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Topic: Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting

	ERMA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		ERMA, for Electronic Recording Machine-Accounting, was a pioneering computer development project run at SRI under contract to Bank of America in order to automate banking bookkeeping.
		Bank of America's checking accounts were growing at a rate of 23,000 per month and banks were being forced to close their doors by 2:00PM to finish daily postings.
		ERMA machines were replaced with newer equipment in the early 1970s.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/e/er/erma.html (826 words)

	Charles Babbage Institute: RESEARCH PROGRAM> Current research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Together with SABRE and payroll, ERMA, developed in the 1950s, is one of the earliest user-directed centralized application systems.
		ERMA has been called the “biggest single advance in the history of banking.” The system not only allowed commercial banking to boom throughout the 1950s and 1960s, it also gradually transformed banking operation and services.
		The original ERMA, installed in the San Jose branch of Bank of America, in 1955, was a centralized bookkeeping application.
	www.cbi.umn.edu /shp/entries/erma.html (1810 words)

	Electronic Voting with an Audit Trail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Electronic voting (e-voting) machines are intended to streamline the voting process, making it easier for voters to register their votes and for vote counters to count the votes.
		Electronic components can fail, mechanical components can fail, the software controlling the system can have defects, and there is the possibility of electronic tampering with the software.
		If the software that records the votes on the media or the software that reads the media and displays the results has a flaw, whether by mistake or by malice, the media will all agree but the votes recorded will not match those actually entered by voters.
	home.earthlink.net /~bmeacham01/evote/EvotingUseCase_v0_01.htm (1647 words)

	electronic vote and Democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Electronic elections implement the 1:N relation scheme where 1 stands for the electoral service and N stands for the electors which, one by one, cast in secret their votes directely to 1.
		It is technically possible to fraudulently act at every level of the electronic polling mechanism: at the local computers in the polling stations, during the transmission of the votes to the organisation and at the central computer itself.
		This is the worst kind of electronic vote since, in addidion to the risks of the electronic vote and those associated with the Internet, it gives the possibility a person´s vote might be expressed under duress, with gangsters actually standing behind the voter.
	www.electronic-vote.org /details_all_en.php (2370 words)

	SRI International: the SRI ERMA Project: Introduction
		ERMA, which then stood for Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting, was a project sponsored by the Bank of America from 1950 through about 1955 to explore the automation of check handling and posting.
		By the time ERMA had run its course, it had revolutionized the world banking system and made the automation of checking accounts practical and reliable.
		ERMA qualified for this prestigious award through its two major contributions: the use of account numbers instead of names to process checks and balances, and the use of a magnetic-ink reading system that permits the automatic reading and computerized posting of checks in spite of the abuses they receive in the handling and canceling process.
	www.sri.com /about/ermastory.html (190 words)

	The Battle to Define the Future of the Book in the Digital World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		They can't take into account why you are making the copy, or who else gets to see or use the copy; they can only control the making of copies and (at best) the number of copies of a work that are permitted to exist.
		The cost of keeping material "in print" electronically for delivery or print on demand is small (although the tax and accounting implications have yet to be fully resolved, as far as I know), at least until the material must negotiate a format and standards transition, at which point an investment is necessary.
		The privacy implications here are substantial, particularly if one is skeptical about the confidentiality of the records of transactions with publishers and booksellers in a world where many more such records exist and may even be remarketed or sold as assets [36].
	www.firstmonday.dk /issues/issue6_6/lynch (20337 words)

	ERMA Proposal ICB-1100101
		The entry of account number by automatic means is in process for ERMA I. This should be retained for ERMA but in addition the amount should be coded at previous verification stations and also entered into ERMA IA by character sensing.
		Drums are employed in ERMA I to store input data and to provide rapid determination of overdrafts, stop-payments etc. The two large drums and their associated equipment form an expensive portion of the overall machine.
		The first two uses are directly applicable to ERMA IA and the vacuum tube and transistor requirements may be greatly reduced, while increasing the reliability of the remaining components.
	www.smecc.org /erma_proposal_icb-1100101.htm (2926 words)

	E-commerce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Until the 1960s Electronic Recording Machine Accounting (ERMA) that applied computers to the commercial applications was introduced.
		Digital or electronic cash (e-cash): these terms refer to any of several patterns that allow a person to pay for goods or services by transmitting a number from one computer to another.
		Electronic wallet: a payment scheme that keeps credit card numbers on the hard disk in an encrypted form.
	members.tripod.com /Satta_Krit/engr923/ecommerc.htm (961 words)

	NGC - NGC Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		B - Continuous electronic fetal monitoring should be used where oxytocin is being used for induction or augmentation of labour.
		The electronic fetal monitoring trace should be stored securely with the maternal notes at the end of the monitoring process.
		This record is kept on file at the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG).
	www.guideline.gov /summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2952 (2399 words)

	Employee Benefits Alert March 1998: IRS Issues Guidance on Maintenance of Electronic Tax Records
		Records generally must be kept until the expiration of the statute of limitations for the tax year to which they apply (i.e., generally three years after the date on which the tax return is filed, but increasing to six years in certain cases).
		Machine-sensible records must provide sufficient information to support and verify the entries made on the taxpayer's return and the taxpayer must be able to verify that the machine-sensible records reconcile with the taxpayers books and tax return.
		All machine-sensible records required to be retained in accordance with the Revenue Procedure must be made available to the IRS upon request and must be capable of being processed (i.e., able to be retrieved, manipulated, printed on paper, and used to produce output on electronic media).
	www.ssbb.com /eba398.html (1120 words)

	Powerful Government Accounting Office report confirms key 2004 stolen election findings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Jesse Jackson, among others, has asserted that "public elections must not be conducted on privately-owned machines." The CEO of one of the most crucial suppliers of electronic voting machines, Warren O'Dell of Diebold, pledged before the 2004 campaign to deliver Ohio and thus the presidency to George W. Bush.
		Some electronic voting machines "did not encrypt cast ballots or system audit logs, thus making it possible to alter them without detection." In other words, the GAO now confirms that electronic voting machines provided an open door to flip an entire vote count.
		But the GAO report now confirms that electronic voting machines as deployed in 2004 were in fact perfectly engineered to allow a very small number of partisans with minimal computer skills and equipment to shift enough votes to put George W. Bush back in the White House.
	www.opednews.com /articles/opedne_bob_fitr_051027_powerful_government_.htm (1397 words)

	Lost Electronic Votes in New Mexico: A Cautionary Tale by Dan Keating
		But the missing votes in Rio Arriba County show that even in the finest electronic voting systems — New Mexico holds itself out as a leader after a decade of experience — serious miscounts that could sway elections can occur if the computerized machines are not correctly programmed.
		With many states making moves to electronic voting machines this year, critics of the new technology say it is fraught with the potential for fraud.
		Critics have said the machines are not perfect and are subject to deliberate tampering, but the experience in Rio Arriba County shows that simple, benign mistakes in programming can lead to results being wildly off.
	www.ejfi.org /Voting/Voting-32.htm (1218 words)

	SRI team honored for inventing electronic banking (April 25, 2001) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Twenty-five of the original "ERMA" team were on hand March 21 on the SRI campus in Menlo Park to receive the Weldon G. Gibson Achievement Award for "ERMA," one of SRI's greatest innovations.
		With this technology, the bank was trying to cope with the spurt of post-World War II growth that was bringing it 23,000 new accounts each month.
		ERMA, which automatically updated and posted checking accounts, and allowed multiple workers in a branch bank to check accounts.
	www.almanacnews.com /morgue/2001/2001_04_25.sri.html (331 words)

	History of Computing Industrial Era 1958 - 1964
		In Japan the parametron computer PC-1 is constructed, shown is the machine in the spring of 1958 when it was operating but not yet completed.
		The IBM 7090 machine was the the first fully transistorized mainframes built in series.
		The 1620 machine is supported by an arithmetic unit that uses a decimal table-look-up instead of binary adders.
	www.thocp.net /timeline/1958.htm (2460 words)

	The American Voice 2004 - Ask Dr. Dave - Answer - Electronic Voting Machines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Nevada is the only state that by law is requiring all DRE machines to have the capacity to print a voter verifiable paper audit trail in the November election.
		A recount of the ballots recorded by the machines is meaningless in this case, because the machines provide no indication of voter intention for votes they did not record.
		A General Accounting Office survey found that only two-thirds of jurisdictions check absentee ballots applications against their records to determine whether applicants have previously applied for a ballot by mail.
	www.americanvoice2004.org /askdave/18askdave.html (4411 words)

	ERMA
		And machines for encoding documents with MICR, and machines for reading/sorting documents had to be developed.
		By March, 1959, the machine(s) were processing 50,000 accounts/day and on September 14,1959, the Bank of America declared the system "operational".
		The machines were using the newly developed and newly standard E13B magnetic ink font that GE had developed which was more human readable.
	ed-thelen.org /comp-hist/ERMA.html (1530 words)

	Learning Circuits Glossary
		IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): An organization whose Learning Technology Standards Committee is working to develop technical standards, recommended practices, and guides for computer implementations of education and training systems.
		Section 508: The section of the 1998 Rehabilitation Act that states that all electronic and information technology procured, used, or developed by the federal government after June 25, 2001, must be accessible to people with disabilities.
		Whiteboard: An electronic version of a dry-erase board that enables learners in a virtual classroom to view what an instructor, presenter, or fellow learner writes or draws.
	www.learningcircuits.org /glossary.html (10108 words)

	Key Events in the History of Computing
		The 700 series of machines, including the 704, 709, and eventually the 7090 and 7094, dominated the large mainframe market for the next decade, and brought IBM from computer obscurity to first place in that same time period.
		A decimal, drum memory machine, the 650 was the first to be mass produced though IBM never expected to lease 1000 in the first after its announcement.
		Disregarding CP/M that had been the choice for earlier machines, IBM chose to go in a radically different direction on the marketing assumption (that turned out to be correct) that the purchasers of the PC were a different breed than those who were prepared to build their own system from a kit.
	ei.cs.vt.edu /~history/50th/30.minute.show.html (11722 words)

	[No title]
		Pre-conditions These scenarios all start with the pre-condition that the e-voting machine is in an idle state, waiting for a voter to walk up and start recording votes.
		This could be because the voter made a mistake in registering the votes, or it could be because the voter changes his or her mind upon reading the paper ballot, The voter records his or her votes on the e-voting machine.
		After the Polling Place Closes After the polling place closes, the electronic votes are counted according to the standard procedure for the e-voting system.
	home.earthlink.net /~bmeacham01/evote/EvotingUseCase_v0_01.doc (1908 words)

	PC World - E-Voting States Brace For Problems
		The EFF and other critics of DREs have detailed several past problems with DREs, including machines that have apparently mismarked ballots, and a special election in Florida in January where the machines did not record votes from 134 voters even though there was just a single race in the election.
		Advocates of such a paper trial say it's the only way for voters to ensure that their intention was accurately recorded by the machine, and that those documents are needed to have a valid recount of DRE votes.
		Election officials using DREs say the machines are much easier for voters to use than older voting systems, and they will avoid the sort of problems that plagued Florida in 2000 where election officials spent weeks engaged in a manual recount of faulty punch-cards and where voters were confused by paper ballot designs.
	www.pcworld.com /news/article/0,aid,118205,00.asp (1093 words)

	Jerre Noe Endowed Scholarship
		Beginning in 1950, Jerre - then SRI’s Assistant Director of Engineering - led the technical team of the ERMA (Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting) Project - a joint venture between SRI and Bank of America that laid the cornerstone of modern electronic banking.
		The project resulted in checks with pre-printed account numbers, a check reader and sorter that could process ten checks per second with an error probability of less than 0.00001 percent, and the ERMA prototype, which was the first machine to enable multiple workers within a branch bank to determine account status and validate inputs electronically.
		In March 2001, Jerre and his ERMA team were honored with the Weldon B. Gibson Achievement.
	www.cs.washington.edu /education/ugradscholars/noe.html (269 words)

	Accounting Analyst III
		Files court records using chronological, alphabetical, and numerical filing systems; retrieves and distributes files to court personnel, the public, and attorneys.
		Operates electronic recording machine to record court proceedings.
		Receives and records court revenue and may maintain and prepare other financial records and reports as required.
	www.state.nh.us /judiciary/aoc/hr/ca_ii_pt.htm (526 words)

	Electronic Voting Is Threat to the Constitution
		Thus, without some form of a paper trail, such as the recording on paper of individual votes, it is impossible to verify the results of a computerized tabulation of votes.
		The bills call for a permanent paper record to be created of each vote, which the voter can inspect and verify at the time of casting his ballot.
		The paper records would be securely maintained and would be the official record to be used in a recount.
	larouchepub.com /other/2004/3104elect_voting.html (1894 words)

	Business to Business E-commmerce
		Computers first made their way into commercial applications in the 1960s, with ERMA (the Electronic Recording Machine Accounting).
		By automating the function with ERMA, the first bank to use the computer, Bank of America, reported that nine employees could do the job that previously took 50 people (United States, 1998).
		Companies of all sizes can now communicate with each other electronically, through the public Internet, networks for company-use only (intranets) or for use by a company and its business partners (extranets), and private value-added networks.
	www.ucs.mun.ca /~dgoudie/B8205/history.html (345 words)

	King of the Seven Dwarfs: General Electric's Ambiguous Challenge to the Computer Industry
		The records were given to the Charles Babbage Institute by H.R. Oldfield in January-March, 1996.
		ERMA was to be a checking account bookkeeping system consisting of computers and automated check-handling and sorting equipment.
		After he was relieved from active duty in 1945, Oldfield found employment with GE as a sales manager and later as operations manager in the Electronics Division, and in 1951 became director of the GE Advanced Electronics Center at Cornell University.
	special.lib.umn.edu /findaid/xml/cbi00175.xml (2086 words)

	Lemelson Center: Archives: Computer Oral History Collection
		Primarily photocopies, these materials document the process by which Atanasoff and his colleague, Cliff Berry, created the first automatic electronic digital computer.
		Within the National Museum of American History there are other related collections that may be found in the Division of Information, Technology and Society.
		Artifacts include: digital computing machines, automatic digital computers and electronic calculators, logic devices, card and tape processors, slide rules, integrators and integraphs, harmonic analyzers and synthesizers, differential analyzers, other analog computing devices, space measurement and representation, time measurement, and combination space and time measurement.
	invention.smithsonian.org /resources/fa_comporalhist_index.aspx (1486 words)

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