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Topic: Electron transfer

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	Scientists offer new view of photosynthesis
		The Biodesign researches use an ultrafast laser facility to capture 'snapshots' of the electron transfer at femtosecond rates, or a fifteen millionth of a second.
		This way of representing the electron transfer process successfully captured the contribution of the protein movements to the rate of the reaction.
		The scientists were then able to quantitatively model the effect of the mutations on the initial rate of photosynthetic electron transfer and answer questions that had been haunting them for 20 years.
	www.chemlin.net /news/2007/may2007/photosynthetic-reaction-center.htm (1266 words)

	Lecture 19, Factors determining rates of electron transfer
		In the electron transfer context, an adiabatic process is one in which no quantum jump occurs, - the electron lingers at the barrier, and the curves representing the two states smooth to form a continuum, with a quasi-state at the top of the activation barrier.
		This is the energy required to transfer the electron from the bottom of the energy profile of the acceptor (product) state up to the energy profile of the acceptor state in the same nuclear configuration as the energy minimum of the donor state.
		The benefits of the Born effect and of participation of large conjugate ring structures in electron transfer are dependent on the quantum-mechanical properties of the electron.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /crofts/bioph354/lect19.html (2616 words)

	Electron transport chain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When electron transfer is hindered (by a high membrane potential, point mutations or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A), Complex III may leak electrons to oxygen resulting in the formation of a superoxide.
		In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from a high-energy electron donor (e.g.
		The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation of protons across a membrane, producing a proton gradient.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electron_transfer_chain (3235 words)

	Electron Transfer
		Electron transfer, the process of moving an electron from one place to another, is vital to almost all chemical systems.
		Electron transfer proteins are specially designed to do their jobs in a fast and efficient manner, and are often more efficient then any man-made counterparts.
		This change in electronic structure distributes the removal of the electron over a larger volume, thus decreasing the energy required to remove an electron and allowing the process to happen more quickly.
	www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu /research/electransfer_summary.html (259 words)

	Access Features - Giving Electrons a Nudge - One at a Time
		Electron transfer -- transferring an electron from Point A to Point B to Point C -- sounds simple.
		One reason is that the study of the movement of single electrons in electron transfer is still relatively new.
		That same electron craving makes molecules with an odd number of electrons highly unstable, likely to react with the first molecule that passes by, and thus difficult to study.
	access.ncsa.uiuc.edu /CoverStories/ElectronTransfer/index.html (573 words)

	Electrochemistry Dictionary
		Electrons will be flowing through the external circuit (from the anode or negative electrode to the cathode or positive electrode) producing a current, and nitrate anions will diffuse through the separator.
		In contrast, in the spontaneous electrochemical reaction in a galvanic cell the hydrogen is oxidized at the anode by transferring electrons to the anode and the oxygen is reduced at the cathode by accepting electrons from the cathode.
		The hydrogen is oxidized at the anode by transferring electrons to the anode and the oxygen is reduced at the cathode by accepting electrons from the cathode.
	electrochem.cwru.edu /ed/dict.htm (11070 words)

	Photosynthesis
		Many antenna pigments transfer their light energy to a single reaction center by having this energy "hop" to another antenna pigment, and yet to another, etc., until the energy is "trapped" in the reaction center.
		However, in particular the first part of photosynthetic electron transfer in plants is rather sensitive to overly high rates of electron transfer, and part of the photosynthetic electron transport chain may be shut down when the light intensity is too high; this phenomenon is known as photoinhibition.
		Electron flow from water to NADP requires light and is coupled to generation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane.
	photoscience.la.asu.edu /photosyn/education/photointro.html (5304 words)

	Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain
		The mitochondiral electron transport chain consists of a series of metalloproteins bound to the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
		These groups are embedded in large membrane-bound proteins, and the passage of electrons through them is coupled to the transport of protons across the membrane, from the interior matrix space of the mitochondria to the intermembrane space.
		Electron transfer between these complexes is accomplished by the mobile coenzymes ubiquinone (in the lipid membrane, from Complexes I and II to Complex III) and cytochrome c (in the intermembrane space, from Complex III to Complex IV).
	people.ok.ubc.ca /wsmcneil/bio/electronchain.htm (1737 words)

	Modeling of electron transfer in DNA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The elucidation of the mechanisms of charge transfer in biomacromolecules is currently one of the most important problems of molecular biophysics and biochemistry, which is dealt with in a number of experimental works.
		Excess electrons (anion-radicals) or holes (cation-radicals) can be introduced into a DNA either due to photoexcitation upon exposure of the molecule to ultraviolet radiation or as a result of chemical reactions, for example, intercalation of some special molecular complexes.
		However, of specific interest is the study of the transfer of electrons and holes along a chain of base pairs, since the motion of radicals along a DNA molecule resulting in its destruction may possibly play a crucial role in the processes of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis.
	skms.impb.psn.ru /ls00_e.php (539 words)

	[No title]
		The pulsed discharge electron capture detector is an extension of the previously discussed pulsed discharge helium ionization detector, a diagram of which is shown in figure 44.
		Optimization of the use of limited energy and adjustment of the synthesis of metabolites to their rate of use in the Calvin cycle is achieved in part by a redistribution of energy between PSII-dependent and PSII-independent electron transfer routes (15, 57, 58).
		After the addition of the 4s electrons and before the addition of the 4p electrons, the sequence goes back to the third energy level to insert electrons in a d shell.
	www.lycos.com /info/electron.html (659 words)

	Electron Transfer Reactions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Electron transfer reactions may occur by either of both of two mechanisms: outer or inner sphere mechanisms.
		In principle all outer sphere mechanism involves electron transfer from reductant to oxidant with the coordination shells or spheres of each staying intact.
		An inner sphere mechanism is one in which the reactant and oxidant share a ligand in their inner or primary coordination spheres the electron being transferred across a bridging group.
	www.chem.ox.ac.uk /icl/dermot/mechanism1/lecture3/default.html (110 words)

	Long-range electron transfer in proteins
		The problem of long-range electron transfer in biological systems is intensively studied in molecular biology both experimentally and theoretically with regard, for example, to the electron transfer in the reaction center of photosynthesis, respiratory chain of electron transport, etc.
		In the papers /6/, /14/, /19/ the problem of long-range electron transfer is treated using the model of self-consistent electron extended states in proteins.
		The spectroscopic experiments with metal containing heme proteins are accounted for by the properties of heme wave functions of the electron, while the electron transfer is explained by the characteristics of self-consistent extended states.
	skms.impb.psn.ru /ls01_e.php (220 words)

	Electron Transfer Factors in Psychosis and Dyskinesia
		An electron -donor may be described as a substance which shares an electron (or rather a statistical part of one) in a -charge-transfer complex with an electron acceptor.
		Another common property of strong electron donors is their ability to act as cofactors for certain oxidative enzymes, either by maintaining a transition-series metal in the reduced state at an active site or by providing activated oxygen as an' electron acceptor (29).
		The fact that PGP is a lipoprotein and that higher concentrations of electron donor tend to suppress its activity suggests that the electron donor may be catalyzing an oxidation, for example, to a lipid free radical.
	www.drproctor.com /rev/72rev.htm (3806 words)

	Electron Transfer Interaction of Dihydroxyquinones with Amine Quenchers: Dependence of the Quenching Kinetics on the ...
		Electron Transfer Interaction of Dihydroxyquinones with Amine Quenchers: Dependence of the Quenching Kinetics on the Aliphatic and Aromatic Nature of the Amine Donors6
		Electron transfer (ET) is one of the most fundamental reactions in chemistry and biology, and has been the subject of extensive experimental and theoretical research for the last many years (1-14).
		Because of the presence of the quinone moiety, these compounds are also good electron acceptors and have widely been used in studying the reduced radical characteristics (33-37) and also to investigate ET processes under both intramolecular and intermolecular conditions (38-41).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3931/is_200401/ai_n9361275 (965 words)

	Electron transfer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electron transfer (ET) is the process by which an electron moves from one atom or molecule to another atom or molecule.
		In heterogeneous electron transfer an electron is moved between a chemical species and a solid-state electrode.
		The first generally accepted theory of ET was developed by Rudolph A. Marcus to address outer-sphere electron transfer and was based on a transition-state theory approach.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electron_transfer (617 words)

	Electron Transfer Kinetics of Redox Centers on SAMs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		A variety of electrochemical methods are used to measure rate constants of electron transfer as a function of overpotential (potential minus formal potential).
		This observation is consistent with electron tunneling between the redox centers and the electrodes.
		Theory suggests that the electronic coupling between the redox centers and the electrode is through-bond rather than through-space.
	www.chem.wvu.edu /hfinklea/index_kinetics.html (654 words)

	Electron Transfer Reactions and Electrochemistry Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Reduction is a gain of electrons, oxidation is a loss of electrons, and electron transfer reactions are also called redox reactions.
		Electron transfer is spontaneous when the standard reduction potential of the reducing agent is more negative than that of the oxidizing agent.
		Electrons transfer spontaneously from a reducing agent that is above and to the right of the oxidizing agent.
	www.pearsoncustom.com /wertz/a_cd/cams/html/c11_electro/summary.html (859 words)

	Access Features - Giving Electrons a Nudge - One at a Time
		Wheeler's calculations of electron transfer are not limited to photosynthesis.
		However, they also inhibit electron transfer in a related reaction, and that slowdown is what can have negative effects.
		Better knowledge on how electron transfer occurs could lead to a drug that targets only the protein responsible for the inflammation and leaves the other reaction untouched.
	www.ncsa.uiuc.edu /News/Access/Stories/ElectronTransfer/ETCaption5.html (237 words)

	Electricity -- Transfer of Electrons
		There are three different ways to transfer electrons from one object to another.
		Friction is the transfer of electrons to another object by rubbing something against something else.
		Conduction is the transfer of electrons to another object by direct contact.
	www.castagno.com /electricity/transfer.html (100 words)

	InterPro: IPR001308 Electron transfer flavoprotein, alpha subunit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Electron transfer flavoproteins (ETFs) serve as specific electron acceptors for primary dehydrogenases, transferring the electrons to terminal respiratory systems.
		Q99LC5 Electron transfer flavoprotein subunit alpha, mitochondrial precursor (Alpha-ETF)
		The compound, which is bound, may be a required co-factor for a chemical reaction, be involved in electron transport or be involved in protein structure modification.
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR001308 (3164 words)

	Electron Transfer in Modified DNA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Electron transfer is an important energy transfer system present in plants and animals and is essential to oxidative metabolism.
		Photochemically induced electron transfer is a process most reminiscent to photosynthesis and much remains to be understood about the structural and mechanistic details of this important phenomena that sustains life on our planet.
		New DNA structures are being assembled that have chromophore electron donor substituients covalently attached at one end of a DNA sequence and an electron acceptor attached to the other end (Figure 1).
	www2.ncsu.edu /ncsu/chemistry/eaton/electrontrans/electrontrans.html (554 words)

	Electron Transfer Chain
		Electrons pass through a series of iron-sulfur centers, and are eventually transferred to coenzyme Q. Coenzyme Q accepts 2 e
		The four electrons are transferred into the complex one at a time from cytochrome c.
		Proton pumping linked to electron transfer in complex IV will be discussed separately.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/redox.htm (1414 words)

	Thermodynamics of electron transfer in Escherichia coli cytochrome bo3 -- Schultz and Chan 95 (20): 11643 -- ...
		quinol are transferred from the membrane to the extramembranous
		The first postulate of the ion-pump model is that the electron transfer from the quinol substrate to the enzyme occurs by
		In the Q-cycle, the one-electron oxidation of the
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/20/11643 (4186 words)

	Electron Transfer from the Rieske Iron-Sulfur Protein (ISP) to Cytochrome f in Vitro. IS A GUIDED TRAJECTORY OF THE ISP ...
		Electron Transfer from the Rieske Iron-Sulfur Protein (ISP) to Cytochrome f in Vitro.
		The inference that electron transfer mediated by the ISP in the
		electron transfer in vitro are inefficient because of the absence
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/277/44/41865 (4704 words)

	Glossary - E
		Complex IV is the terminus of the electron transfer chain, consuming oxygen and making water.
		Cytochrome c is also an essential part of the electron transfer chain.
		It is a soluble protein loosely associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane, and transfers electrons between Complexes III and IV.
	www.sci.uidaho.edu /bionet/biol115/glossary/wordlist/ewords.htm (561 words)

	Access Features - Giving Electrons a Nudge - One at a Time
		The machinery of photosynthesis is remarkable in that it stabilizes otherwise unstable molecules and provides a "laboratory" to track electron transfer.
		After the first electron is transferred from the chlorophyll to the first quinone, the protein nuzzles the quinone, forming a weak bond between the protein's hydrogen atoms and the quinone's oxygen atoms.
		What makes this such a difficult problem is that as the electron shuffles from chlorophyll to quinone to quinone, it's also changing the molecules' shapes and electronic properties.
	www.ncsa.uiuc.edu /News/Access/Stories/ElectronTransfer/ET2blk.html (236 words)

	Studies of Electron Transfer Dynamics at Semiconductor-Liquid Interfaces
		Electron density trapped in a redox species (solvated) next to a semiconductor-liquid interface.
		This is a snapshot of a dynamic electron transfer simulation, and is a cross section through the 3D system.
		Smith and A. Nozik, "Theoretical studies of electron transfer and electron localization at the semiconductor-liquid interface," J. Phys.
	www.nersc.gov /news/annual_reports/annrep98/nozik.html (450 words)

	IngentaConnect Exocellular electron transfer in anaerobic microbial communities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Anaerobic microorganisms that use insoluble electron acceptors for growth, such as iron- and manganese-oxide as well as inert graphite electrodes in microbial fuel cells, also transfer electrons exocellularly.
		There are fundamental differences but also similarities between electron transfer to another microorganism or to an insoluble electron acceptor.
		The physical separation of the electron donor and electron acceptor metabolism allows energy conservation in compounds as methane and hydrogen or as electricity.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bsc/emi/2006/00000008/00000003/art00001 (295 words)

	Electron Transfer Proteins 1-3
		Often the metal-containing electron transport proteins are closely associated with, or a part of, an enzyme and in these cases the EC numbers - as far as is unambiguously known - are also listed.
		These electron carriers catalyse electron transfers within the enzyme, and participate in overall reaction mechanisms which may be quite complex and are still subject to clarification.
		When the electron transfer protein contains more than one redox-active prosthetic group, this should be indicated as follows: the group reacting with the physiological electron donor should be listed first and the group reacting with the physiological electron acceptor should be listed last.
	www.chem.qmul.ac.uk /iubmb/etp/etp1t3.html (1531 words)

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