of electron density between the positively charged protons.
		The label of each such state also indicates what the geometry (shape) of the orbital is by referring to previous discussion on how molecular orbitals are constructed from combinations of atomic orbitals.
	www.andrew.cmu.edu /course/09-105/S98.Slides19b.html (387 words)

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