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Topic: Electronic colonialism

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	Do electronic mass media (especially television) have an adverse impact on Native Americans in the United States
		Another argument often made for the idea that electronic media are a threat to indigenous peoples is the claim that they give up their traditional customs, rituals, and practices in favor of the new technology.
		While many critics of television and the electronic media see these things as threats to indigenous cultural survival and tools of "cultural imperialism," in point of fact, these technologies may be the instruments of their technological survival in the modern era.
		Television, radio, and other electronic media are allowing indigenous people to reassert themselves on the global stage and have their voices heard.
	www.fiu.edu /~mizrachs/media-effects-indians.html (2902 words)

	Kofi Ankomah reviews Colonialism and Neocolonialism by Jean-Paul Sartre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Resistance to colonial oppression was met with more oppression and the natives took on the responsibility to fight the oppression with all the means available to them.
		In short, the foundation of colonialism, though economic - what Ellen Meiksins Wood in her Empire of Capital describes as “means by which the wealth of the subject was being transferred to the master” - is racism manifested in many mutually-reinforcing facets of politics and society.
		Colonialism and Neo colonialism is Sartre’s way of showing the French that their practices in their colonies were far from the French belief of “liberty and equality.” The book is the English translation of Sartre’s Situations V first published by Editions Gallimard in 1964.
	human-nature.com /nibbs/03/sartre.html (1552 words)

	[No title]
		Secondly, both the print and electronic media are still elitist, urban centered and vertical in nature reducing rural communities to recipients rather than participants in sharing of ideas, processing and disseminating information for development.
		Due to the outburst of many broadcast stations, one of the major complaints against the electronic media [both official and independent] is that little attention is being given to journalistic excellence, and that the news and stories are too centered around the interests of a relatively small section of society.
		However this is an uphill task for the electronic media, and already before the whistle is blown accusations of biasness by some media houses are beginning to trickle in.
	www.wougnet.org /ICTpolicy/ug/docs/RoleElectronicMediaUganda.doc (1074 words)

	Bandwidth Colonialism? The Implications of Internet Infrastructure on International E-Commerce
		The development of electronic commerce outside the United States suffers because of the high cost and poor state of telecommunications infrastructure, which creates the situation whereby a large volume of global Internet traffic passes through the United States before returning to the region of origin.
		Moreover, ISPs outside the United States are in the uncomfortable position of leasing a disproportionately large amount of bandwidth to the United States to route regional traffic, since in many cases it costs less than leasing a high-speed capacity line to a neighboring country in their own region.
		As with colonialism, a financially and technologically superior entity is stripping away resources from the weaker entities.
	www.isoc.org /inet99/proceedings/1e/1e_2.htm (5800 words)

	Bad Subjects: Electronic Darfur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The violence that conditions life in information colonies is physical and intensely destructive; narratives of that violence have an immediacy that appeals in a virtual narrative economy thriving on experiential voyeurism.
		It is an electronic empty space, whereas Darfur is a heavily populated space.
		A historical consciousness of colonialism in Africa would recognize the events in Darfur as symptomatic of global systemic inequalities that have produced the economic privilege upon which the electronic infosphere is constituted.
	bad.eserver.org /reviews/2004/2004-7-13-6.36PM.html (2716 words)

	صفحة جديدة 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Moreover, the concept of electronic colonialism, cultural domination through electronic media by past colonial powers, reflects the major events from which the demand for NWICO originated, as did much of the current concern (McPhail, 1987).
		Electronic colonialism has been characterized as the dependency relationship created by the importation of communication hardware, foreign-produced software, and engineers and technicians, vicariously establishing a set of foreign norms, values, and expectations that, to varying degrees, may alter domestic cultures and socialization processes.
		The electronic colonialism of the 20th century is just as dreaded as the mercantile colonialism of the 18th and 19th centuries.
	www.uluminsania.net /a108.htm (6901 words)

	The Evanescence of Electronic Text, Part 2: Ghostly Revenants
		In their studies on electronic textuality, hypertext scholars generally share the postindustrial fascination for the efficiency with which computers store text as electromagnetic codes (machine readable) and retrieve it as text (human readable).
		For them, the evanescence of electronic text challenges the fixity of print and all of the assumptions and relations they argue are based upon that fixity.
		Electronic texts are never the real thing, according to George Landow, who claims that "all texts that the reader-writer encounters on the screen are virtual texts" that "exist as a version created specifically for them while an electronic version resides in the computer's memory" (Landow, 1997, 22).
	www.humanities.ualberta.ca /MakingLinksPublic/PointClick/ht-04.htm (1771 words)

	New Page 1
		While the fundamental rudiments of electronic communication were unfolding in the United States, England and Italy, a millenarian movement of profound importance was unfolding in England and the U.S. Inspired by John Nelson Darby, dispensational premillennialism postulated a new eschatology which forecasted the immanent return of Christ.
		The electronic communication revolution which has brought us radio and television was merely the logical culmination of hundreds of experimental successes and failures which unfolded during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
		Military colonialism, according to the NWIO advocates, has been replaced by a neocolonialism in which communication flow is the foundation for dominance economic and cultural dominance (Head, 1985: 378-394).
	religiousbroadcasting.lib.virginia.edu /pubs/global_amtv.html (8917 words)

	McPhail, Thomas L (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		McPhail defines electronic colonialism as the peripheral countries’ dependence on the core countries for the software, engineers, technicians, and related information protocols that to varying degrees help "alter domestic cultures, habits, values, and the socialization process itself" (p.
		In the context of this definition, however, his choice of the word colonialism is misleading.
		Colonialism "is the implanting of settlements on distant territory," a consequence of imperialism (Said, p.
	www.mnstate.edu /gunarat/mcphail.htm (1143 words)

	From:
		Electronic message systems primarily consisted of the telegraph, which tended to expand in tandem with railway systems.
		This produced an expanding universe of electronic mail users who were using personal computers or lab*oratory computers to communicate across a publicly switched network, which initially was under the control of the Department of Defense.
		Only powerful nations currently have the ability to choose the type of information society most compatible with their cultural institutions.21 This viewpoint is fully consistent with the theory of electronic colonialism.
	www.ntia.doc.gov /ntiahome/domainname/dnstransition/comments/dnstrans_comment0084.htm (9119 words)

	CFP'93 - Ross (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Electronic infrastructure being the largest question to consider if information systems and policy are to be at the base of Indian economic, cultural, and educational advancement.
		And, in as far as electronic infrastructure goes, the question of who will install new switches, routers, fiber optic lines, ISDN (integrated services digital network), gigabyte capacity data transfer services; and provide related infrastructure support and maintenance is kind of unclear as far as Indian country is concerned.
		In terms of tribal sovereignty, it is very important not to confuse freedom of expression or censorship with the over-riding needs or constitutional rights for Indian people through their recognized tribal status to define what is culturally appropriate and who is an "Indian" by their own terms and right.
	archive.cpsr.net /conferences/cfp93/ross.html (4116 words)

	Making a Global Community on the Net -- Global Village or Global Metropolis?: A Network Analysis of Usenet Newsgroups
		Therefore, in order to expand the academic interests and scrutinize the structural role and position of each cultural group, which represents ethnic, racial, national, or regional identity, it may be useful to examine the ways in which messages about cultural issues are distributed across groups in cyberspace.
		Usenet as an electronic network, however, provides distinctive features that print media cannot: openness to authorship, instant interactivity, and wide reach of global audiences.
		Wellman, B. An electronic group is virtually a social network.
	jcmc.indiana.edu /vol7/issue3/choi.html (10513 words)

	EN081 The Geopolitics of Media
		McLuhan described the changes brought about by the shift in emphasis from Print to Electronic media as the greatest transformation of modern times: an Evolutionary leap for the human species, a move from one environment into another -- like the transition, millions of years ago, from the sea to the land.
		On a global scale, it is the former colonial powers who continue to own and dominate the news media.
		McLuhan's fear was that Western culture, through the power (and the very nature) of its own electronic mass media, is tending to undermine its own basis for democratic society: freedom of thought.
	members.kingston.net /gforbes/EN081/Media.htm (6877 words)

	Opinion/Editorial: Making Racism, Making History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		How can we not call those people racists who say, with all their First World patronizing righteousness, the kind that only colonial countries and their settler-nations are capable of generating, that Iraqis do not know what democracy is until we bring it to them.
		These Canadians and Americans believe with every fiber of their beings that America is fighting Saddam Hussein to liberate Iraq and to bring democracy to its people.
		Racism is the most powerful living construct of 19th century western colonialism.
	electroniciraq.net /cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi/10/370 (946 words)

	Electronic Full-Text Resources \| Library \| University of Waterloo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Several thousand electronic texts and linguistic corpora, in a variety of languages.
		Its holdings include electronic editions of works by individual authors, standard reference works such as the Bible and mono-/bilingual dictionaries, and a range of language corpora.
		An electronic full-page newspaper archive of The Globe and Mail from June 1844 excluding the last four years.
	www.lib.uwaterloo.ca /FindIt/etexts.html (1222 words)

	New ACLS History eBooks
		The Agora of Athens [electronic resource] : the history, shape and uses of an ancient city center / by Homer A. Thompson and R. Wycherley.
		The Arpads and the Comneni [electronic resource] : political relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century / Ferenc Makk ; [translated by Gyorgy Novak ; translation revised by Maurice F. Cassidy and Istvan Petrovics ; Hungarian text revised by Pal Engel].
		The masters and the slaves (Casa-grande & senzala) [electronic resource] : a study in the development of Brazilian civilization / by Gilberto Freyre ; translated from the Portuguese by Samuel Putnam.
	exlibris.colgate.edu /Whatsnew/acls4b_new_books.html (4026 words)

	Colonial Legacies Links
		Academic essays on everything from "The Post-Colonial Woman as a Terminological Problem" to "Colonies and Colonization as Metaphor" and all points in between.
		Alternately praised and excoriated, there's no question that Conrad was a product of his time who shared many of its rascist, xenophobic ideas.
		In this novel, however, he transcends these limitations by writing of the "horror" colonialism wreaked in the very heart of Africa.
	www.suite101.com /links.cfm/colonial_legacies (256 words)

	Richard Stallman's speech in Kolkata (Calcutta), August 2006 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)
		Electronic colonial powers keep people divided and helpless.
		National colonial powers recruit local elites and pay them and keep them above the rest of the people, working for the colonial masters.
		Today we see electronic colonial powers recruit native zamindars to keep the system intact.
	gnu.april.org /philosophy/rms-kol.html (1288 words)

	Race & Ethnicity: Networking the Nations
		The "electronic migration" of Indian people into our nation's growing infrastructure of computer communication networks thus presents itself as the latest chapter in the history of Native assimilation of communication technology..
		Collectively they have become active in an electronic "virtual ethnic community" which is worldwide in its membership.
		Sociologists and anthropologist have long argued that exposure to media, be it print or electronic, can doing nothing but facilitate the assimilation of those who view it.
	race.eserver.org /networking-the-nations.html (3485 words)

	Colonialism's Impact on the Shaping of English Identity - Summer 2004
		Moving Here: Moving Here is the biggest database of digitised photographs, maps, objects, documents and audio items from 30 local and national UK archives, museums and libraries which record migration experiences to the UK of the last 200 years.
		For materials that are on “Electronic Reserve,” we would recommend that you print the needed pages and take them with you.
		Click on "Electronic Reserves and Course Materials." Go to "Select a Department," and choose "English." Then go to "Instructor" and choose "Needham, Anuradha." Click on "Go," then "ENGL001", and then enter the password that Anu has given you.
	www.oberlin.edu /faculty/svolk/NEHSyllabus2004.htm (1553 words)

	Line Drawing: Information Intersections and Cyber Cultures
		ARTEX used I.P. Sharp Associates distributed time-sharing system for the exchange of electronic mail between artists located in Austria, Australia, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
		ACEN was developed with the idea of being a utility (Carl Loeffler), through which contemporary art information and activity could interact with the world electronically.
		As cyberspace opens its electronic gateways, new artistic uses of computer networks focus on the development of cultural and social systems, addressing concerns of cultural representation and access.
	www.well.com /~couey/linedrawing.html (2350 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: UN Declaration on Granting Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 1960
		Convinced that the continued existence of colonialism prevents the development of international economic co-operation, impedes the social, cultural and economic development of dependent peoples and militates against the United Nations ideal of universal peace,
		Unless otherwise indicated the specific electronic form of the document is copyright.
		Permission is granted for electronic copying, distribution in print form for educational purposes and personal use.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1960-un-colonialism.html (599 words)

	1998 World Congress on Information Technology
		Finally, she lamented the breakdown in the “Rule of Law” as a stumbling block for some less than democratic societies to play in the worldwide electronic marketplace.
		He cautioned against “electronic colonialism” by the developed world and stated that Russia is not just a “source of cheap labor” for programmers, mathematicians and scientists.
		Jeffrey Sachs of Harvard University reminded us as well that ¼ of the world’s population still lives on $1/day and that there must be an emphasis on expanding the economic benefits of IT to all segments of society if our global village is to flourish.
	www.fcn.gov /reinvent/pool/press35.htm (477 words)

	MediaChannel.org - NEWS DISSECTOR \| Declaration
		We need government to regulate media monopolies in the public interest and to keep our news media and new electronic information highway open and free of the undue and repressive influence of government bureaucrats, excessive corporate branding, and one-note political agendas.
		We oppose the growth of a new "electronic colonialism." We want more global sharing of cultures and viewpoints.
		We call upon the governments of the world to respect the rights of journalists-who are in danger in many countries-and the right of the people to read and see their reports.
	www.mediachannel.org /views/dissector/declaration.shtml (1005 words)

	Chapter 3 - Michaels
		In a study of the telegraph, the pioneer electronic medium, he documents the substitution and extension of transportation systems to which the telegraph was originally applied.
		The variations in the information available (the received text) and the variations in the private settings in which it is viewed, combine to suggest considerable variation in the constructed texts, across a population.
		For example, the electronic transmission is subject to atmospheric interference; the producer's information about public tastes may be skewed.
	astro.temple.edu /~ruby/wava/eric/chap3.html (13133 words)

	Euro-Med Youth Platform
		Education is now dominated by electronic encyclopaedias and instant access to academic articles besides other amenities.
		Without realizing, a new form of colonisation is being introduced - what is known as 'electronic colonialism'.
		In terms of leisure facilities, this was translated in many instances into the construction of cinema complexes, venues for electronic games and high sound systems in discotheques.
	www.euromedp.org /ar/budapest7.asp (2921 words)

	Books
		Boyd, D. Broadcasting in the Arab world: A survey of the electronic media in the Middle East (3rd ed.).
		Browne, D. Electronic media and industrialized nations: A comparative survey.
		McPhail, T. Electronic colonialism: The future of international broadcasting and communication.
	lass.calumet.purdue.edu /cca/gmm/books.html (1511 words)

	Africa - Colonialsim
		Instructions of Lord John Russell, British Colonial Secretary, to Her Majesty's Niger Commissioners
		An extract from instructions issued by the British Admiralty for the guidance of officers in their negotiations with local Chiefs in forwarding the suppression of the slave trade from coastal Africa
		The speech of the British Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain, at the annual dinner of the Royal Colonial Institute on March 31
	www.historyteacher.net /GlobalStudies/Africa_Colonialism.htm (1284 words)

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