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Topic: Electronic Road Pricing

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	Road pricing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Road pricing is a generic term for charging for the use of roads using direct methods, charging the users of a specific section of the road network for its use.
		Opposition to road pricing, when coming from the broad political left is largely directed at perceptions of fairness.
		It should also be noted that the current government did not originally float the idea of road user pricing for all UK vehicles; the previous Conservative government were also studying the idea in the 1980s, though principally considering tolling to pay for the construction of motorways rather than to control congestion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Road_pricing (1433 words)

	Electronic Road Pricing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Road users pointed out that the implementation of an ERP gantry along any road simply moves the traffic somewhere else, potentially causing traffic bottlenecks along smaller roads.
		Similarly, the ERP gantry on the East Coast Parkway's west-bound carriageway was said to have led to increased traffic on Geylang Road and Nicoll Highway, where ERP gantries were also placed subsequently.
		The LTA, sensing the displeasure, attempted to alleviate the situation by widening the road between the Pan Island Expressway (PIE) and Braddell Road in 2003, in response to public feedback which frequently attributed the jams to this congested stretch.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electronic_Road_Pricing (992 words)

	Road Pricing: The Case For Or Against
		As road space is a valuable and scarce resource[14] we would argue that it ought to be rationed by a price mechanism.
		In the past, the technical possibilities of road pricing were very limited[15] but with the advent of electronic road pricing, cars no longer have to stop to be charged.
		Road damaging is basically caused by heavy vehicles as the damage to the road pavement increases to the fourth power of the axle load.
	www.maths.tcd.ie /pub/econrev/ser/html/road.html (1629 words)

	Our Cities, Our Cars
		[http://www.vtpi.org/] Theoretically, pricing that reduces congestion (displace journeys away from peak periods) and that reduces pollution (move people to alternative modes) implies setting road prices relative to a combination of where a vehicle drives (congested cores), when a car is driven (rush hours) and what is driven (emission volumes).
		Throughout this literature studies indicate that equitable road pricing, in conjunction with similarly managed parking pricing and pay-as-you-drive (PAYD) insurance, would redistribute traffic away from rush hour peaks and would significantly reduce the number of automotive journeys by 10 to 30%.
		If road pricing is the only feasible, global mechanism to manage congestion and pollution and if it now economically, politically and socially possible to deploy road-pricing, we stand at the threshold of a phenomenal opportunity to address three critical urban problems: lack of funding, congestion and pollution.
	radio.weblogs.com /0118137/stories/2003/11/18/ourCitiesOurCars.html (1024 words)

	The Trondheim Toll Ring : Avoiding the Trolls of Tolls
		The solution was to combine innovative electronic road pricing with increased financing from the central government.
		A manual payment of $2.00 is reduced to $1.60 for electronic tag users in the AM peak period (20% discount), and to $1.20 in off-peak periods (40% discount).
		Europe is expected to adopt a common standard for electronic tags in early 1996.
	www.citebc.ca /Jan96_trondheim.html (1651 words)

	Electronic road pricing - Find The Best Electronic road pricing Resources Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Electronic Road Pricing: Hong Kong - Wilbur Smith Associates are conducting a feasibility study on ERP in Hong Kong.
		Electronic Road Pricing ERP gantry at North Bridge Road The Electronic Road Pricing (ERP, Simplified Chinese : 电子道路收费系统) scheme is an electronic.
		ERP is an electronic system that deducts appropriate charges automatically from the vehicles entering the restricted zone.
	medical-malpractice-attorney.3g6p.com /pgp/medical-malpractice-attorney-electronic-road-pricing.html (635 words)

	Motoring Matters - ERP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) is an electronic system of road pricing based on a pay-as-you-use principle.
		ERP has been effective in maintaining an optimal speed range of 45 to 65 km/h for expressways and 20 to 30 km/h for arterial roads.
		The first road pricing scheme, known as the Area Licensing Scheme (ALS), was introduced in the Restricted Zone (RZ) in 1975.
	www.lta.gov.sg /motoring_matters/motoring_erp.htm (785 words)

	Road Pricing Agenda
		Recognising that road pricing is difficult to justify to voters, the paper contrasts the contexts of Australian cities and cities internationally where road pricing is under consideration or has been implemented (in respect of factors like population density, levels of congestion, price of transport etc).
		Electronic road pricing (ERP) is receiving a lot of attention at a policy level in Australia and internationally.
		The paper reviews: the importance of improved road pricing; its use together with other means for managing the road transport system, options for the use of technology to support the operation of electronic road pricing; and some case studies where ERP has been attempted or is being considered.
	www.transportroundtable.com.au /rpa/abstracts.html (4764 words)

	Online TDM Encyclopedia - Glossary
		Price elasticities are an important indicator of the effects of pricing strategies.
		Electronic Road Pricing: This refers to various electronic systems that collect vehicle tolls, which can reduce or eliminate the need for tollbooths and for vehicles to stop.
		Value Pricing: A synonym for Congestion Pricing that applies when motorists are offered a choice between an unpriced but congested facility, and a Value Priced facility which provides a superior level of service It emphasizes the extra benefits that users receive in exchange for paying a premium.
	www.vtpi.org /tdm/tdm61.htm (1608 words)

	Electronic road pricing in Singapore Road & Transport Research - FindArticles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Electronic road pricing (ERP) became operational in Singapore in September 1998.
		Congestion pricing appears to be twice as effective as petrol price increases in reducing car travel, and would be only similar to petrol price in inducing mode shift to public transport.
		ERP tolls would have to be much higher than the current toll rates if they are to replace VQS completely and maintain the same total revenue.
	www.looksmartmotorcycles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3927/is_199912/ai_n8875414 (347 words)

	Electronic Road Pricing -- The Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) scheme in Singa... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Electronic Road Pricing -- The Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) scheme in Singa...
		The Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) scheme in Singapore is a form of congestion charging through electronic toll collection.
		It was implemented in September 1998 to replace the earlier Singapore Area Licensing Scheme, and is operated by the Land Transport Authority.
	electronic-road-pricing.en.tracking24.net (182 words)

	Congestion charging mechanisms for roads : an evaluation of current practice
		Cordon pricing (as in the Bergen toll ring) can be an effective instrument for charging for congestion if half the toll lanes are reserved for seasonal pass holders traveling through the pricing points at regular highway speed.
		Electronic road pricing with automatic vehicle identification (an off-vehicle recording system) is electronic toll collection by time of day writ large and made obligatory on vehicle owners in a jurisdiction.
		The capital cost of electronic road pricing with smart card technology (an on-vehicle charging system) is higher than the cost for automatic vehicle identification technology alone, but benefits still outweigh costs (as in the Dutch proposal).
	ideas.repec.org /p/wbk/wbrwps/1071.html (711 words)

	Road Pricing Agenda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Road Pricing is one of the measures which LTA uses to manage the demand for road use, especially in the more congested areas.
		With ERP, road pricing charges are deducted from a stored-value SMART card which the motorist inserts into an electronic device known as the In-Vehicle Unit (IU).
		It concludes with the judgment that road pricing is most effective in reducing congestion.
	www.transportroundtable.com.au /rpa/news.html (701 words)

	Electronic Road Pricing
		The aim of the trial was to gain a better understanding of the behavioural responses to road pricing on an urban motorway and test the effectiveness of charges in encouraging end-users to switch to public transport, multi-modal or HOV trips.
		The aim of the ERP trial in Bristol and South Gloucestershire was to gain a better understanding of the behavioural responses to road pricing on an urban radial motorway and orbital route to the north of the city.
		The aim of the trial was to see whether the use of road pricing measures could stimulate a proportion of the regular drivers on the M32 and ARR to mode shift, either to a more rational use of their car, use a combination of modes or a switch to public transport.
	www.btsa.es /intercept/electronroadpricing.htm (1527 words)

	Electronic road pricing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Modern roads are usually paved to accommodate wheeled vehicles.
		Prosecutors want to see electronic messages sent to and from a handheld electronic communications device that...
		Electronic data discovery tools help investigate fraud, breaches and other bad behavior.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Electronic_road_pricing.html (980 words)

	Electronic Road Pricing: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) scheme in Singapore[For more info, click on this link] is a form of
		Fastrak is an electronic toll collection system in the state of california in the united states....
		Sunpass is an electronic toll collection system in use by the state of florida and was originally created by the florida department of transportation and floridas...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/el/electronic_road_pricing.htm (479 words)

	A note o the electronic road pricing in Singapore Road & Transport Research - FindArticles
		This is particularly true in western countries such as the United States where urban roads are grossly overbuilt and inefficiently priced (Keeler and Small 1977).
		Even though there are several reasons for implementing road pricing, the publicly stated objective of the Singapore Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) scheme has always been to reduce traffic congestion, which implies that the ERP scheme in Singapore is in fact a congestion pricing scheme.
		Unfortunately, the economic efficiency and welfare implications of the ERP scheme in Singapore were beyond the scope of Luk (1999).
	www.looksmartmotorcycles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3927/is_200006/ai_n8908612 (429 words)

	Electronic Road Pricing System:
		In order to manage the demand for road use, a manual road pricing scheme was introduced in 1995.
		It is reliable that the ERP system does not need human enforcement personnel at the gantries, thereby removing the potential for human error.
		If shoulder pricing proves to be successful in smoothing the peak traffic flow during the ERP operations hours, it will be extender to the other RSP and ALS points.
	web.hku.hk /%7Enushkuex/Visit/ERPS.html (1245 words)

	Tutor2u - Digital Resources for Students and Teachers
		Congestion charging (a form of road pricing) to be introduced by January 2003, is the centrepiece of the mayor's 10-year transport strategy which also proposes major improvements in London's Tube and rail networks.
		After a brief description of electronic road pricing this paper outlines the costs of using a road and gives a definition of the price to be charged.
		Then the effects of road pricing are identified and critically evaluated before the basic results are summarised.
	www.tutor2u.net /catredir.asp?cat=2448 (541 words)

	[No title]
		Essentially, instead of the ERP unit being wired up directly to the battery, the ERP unit is now connected to the CashCardAlert, which is in turn connected to the battery.
		Pricing was not available at the time, but was said to be between $60 and $70, which would include installation.
		There are currently 41 ERP controlled points and the Singapore Land Transport Authority (LTA) had plans to extend the systems to the Outer Ring Road.
	www.geocities.com /MotorCity/Pit/8858/cashcardalert/printerfriendly.htm (2608 words)

	Road Pricing \| Congestion Pricing \| Traffic Congestion \| Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The uncongested road pricing situations is depicted by demand...successfully in the Hong Kong electronic road pricing experiment discussed in the...
		Pricing road congestion: recent evidence from Singapore...McCarthy, Richard Tay The role of road pricing in travel demand management and congestion...straightforward...
		New Instruments for Environmental Policy in the EU ("Road Pricing and Tolling" begins on p.
	www.questia.com /library/economics-and-business/economics/economic-theory/road-pricing.jsp (526 words)

	Road Pricing Agenda
		The conference theme is exploring the options to move towards improved pricing and the role of electronic road pricing (ERP), which are topical subjects around the world.
		Many of the ingredients necessary to facilitate the introduction of ERP and, more generally road pricing, are already present.
		ERP creates a new asset of identity and location in real time integration with transit provides very powerful cost reductions for transport provision, integration with parking systems generates further cost reductions and consumer benefits
	www.transportroundtable.com.au /rpa/program.html (1170 words)

	SkyscraperCity - Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) on the way!!! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Road pricing are schemes designed to address congestions by tolling certain roads in the city center at certain times not tolls on expressways.
		Road pricing is designed to deter cars from coming to the CBD.
		Regarding the in vehicle electronic device thats used, I hope it'll take the Singaporean form In-vehicle Units (IUs) instead of the flimsy battery opperated "smart tag", as is what we have in Malaysia.
	www.skyscrapercity.com /showthread.php?t=293593 (2922 words)

	CashCards take the heat (eng) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The chip is electronically credited with up to 500 Singapore dollars (S$ 500), or about USD 150, from his bank account, and the cost of each transaction is then deducted electronically.
		Card-based road pricing or toll systems now operating elsewhere have a major drawback: vehicles must stop at entry points to allow drivers to insert their card into a ‘reader’ which examines the balance and deducts the toll.
		It receives an electronic signal from the gantry at the entry point to the restricted zone or expressway, and amplifies the CashCard’s responding signal, which is then ‘read’ by the device in the gantry.
	www.dupontteijinfilms.com /news/Article35.html (1606 words)

	Electronic. Road, Pricing : erp : electronic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Open source ERP and CRM solution for the small to medium sized enterprises.
		ERP Abbate's consultants a call today on Tel: +39 045...
		Electronic Road Pricing () is an electronic system of road pricing.
	www.9-computers.us /erp_2.htm (928 words)

	Road Pricing \| Congestion Pricing \| Traffic Congestion \| Questia.com Online Library
		Pricing Road Congestion: Recent Evidence from Singapore, in Policy Studies Journal
		Road pricing, which also includes conventional...and, conversely, other forms...
		...areas through 1 control of road junctions and access to major...open the way to variable pricing of roadway access i.e., pricing based on road congestion.
	www.questia.com /popularSearches/road_pricing.jsp (526 words)

	Rupert's Congestion and Road Pricing Links
		(when we must not build roads, increase spending, lose votes, damage the economy or harm the environment, and will never find equilibrium)." by P.B. Goodwin it is the substantial (long but great) 'Inaugural lecture for the Professorship of Transport Policy, University College London, 23rd October 1997'.
		A locally grown concept that advances the good points of Road Pricing without the privacy or equity shortfalls encumbent in most implementations to-date.
		Other Road Pricing items from the media and interested groups.
	www.geocities.com /RainForest/Canopy/2265/congestn.htm (174 words)

	ST23. Road Pricing / Congestion Charging/ Economics of Car Use (A-I)
		Road Pricing / Congestion Charging/ Economics of Car Use (A-I) Abraham, Henry and Maroney, Owen, 1994, 'Road Pricing and public transport provision in London', Traffic Engineering and Control 35 (12), December.
		Adams, J., 1997, 'Road pricing for London', The Blueprint Way out of Congestion', chapter in 'Alternative Policies for Reducing Dependence on Cars' section of R. Tolley (ed.), 1997, 'The Greening of Urban Transport', John Wiley, Chichester, Sussex (second edition).
		British Road Federation, 1986, 'The price of congestion in inner London', BRF, London.
	www.nottingham.ac.uk /sbe/planbiblios/bibs/sustrav/refs/0x80f3d2fe_0x0008d430.html (4878 words)

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