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	Electron Spin Resonance
		When the molecules of a solid exhibit paramagnetism as a result of unpaired electron spins, transitions can be induced between spin states by applying a magnetic field and then supplying electromagnetic energy, usually in the microwave range of frequencies.
		Electron spin resonance has been used as an investigative tool for the study of radicals formed in solid materials, since the radicals typically produce an unpaired spin on the molecule from which an electron is removed.
		The interaction of an external magnetic field with an electron spin depends upon the magnetic moment associated with the spin, and the nature of an isolated electron spin is such that two and only two orientations are possible.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/molecule/esr.html (344 words)

	Electron Spin Resonance
		Electron Spin Resonance involves a resonant coupling of the transition between the Zeeman levels and an external oscillating electromagnetic field (with magnetic component perpendicular to the field causing the Zeeman splitting).
		The substance which is used to observe the Electron Spin Resonance is diphenyl-picril-hydrazyl, or DPPH, a organic radical with an unpaired electron appears on one of the nitrogen attoms.
		The electron spin resonance is marked by a dramatic increase in absorption of the EM field, and this increase changes the impedance of the RF oscillating circuit.
	www.pha.jhu.edu /~c173_608/esr/esr.html (1124 words)

	Electron spin resonance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) or Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) is a spectroscopic technique which detects species that have unpaired electrons, generally meaning that the molecule in question is a free radical if it is an organic molecule, or that it has transition metal ions if it is an inorganic complex.
		EPR is used in solid-state physics, for the identification and quantification of radicals (i.e., molecules with unpaired electrons), in chemistry, to identify reaction pathways, as well as in biology and medicine for tagging biological spin probes.
		Resonance linewidths are defined in magnetic induction units B and are measured along the x axis, from line center to y value crossing chosen point of energy spectrum.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electron_spin_resonance (1226 words)

	ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE
		In ESR it is customary to measure the gfactor.
		B is that unpaired electrons not only interact with the externally applied magnetic field but also interact in a more or less random manner with the magnetic fields in their neighborhood.
		Electron spin exchange between identical and nonidentical molecules, chemical exchange between the paramagnetic molecule and its environment, and the interaction of nearby molecules having unpaired spins are some examples of environmental effects which can influence line width and intensity in the ESR spectrum.
	www.uottawa.ca /publications/interscientia/inter.2/spin.html (2464 words)

	EPR pulse epr theory page
		When an electron spin is placed in a magnetic field, a torque is exerted on the electron spin, causing its magnetic moment to precess about the magnetic field just as a gyroscope precesses in a gravitational field.
		We have already seen that electron spins in a magnetic field are characterized by two quantum mechanical states, one with the magnetic moment parallel and the other state with the magnetic moment anti-parallel to the magnetic field.
		The electron spins interact with the nuclei in their vicinity and this interaction causes a periodic oscillation in the echo height superimposed on the normal echo decay.
	www.bruker-biospin.com /brukerepr/pulseeprtheory.html (4995 words)

	What is EPR? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), also known as electron spin resonance (ESR) and electron magnetic resonance (EMR), is the name given to the process of resonant absorption of microwave radiation by paramagnetic ions or molecules, with at least one unpaired electron spin, and in the presence of a static magnetic field.
		ENDOR - electron-nuclear double resonance, and S-band ESE - electron spin echo spectroscopy) that are available at the IERC extend the precision and scope of such investigations.
		Point sensitivity is excellent (in the vicinity of 10^8 spins), even for aqueous samples (better than 210^9 spins* demonstrated in the current IERC spectrometer), so very small samples can be studied; single cells have been detected with the aid of exogenous spin probes.
	ierc.scs.uiuc.edu /epr.html (570 words)

	ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE
		Because an electron has an intrinsic spin and magnetic moment, it may be used as a probe of local magnetic fields on an atomic scale.
		Generally, the power emitted by a typical Gunn diode for ESR experimentation is of the order of 5-10mW, although with the use of a 100mW unit the resonance signal is considerably easier to find and observe.
		Thus, it is possible to measure the resonant frequencies of a resonant cavity by monitoring the intensity of the transmitted microwaves as a function of frequency.
	class.phys.psu.edu /p457/experiments/html/Esr_long_2004.htm (4875 words)

	Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
		Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, EPR, is a spectroscopic technique which detects species that have unpaired electrons.
		Free electrons are often short-lived, but still play crucial roles in many processes such as photosynthesis, oxidation, catalysis, and polymerization reactions.
		From the EPR spectra reported by the spin label, they can determine the type of environment (hydrophobicity, pH, fluidity, etc.) in which the spin label is located.
	www.cwru.edu /med/pathology/labs/cobb/EPR.htm (567 words)

	Detecting the spin of a single electron (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Electron spin control could be crucial for the creation of nanoscale electronics, the magnetic resonance imaging of single molecules and the development of quantum computers.
		Electron spins in semiconductors have proven particularly attractive for such studies because of their long decoherence times.
		In addition, single electron spin resonance opens new opportunities in surface science by allowing researchers to individually study single defects and their environments at the semiconductor-insulator interfaces.
	www.physlink.com /News/082904ElectronSpin.cfm (383 words)

	NEW APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE
		This is the first book covering an interdisciplinary field between microwave spectroscopy of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) and chronology science, radiation dosimetry and ESR (EPR) imaging in material sciences.
		The main object is to determine the elapsed time with ESR from forensic medicine to the age and radiation dose in earth and space science.
		Introduction to ESR and chronology science and principle of ESR dating and dosimetry are described with applications to actual problems according to materials.
	www.worldscibooks.com /chemistry/1854.html (245 words)

	In vivo electron spin resonance spectroscopy: what use is it to gastroenterologists? -- Dhanjal et al. 52 (9): 1236 -- ...
		Electron spin resonance in studies of membranes and proteins.
		Mucosal sulfhydryl compounds evaluation by in vivo electron spin resonance spectroscopy in mice with experimental colitis.
		In vivo electron spin resonance analysis of nitroxide radical injected into a rat by a flexible surface-coil-type resonator as an endoscope- or a stethoscope-like device.
	gut.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/52/9/1236 (1447 words)

	fUSION Anomaly. Electron Spin Resonance
		What the ESR tone of the psilocybin is heard via tryptamine antenna, it will strike a harmonic tone in the harmine complexes being metabolized within the system, causing its ESR to begin to resonate at a higher level.
		According to the principles of tonal physics, this will automatically cancel out the original tone, i.e., the psilocybin ESR, and cause the molecule to cease to vibrate; however, the ESR tone that sustains the molecular coherency is carried for a microsecond on the overtonal ESR of the harmine complex.
		The ESR resonance of the psilocybin in the mushrooms will be canceled and will drop into a superconductiving state; a small portion of the physical matter of the mushroom will be obliterated.
	fusionanomaly.net /esr.html (1077 words)

	g-Tensor Modulation Resonance
		Previously demonstrated electrical control of spin coherence leads to a hope that dynamic and three dimensional control over electron spin could be achieved in a solid state device.
		We demonstrate that if the g-factor is anisotropic, electron spins can be electrically manipulated through a new class of resonance, in a manner similar to electron spin resonance.
		Modulating the spin precession axis at the resonant frequency is analogous to the case of ESR, and should result in the tipping of the spin vector, i.e., g-tensor modulation resonance (g-TMR).
	www.physics.ucsb.edu /~awschalom/research/gTMR.html (497 words)

	Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy of Organic Radicals
		Electron spin resonance spectroscopy is the method used to determine the structure and life expectancy of a number of radicals.
		Written by Fabian Gerson and Walter Huber, top experts in the field of electron spin resonance spectroscopy, this book offers a compact yet readily comprehensible introduction to the modern world of ESR.
		Spin Density, Spin Population, Spin Polarization, and Spin Delocalization.
	www.booksmatter.com /b3527302751.htm (257 words)

	E to G
		The so-called electrode potential of an electrode is defined as the electromotive force (emf) of a cell in which the electrode on the left is a standard hydrogen electrode and the electrode on the right is the electrode in question.
		The interaction energy between the electron spin and a magnetic nucleus is characterized by the hyperfine coupling constant A.
		The intensity of the electron spin-echo resulting from the application of two or more microwave pulses is measured as a function of the temporal spacing between the pulses.
	www.chem.qmul.ac.uk /iupac/bioinorg/EG.html (1793 words)

	EPR And Our Daily Life - Connections May 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance), also known as ESR (Electron Spin Resonance), is used to detect unpaired electrons.
		The difference is that NMR detects nuclear spin while EPR detects electron spin.
		If it is irradiated by microwaves the electron can absorb energy and jump from its low energy state to high energy state.
	www.niehs.nih.gov /Connections/2003/may/epr.htm (383 words)

	Sunil Saxena - University of Pittsburgh
		The intellectual thrust of the Saxena Group is focused on developing Fourier Transform electron spin resonance and its application to otherwise inaccessible problems in biophysics.
		The coupling of electron spin angular momentum to its environment — as revealed by the ESR spectrum — provides rich information about the electronic, structural and dynamical properties of the molecule.
		We are interested in measuring the precise distance between two units in a protein, in order to determine their folding patterns and conformational dynamics.
	www.chem.pitt.edu /people/faculty.asp?FacID=25 (496 words)

	JEOL USA Electron Spin Resonance Spectrometry
		JEOL high performance Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectrometers offer high sensitivity and high stability with full computerization and are used in a wide variety of applications in applied research and technology.
		JEOL ESR instruments are specifically valued in solid state physics, materials development, and in the biological, pharmaceutical, and medical fields because of their enhanced sensitivity, enhanced resolution and because of the availability of multi-dimensional measurement which allows for the selective extraction of information.
		ESR, also known as Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), is one of the fastest-growing areas in analytical instrumentation and has come into its own primarily because of recent and remarkable achievements in microwave technology.
	www.jeolusa.com /tabid/237/Default.aspx (131 words)

	Electron Spin Resonance Dating (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Electron Spin Resonance Dating falls into the group of dating methods that uses radiation exposure to date many materials found at archaeological sites.
		Unlike the other two methods of dating by radiation exposure, Thermoluminescence (TL), and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL), Electron Spin Resonance dating can be repeated a number of times.
		Electron Spin Resonance dating is relatively new, some still consider it an experimental dating technique and is often used in combination with another dating method.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/archaeology/dating/dat_esr.html (241 words)

	TEL-Atomic - Spin Resonance (NMR & ESR)
		Intrinsic Angular Momentum or Spin is a basic property of nuclei and electrons.
		An electron or proton placed in a magnetic field will have its magnetic dipole aligned in the direction of or opposed to the field direction.
		Scan coils are affixed to either side of a Spin Cell, an Electron Probe is mounted on the front of the Cell and connected to the Spin Console.
	www.telatomic.com /spin.html (328 words)

	Characterization by Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy of Reactive Oxygen Species Generated by Titanium Dioxide and ...
		Characterization by Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy of Reactive Oxygen Species Generated by Titanium Dioxide and Hydrogen Peroxide -- Lee et al.
		The ESR spectrum of irradiated (365 nm) TiO
		Inhibition of superoxide generation from fMLP-stimulated leukocytes by high concentrations of nitric oxide or peroxynitrite: characterization by electron spin resonance spectroscopy.
	jdr.iadrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/84/2/178 (2239 words)

	Electron Magnetic Resonance
		Paul Dirac showed that the spin quantum number appears automatically if a relativistic Hamiltonian is used for the wave equation.
		After 1925 there were numerous related measurements and theoretical developments, - molecular beam experiments, also resonant molecular beam experiments, the prediction of resonant absorption, microwave measurements on small molecules, and spin lattice relaxation measurements.
		However there were a number of important observations before the first resonance experiments, in particular three still impinge strongly on modern EMR experiemnts.
	www.esr-group.org.uk /Time_Line.html (309 words)

	Exp 15: Electron Spin Resonance
		Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), also known as Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), is investigated in a solid free-radical.
		ESR is used in solid-state physics, for the identification and quantification of radicals (i.e., molecules with unpaired electrons), in chemistry, to identify reaction pathways, as well as in biology and medicine for tagging biological spin probes.
		This experiment has two purposes: first, to familiarize the student with the generation and transmission of microwave signals; and second, to measure the magnetic moment of the electron.
	www2.physics.utoronto.ca /~phy326/esr (113 words)

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