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Topic: Electronic Fetal Monitoring

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	[Clinical Preventive Services] Intrapartum Electronic Fetal Monitoring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring can detect at least some cases of fetal distress, and it is often used for routine monitoring of women in labor.
		With electronic fetal monitoring combined with scalp blood sampling, the relative risk of intrapartum death was 0.81 (95% confidence interval, 0.22 to 2.98) and of perinatal death was 0.98 (95% confidence interval, 0.58 to 1.64) when compared to intermittent auscultation.
		In addition to the maternal risks associated with electronic fetal monitoring, including increased rates of cesarean or operative vaginal (e.g., forceps) delivery, general anesthesia and maternal infection, and the possible increased risk of adverse neonatal neurologic outcome, increased use of this technology is associated with increased costs of labor care.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /texts/gcps/gcps0049.html (1979 words)

	Electronic Fetal Monitoring \| aHealthyAdvantage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) is performed late in pregnancy or continuously during labor to ensure normal delivery of a healthy baby.
		Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) is a method for examining the condition of a baby in the uterus by noting any unusual changes in its heart rate.
		Electronic fetal monitoring is performed late in pregnancy or continuously during labor to ensure normal delivery of a healthy baby.
	www.ahealthyadvantage.com /topic/topic100586756 (1556 words)

	Electronic Fetal Monitoring - It's Time Has Not Yet Come
		OBJECTIVE: To measure the frequency with which electronic fetal monitoring was used for childbirth in United States hospitals in the 1980s and to examine variation in use according to risk factors at labor onset.
		After monitoring, predictions of 5-minute Apgar scores and arterial cord pH were significantly more accurate, and clinicians' confidence in their predictions increased significantly in both the electronic fetal monitoring and the auscultation groups.
		The incidence of cerebral palsy was higher in the electronically monitored group--20 percent as compared with 8 percent in the group that was monitored by auscultation (P less than 0.03).
	www.changesurfer.com /Hlth/EFM.html (3422 words)

	Electronic Fetal Heart Monitoring
		Electronic fetal heart monitoring is done during pregnancy, labor, and delivery to monitor the heart rate of your baby (fetus) and the strength and duration of the contractions of your uterus.
		Home monitoring of uterine contractions is sometimes done to help determine whether you are at risk for preterm labor and are having early labor contractions (at 20 to 36 weeks of the pregnancy).
		Monitor your baby's health if you have diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension), delayed fetal growth, or are over 41 weeks pregnant.
	my.webmd.com /hw/being_pregnant/hw214546.asp (1974 words)

	Monitoring FAQ - Childbirth.org
		Fetal monitoring is defined as watching the baby's heart rate for indicators of stress, usually during labor and birth.
		Electronic Fetal Monitoring: This is an ultrasound device used during labor and birth, or during certain testing (non-stress test, contraction stress test, etc.) to record the baby's heart rate, and sometimes mother's contractions.
		Internal Fetal Monitoring: It is an internal monitoring with an electrode attached to the baby's head to record heart tones, and a pressure catheter to record contractions.
	www.childbirth.org /articles/efmfaq.html (2948 words)

	Electronic Fetal Monitoring - Just Say No!
		The protective effect of EFM for a 1-minute Apgar score less than 4 was apparent only in the non-United States studies, and the protective effect for neonatal seizures was evident only in studies with high-quality scores.
		Because of the increase in cesarean and operative vaginal deliveries, the long-term benefit of this reduction must be evaluated in the decision reached jointly by the pregnant woman and her clinician to use EFM or intermittent auscultation during labor.
		The apparent contradiction between the widespread use of EFM and expert recommendations to limit routine use indicates that a reassessment of this practice is warranted.
	www.changesurfer.com /Acad/EFM.html (4534 words)

	Episodic Electronic Fetal Monitoring
		Use of either system of electronic fetal monitoring permits the community-based midwife to expand the parameters of her care and interface with the obstetrical community in a way more satisfactory to physicians.
		EFM does the math and prints out the pattern, which is one of the reasons that it is so popular in the medical community.
		One of the known hazards of EFM is its propensity to use the body of the deceased baby as a transmitter for the maternal pulse.
	www.collegeofmidwives.org /prac_issues01/efm99a.htm (8407 words)

	Electronic Fetal Monitoring
		Furthermore, outcomes are the same regardless of whether fetal distress is managed operatively or conservatively.6,7 Because intervention that is chosen on the basis of the fetal heart rate does not seem to improve outcomes, it is possible that we should not be monitoring by any method.
		Studies that show intermittent auscultation to be equivalent or better than EFM had 1:1 ratios of nurses to patients and fetal heart tones were assessed every 15 to 30 minutes during the first stage of labor and every five minutes in the second stage.
		Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) during labor remains a controversial procedure because it continues the "medicalization" of the normal birth process (McRae, 1999).
	onyx-ii.com /birthsong/efm.html (1745 words)

	Electronic Fetal Heart Monitoring - [Medical Test]
		Electronic fetal heart monitoring is done during pregnancy, labour, and delivery to monitor the heart rate of your baby (fetus) and the strength and duration of the contractions of your uterus.
		A non-stress test may be combined with a fetal ultrasound to evaluate the amount of your amniotic fluid.
		Home monitoring of uterine contractions is sometimes done to help determine whether you are at risk for preterm labour and are having early labour contractions (at 20 to 36 weeks of the pregnancy).
	www.bchealthguide.org /kbase/topic/medtest/hw214546/descrip.htm (604 words)

	Why is electronic fetal monitoring used?
		Fetal monitoring for many years was accomplished by listening to an infant’s heartbeat through a stethoscope.
		The theory of fetal monitors is the detection of early infant distress.
		Fetal Monitors are used during cesarean births and premature births.
	nm.essortment.com /childbirthfetal_riip.htm (548 words)

	Fetal monitoring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Continuous electronic heart rate monitoring for fetal assessment during labor The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2000 Thacker SB [Nine studies involving 18,561 women and their 18,695 infants were included.
		Randomised controlled trial of [intermittent] intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring BMJ 1994 Feb 19;308(6927):497-500 Mahomed K [Abnormalities in fetal heart rate were detected in 54% of the electronic monitoring group, 32% of the ultrasonography group, and 9% of the routine monitoring group.
		N Engl J Med 1990 Mar 1;322(9):588-93 Shy KK, Luthy DA The incidence of cerebral palsy was higher in the electronically monitored group--20 percent as compared with 8 percent in the group that was monitored by auscultation (P less than 0.03).
	home.att.net /~rkaris/efm.htm (1240 words)

	Electronic fetal monitoring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The fetal monitor is a fancier version of the machine that a health care provider uses to listen to a baby's heartbeat.
		Fetal monitoring is the best test available to evaluate an unborn baby, and it is almost the only test that can be used to make sure that a baby is doing well during labor.
		During pregnancy, fetal monitoring can be used as a part of antepartum testing.
	www.chclibrary.org /micromed/00046520.html (1127 words)

	Electronic fetal monitoring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		An electronic method of determining the baby's heart rate, the strength and length of contractions and the reaction of the baby to those contractions.
		Research has shown that electronic fetal monitoring is of no benefit in normal labours but significantly increases the chances of a caesarian section or forceps delivery.
		Fetal distress may result from the application of the electrode or from the results of rupturing the membranes prematurely.
	www.acegraphics.com.au /parents/obstetric/electronic.html (486 words)

	Fetal Monitoring
		Fetal monitoring is by and large done electronically in birthing facilities.
		Continuous electronic fetal monitoring does limit your mobility regarding walking around, however, if you are able, sitting up in a chair or on the side of the bed with your legs supported are options to staying confined to the bed.
		External fetal monitoring means that the baby's heartbeat is detected by placing a small round ultrasound (high-speed sound waves) disc with ultrasound gel on your abdomen and held in place by a lightweight stretchable band or belt.
	babies.sutterhealth.org /laboranddelivery/ld_fm.html (568 words)

	Electronic Fetal Monitoring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		EFM can be done externally, by using 2 sensors, strapped to the mother's belly -- one measures uterine contractions and the other measures the heartrate via doppler.
		EFM can also be done internally, via a pressure catheter inserted in the uterus to detect contractions and a small electrode that is "screwed" into the baby's scalp, to detect the heartrate.
		If the hospital doesn't have telemetry (remote) EFM units, she has to be unplugged and the re-plugged anytime she wants to leave the immediate vicinity of the monitor equipment (say, to use the bathroom).
	www.chickenpatty.org /~gretchen/efm.html (1959 words)

	Electronic Fetal Monitorw
		Electronic monitors, attached to the mother by large belts strapped around her abdomen, continuously print out a record of both the fetal heartbeat and the strength, duration, and frequency of the uterine contractions, so that deviations from normal patterns can be identified.
		electronic fetal monitor so questionable is that acceptable degrees of variation in the fetal heart rate have never been firmly established.
		In contrast, in Pat's response to the fetal monitor, as well as in her demand for the enema and her earlier conversion of the wheelchair to a luggage cart, we can observe that by maintaining conceptual distance from the technocratic model, Pat is able to avoid conceptual fusion with the messages sent by obstetrical procedures.
	www.birthpsychology.com /messages/efm/efm.html (1352 words)

	CTF Full Text Review: Electronic Fetal Monitoring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The widespread, increased use of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) prompted the Task Force in 1989 to examine the evidence regarding the effectiveness of this procedure in the prevention of intrapartum asphyxia and its consequences.
		Sampling of blood from the fetal scalp and monitoring of uterine contraction pressure by placement of a sensor in the uterine cavity are adjuncts to internal monitoring.
		There is fair evidence to exclude EFM from routine intrapartum care in low-risk pregnancies (D Recommendation) because studies have consistently shown no benefit in reducing the risk of perinatal complications and death, whereas they have shown an increased rate of cesarean section and other operative procedures among those monitored.
	www.ctfphc.org /Full_Text/Ch15full.htm (1602 words)

	Women's Health Advisor 2005.2: External Electronic Fetal Monitoring
		Electronic fetal monitoring measures the baby's heart rate and the mother's contractions during labor.
		Continuous fetal monitoring is used during labor in all high-risk pregnancies.
		In low-risk pregnancies, monitors may be used for about 20 minutes at the start of labor, for a few minutes each hour, or all the time.
	www.med.umich.edu /1libr/wha/wha_fetmon_crs.htm (564 words)

	Electronic fetal monitoring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A fetal monitor registers the baby's heartbeat before it is born and can pick up any signs of distress during the process of labor and delivery.
		External fetal monitoring can be conducted intermittently to allow the mother freedom to change positions and walk around.
		The latest type of electronic fetal monitoring uses radio waves to transmit the data to the monitor, thus eliminating the wires and connections and allowing the mother to be more mobile.
	www.harthosp.org /HealthInfo/scripts/scr0104.htm (241 words)

	[No title]
		Burden of Suffering Intrapartum fetal asphyxia is an important cause of stillbirth and neonatal death.
		Meta-analyses combining these three studies confirm little benefit from monitoring on adverse neurologic outcomes.31,32 Any potential benefit of intrapartum monitoring must be weighed against the potential risks associated both with diagnostic procedures and operative interventions for fetal distress.
		CLINICAL INTERVENTION Routine electronic fetal monitoring is not recommended for low-risk women in labor when adequate clinical monitoring including intermittent auscultation by trained staff is available ("D" recommendation).
	odphp.osophs.dhhs.gov /pubs/GUIDECPS/text/CH39.txt (1785 words)

	NGC - NGC Summary
		B - Continuous electronic fetal monitoring should be used where oxytocin is being used for induction or augmentation of labour.
		Any intrapartum events that may affect the fetal heart rate should be noted contemporaneously on the electronic fetal monitoring trace, signed and the date and time noted (e.g.
		The electronic fetal monitoring trace should be stored securely with the maternal notes at the end of the monitoring process.
	www.guideline.gov /summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2952 (2224 words)

	Internal Electronic Fetal Monitor
		The physiological risks of internal monitoring to both mother and infant are severe, extending far beyond the contraindicated supine position that this procedure necessitates.
		Many mothers leave the hospital firmly convinced that electronic monitoring saved their babies from otherwise certain death caused by cord prolapse when in fact it was the monitoring (and prerequisite amniotomy) that caused the prolapse in the first place.
		To the profound message of the external monitor, the internal fetal monitor adds an equally profound footnote: your baby is a technocratic artifact too.
	www.birthpsychology.com /messages/intefm/intefm.html (487 words)

	Electronic Fetal Monitoring Certification Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Advanced concepts in fetal monitoring will be presented in order to build upon the nurse’s basic knowledge of fetal monitoring interpretation.
		Incorporate knowledge of current standards of practice and legal principles into the nursing care of the woman and her fetus while performing electronic fetal monitoring.
		She is certified in inpatient obstetrics, maternal/child and electronic fetal monitoring through the National Certification Corporation.
	www.methodistcollege.edu /conted/ceofferings/electronicfetmon.htm (432 words)

	Fetal Monitoring
		This tutorial aims to "concisely describe the concept of fetal distress and summarise the forms of monitoring that can be used during labour." Topics covered include use of fetal monitoring, fetal distress, meconium, fetal heart rate auscultation, cardiotocography (CTG), and fetal blood sampling (FBS).
		This guideline on the use and interpretation of cardiotocography in intrapartum fetal surveillance is based on evidence taken from literature, randomised controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
		The guideline covers the development of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM), EFM research recommendations, indications for the use of continuous EFM, care of women, appropriate monitoring in an uncomplicated pregnancy, interpretation of EFM, additional tests and therapies used in combination with EFM, education and training, risk management and the use of EFM, and audit standards.
	omni.ac.uk /browse/mesh/D005323.html (1096 words)

	Electronic Fetal Monitoring (EFM) During Labor
		At the time EFM was introduced in the 1950s, physicians felt
		EFM is a convenient and accurate means to determine the status
		EFM is an accurate means to determine whether the fetus
	www.enursescribe.com /fetal.htm (627 words)

	Electronic Fetal Monitoring (EFM) Clinical Crossword (c)
		Garite, T.J. Evaluating fetal hypoxia with pulse oximetry.
		Nesbitt, B. The pitfalls of fetal monitoring, Interview with Barry Schifrin, MD, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, San Antonio, Texas, March, 1999.
		Nurse educators and staff educators: Feel free to distribute this puzzle in your classes, as long as you distribute our URL, http://www.eNurseScribe.com, and copyright with the puzzle.
	www.enursescribe.com /fetalcross.htm (237 words)

	Monitoring Resources - Childbirth.org
		nce again there are many different opinions about Fetal Monitoring.
		This page will attempt to put some of these thoughts on line for people to be able to make informed decisions about their care, including their choice of monitoring during labor and birth.
		Simple Fetal Monitoring in Labor by the World Health Organization
	www.childbirth.org /articles/efm.html (72 words)

	Electronic Fetal Heart Monitoring - Test Overview of Augusta, Georgia
		Electronic Fetal Heart Monitoring - Test Overview of Augusta, Georgia
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	www.universityhealth.org /19635.cfm (727 words)

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