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	Electronic money - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The main focus of digital cash is being able to expend it through many means such as secured credit cards, linked bank accounts that would be generally used over an internet-means of exchange to a secure micropayment system such as in large corporations (PayPal).
		Future evolvements of networking in terms using digital cash, a company named DigiCash is on the focus of creating an e-cash system that would allow an e-cash issuer to purchase electronic coins at some value.
		When spending this cash, since it is linked to the e-cash company, it secures anything that is purchased in terms that it goes through the issuer at all times, therefore only the company knows your information, and will properly direct purchases to your location.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Digital_cash (948 words)

	How To Make A Mint: The Cryptography of Anonymous Electronic Cash
		An electronic payment protocol is a series of transactions, at the end of which a payment has been made, using a token issued by a third party.
		Finally, electronic cash paves the way for new versions of old crimes such as kidnapping and flmail (see [13]) where money drops can now be carried out safely from the criminal's home computer.
		Token forgery can be prevented in an electronic cash system as long as the cryptography is sound and securely implemented, the secret keys used to sign coins are not compromised, and integrity is maintained on the public keys.
	web.elastic.org /~fche/mirrors/www.jya.com/nsamint.htm (11132 words)

	First Monday: Electronic Cash and Monetary Policy
		Although the electronic money revolution has made an enormous economic impact, it is the electronic cash revolution that has captured the imagination, stimulating new interest in the nature of money.
		The Dutch central bank's attention to electronic cash is largely due to the location of DigiCash and similar ventures and research centers in the Netherlands.
		The widespread adoption of electronic cash would deprive Federal authorities of a substantial amount of "seignorage," the margin between the face value of currency issued, and the costs of issuing that currency.
	firstmonday.org /issues/issue1/ecash/index.html (3944 words)

	[City of Bits] 6.5. Bank Notes / Electronic Cash (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Since you cannot literally lay down your cash, sign a check, produce a credit card, or flash an ID in cyberspace, payment methods are being reinvented for this new kind of marketplace.
		Electronic cash schemes typically make use of digital signatures in some way; a secret key is used to "sign" messages, then a public key is used to verify them, and only a message signed by the private key can be verified by the public key.
		Though the underlying mechanics of electronic cash may seem complicated, the user interface need not be.
	mitpress2.mit.edu /e-books/City_of_Bits/Bit_Biz/BankNotesElectronicCash.html (499 words)

	Chapter 8. Electronic Cash Under Current Banking Law by Ellen d'Alelio and John T. Collins
		While electronic cash does not appear to be "coin or currency," a question remains as to whether electronic cash constitutes an "other monetary instrument" for purposes of the relevant regulation.
		Electronic cash could constitute money[44] as a medium of exchange, but would not constitute legal tender as currently defined unless Congress established it as a new form of legal tender.
		Electronic cash systems raise other legal issues, such as tax and intellectual property issues, for example, that are beyond the scope of this article.
	cla.org /RuhBook/chp8.htm (5951 words)

	First Monday: Possible Economic Consequences of Digital Cash (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		To some observers, one important economic consequence of electronic cash is the free issue of private currency by commercial banks or other non-firms [2].
		Since digital cash is untraceable, not leaving well-defined records for a tax authority to follow, taxation will not be easy even if there are adjustments to tax regulations [18].
		The problems and benefits of digital cash will not occur unless the amount of digital cash in use is equivalent to a considerable percent of world GDP [30].
	firstmonday.org /issues/issue2/digital_cash (8312 words)

	Electronic Cash (Ecash) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		An anonymous electronic cash system; equivalent to "cash" or "printed bank notes" except that it is transferred through networks with bits of information, in essence it is just another representation of monetary value; anonymity is preserved through public key cryptography, digital signatures, and blind signatures.
		While it is a grand idea to mimic the real world transactions with cash on the Internet through the use of an anonymous transaction system, at this moment it still poses a lot of logistics and legal problems and possible security hazards.
		There are still questions of the regulation of electronic money, how will the ecash be backed and redeemed, determining how much of money in the economy are circulated in ecash since the Internet covers such a vast area internationally.
	homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk /dts/pm/practical/ecash.htm (618 words)

	Electronic Payment Schemes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Cash consists of a token which may be authenticated independently of the issuer.
		A cash based scheme with strong guarantees of anonymity.
		Cash scheme based on a hardware "purse" device.
	www.w3.org /ECommerce/roadmap.html (1015 words)

	Electronic money -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Electronic money (or digital money) refers to (Money in the form of bills or coins) cash and associated transactions implemented using electronic means.
		While electronic money has been an interesting problem for (Act of writing in code or cipher) cryptography (see, for example, (Click link for more info and facts about David Chaum) David Chaum's work), the use of digital cash to date has been relatively low-scale.
		More commonly the electronic money is used as a non-physical form of another currency.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/el/electronic_money.htm (758 words)

	Abstract -- Digital Cash and Monetary Freedom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The nine key elements of an electronic, digital cash are outlined and a tenth element is proposed which would embody digital cash with a non-political unit of value.
		If all that digital cash permits is the ability to trade and store dollars, francs, and other governmental units of account, then we have not come very far.
		True digital cash as an enabling mechanism for electronic commerce depends upon the marriage of economics and cryptography.
	www.isoc.org /HMP/PAPER/136/abst.html (439 words)

	End of Ordinary Money, Part II
		That is, the cash received was not the same as the cash sent.
		Digital cash issued by the bank can be signed with the bank's private key, and anyone will be able to check that the cash is authentic by using the bank's public key.
		Moreover, if digital cash is to have all the desirable qualities of physical cash, you should be able to transfer digital cash directly to another smart-card-carrying individual.
	www.aci.net /kalliste/money2.htm (9089 words)

	Digital Money
		Many cryptographic protocols for secure electronic transactions require that there be at least one trusted third party to the transaction, such as a bank or a "certification authority" (CA).
		Banks Get Warning About Electronic Cash Cards Central banks, including the Bank of England, are concerned that Mondex, the new electronic cash card launched amid massive publicity last week in Swindon, could be abused by forgers and money launderers.
		Achieving Electronic Privacy by David Chaum; Digicah Founder A cryptographic invention known as a blind signature permits numbers to serve as electronic cash or to replace conventional identification.
	www.virtualschool.edu /mon/ElectronicProperty/ElectronicMoney.html (2410 words)

	ecommerce : creating ecommerce site web (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		the electronic commerce revolution with credit card mailed to customize the change and feel secure enough to their customers once you have reliable and much more specifically he discusses at a "favorite artists" list of it.
		The first glance, it to this undefined search is not the opportunities ecommerce electronic cash.[ecommerce] Yes and attempt to allow you use it is very focused on a bigger rat and make a big business opportunity within threats.
		The electronic commerce revolution with the band in event of smart cards may be saddened with marketing and workable solution to buy why would like this particular company appears to commit their security trends offers an entire encyclopedia about using their security breach there is it worth it?
	ecommerce.altavisaa.com /creating-ecommerce-site-web.html (4238 words)

	FRB Financial Services - Retail Services - Electronic Cash Letter Products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Electronic cash letter file deadline can not be more than one hour before the ECL-paper deadline.
		For example, the deadline for regular City electronic cash letters must be 7:00 a.m.
		The price structure for electronic cash letters is the same as other deposit options and includes a cash letter fee and a per item fee.
	www.frbservices.org /Retail/ElectronicCashLetter.html (372 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Here's an article I updated recently about implementing electronic cash using a "secure newsgroup" which is guaranteed to look the same to everybody in the world.
		My goal is to implement electronic cash without having a central trusted authority such as a bank or the government.
		I'll admit, I've replaced a not-so-hard problem (electronic checking accounts) with a harder problem (a newsgroup that's guaranteed to look the same to everybody in the world, where the guarantee is made without a central authority).
	ganges.cs.tcd.ie /mepeirce/Project/Pro/secure_news.html (1898 words)

	Portable TEC MA-156 Electronic Cash Registers at Cash Register Store.
		The portable TEC MA-156 electronic cash register may come in a small package, but you will find it to be a full featured product that carries the "punch" to satisfy your business needs.
		Modern styling and a compact, low-profile design make the TEC MA-156 portable cash register ideal for a wide variety of small retail applications.
		As an added plus, the TEC MA-156 portable cash register can be configured with an optional battery pack that will allow you to conduct your business in areas that are without electricity.
	www.cashregisterstore.com /ma156.html (149 words)

	Untraceable Off-line Electronic Cash Flow in E-Commerce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Electronic cash has been playing an important role in electronic-commerce.
		In this paper we develop a new scheme for untraceable electronic cash, in which the bank involvement in the payment transaction between a user and a receiver is eliminated.
		The user withdraws electronic "coins" from the bank and uses them to pay to a receiver.
	csdl2.computer.org /persagen/DLAbsToc.jsp?resourcePath=/dl/proceedings/&toc=comp/proceedings/acsc/2001/0963/00/0963toc.xml&DOI=10.1109/ACSC.2001.906642 (204 words)

	Cryptographic Toolkit for Electronic Cash
		If however, the public key is really public, then she will not know who has sent her the message - Mallory, a malicious attacker, could have sent a message with Bob's name appended to it.
		The digital signature adds to the cryptographers tool-kit by allowing electronic documents to be marked in an unforgeable and undeniable manner by a signatory.
		In order to produce an electronic coin, Alice could write a note with the words Alice promises to pay the bearer one dollar.
	www.systemics.com /docs/papers/crypto.html (1042 words)

	Mondex®
		It behaves exactly like cash, offering immediate transfer of value while requiring no signature, PIN or transaction authorization.
		Flexibility - Mondex cash can be used for purchases of any size, from a chocolate bar to a suit of clothes.
		Technically, there is no practical limit to the amount of cash which could be held in and transferred from a Mondex card, but there will be limits set within each country consistent with local regulation and market demand.
	www.mondex.com (283 words)

	The Millicent Protocol for Inexpensive Electronic Commerce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is based on decentralized validation of electronic cash at the vendor's server without any additional communication, expensive encryption, or off-line processing.
		The integrity of digital cash is guaranteed by the digital signature of the issuer, so that counterfeiting digital cash is extremely hard.
		However, it is trivial to duplicate the bit pattern of the digital cash to produce and spend identical (and equally authentic) cash.
	www.w3.org /Conferences/WWW4/Papers/246 (5817 words)

	EFF: Privacy/Online Commerce - Digital Money & Transactions
		Technical paper; abstract (in part): "We present a new off-line electronic cash system based on a problem, called the representation problem, of which little use has been made in literature thus far.
		Using the represenation problem as a basic concept, some techniques are introduced that enable us to construct protocols for withdrawal and payment that do not use the cut and choose methodology of earlier systems.
		Technical article; abstract: "We present a new construction for off-line electronic coins that is both far more efficient and much simpler that previous systems.
	www.eff.org /Privacy/Digital_money (544 words)

	Mondex electronic cash Review
		Mondex electronic cash works in the same way as cash which means merchants can transact using digital channels like the Internet, mobile phones and digital television with less risk of fraud.
		Because it's electronic, MONDEX is also useful over a standard phone line, digital TV, mobile phone or via the Internet The chip maintains the last 10 transactions and locks the application with a user-selected code.
		It is simple to use, replicating exactly the workings of physical cash online and is accessible to everyone, including the youth market and those without bank accounts.
	www.stylusinc.com /website/payment_systems/mondex.htm (443 words)

	CBS News \| Cell Phones & Electronic Cash \| July 22, 2004 18:21:36
		But even smart cards could be on their way out, their plastic presence overtaken by virtual-wallet technology now available in the everyday cell phone.
		The other, an Edy card, works as a wallet at some stores and its "cash" machines are the ones NTT DoCoMo uses for its phones.
		One Japanese airline lets passengers use the phone to speed up check-ins at airports and next year you'll be able to use the phones to begin paying for train rides and video rentals.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2004/07/22/tech/main631231.shtml (950 words)

	Debitek Revalue Stations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Debitek Revalue Stations provide a secure, reliable means to add electronic funds to Debitek Electronic Cash Cards.
		They are designed so that cardholders can revalue their cards with cash, ATM/bank cards, credit cards, meal plan funds and/or special facility accounts.
		This station also supports cash as a means to revalue cards, and providing increased convenience that stimulates overall card usage.
	www.debitek.com /debitek/p_revaluestations.html (339 words)

	ipedia.com: Electronic money Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Electronic money refers to cash and transactions using electronic means, encompassing the use of computer networks and digital stored value systems.
		Electronic money (or digital money) refers to cash and transactions using electronic means, encompassing the use of computer networks (such as the Internet) and digital stored value systems.
		David Chaum's work), the use of digital cash so far has been relatively low.
	www.ipedia.com /electronic_money.html (236 words)

	Sharp XE-A201 Electronic Cash Registers at Cash Register Store.
		The Sharp XE-A201's are large retail buyback cash registers.
		The Sharp XE-A201 electronic cash register is a powerful package with a low cost!
		This machine keeps an electronic journal for end of day printing for all transactions.
	www.cashregisterstore.com /xea201.html (149 words)

	Indiana Cash Drawer Electronic Cash Drawers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Indiana Cash Drawer's advanced SLD is platform-based and features a superior, revolutionary bottom mount linear bearing system.
		As a leading manufacturer of cash drawers, ICD has extensive capabilities for customizing units.
		If you need cash drawers in special colors, sizes or configurations, rely on ICD to design models to fit your specifications.
	www.icdpos.com /electron.stm (369 words)

	CryptoLogic Inc. - Ecash Product (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Since November 1996, CryptoLogic Inc.'s unique and proven client-server technologies have processed more than US$5 billion worth of electronic commerce transactions from their clients with a less than 1% fraud rate (the percentage of total credit card transactions that are disputed).
		By comparison, other electronic commerce transaction methods normally involve 2-5% fraud rates.
		The CryptoLogic Ecash Plug-in allows users to perform secure electronic financial transactions with credit cards, ECP (Electronic Check Processing), personal checks, wire transfers, and more, over the Internet - all from within your favorite browser.
	www.cryptologic.com /commerce/ecash.html (221 words)

	Commerce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Provides a global knowledge medium for researchers in the field of EC to exchange ideas, conduct collaborative research, and serve as a digital library for that domain.
		The goal of this publication is to inform executives, professionals, entrepreneurs, government employees and other key players on principal developments and trends in the rapidly evolving electronic commerce area all over the World.
		An article by Howard Anderson on the impact of electronic cash.
	www.sims.berkeley.edu /resources/infoecon/Commerce.html (1218 words)

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