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	Computer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Originally, a "computer" (sometimes spelled "computor") was a person who performed numerical calculations under the direction of a mathematician, often with the aid of a variety of mechanical calculating devices from the abacus onward.
		The first generation of computers were typically equipped with a fairly limited range of input devices; a punch card reader or something similar was used to input instructions and data into the computers memory, and some kind of printer, usually a modified teletype, was used to record the results.
		Computers have been used to control mechanical devices since they became small and cheap enough to do so; indeed, a major spur for integrated circuit technology was building a computer small enough to guide the Apollo missions and the Minuteman missile, two of the first major applications for embedded computers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Computer (4124 words)

	Molecular Electronic Computers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Currently, the molecular electronic community is in a situation where the most chemically flexible molecular backbone, the polyphenylene backbone, is not the most conductive and the most conductive, the carbon nanotube, is not the most flexible chemically.
		The difference is in the use of chemically doped polyphenylene-based molecular wires as the conductive backbone with an electron donor group attached to the donor side of the wire, an electron acceptor group attached to the acceptor side, and a semi insulating “bridge” group separating the two.
		When electrons move through a molecule, some of their energy can be lost to other electrons motions and the motion of the nuclei of the molecule.
	www.calmec.com /sfarticle04.htm (4087 words)

	Searching and Seizing Computers and Obtaining Electronic Evidence in Criminal Investigations (July 2002)
		An investigation into computer hacking may begin with obtaining stored records from an ISP according to Chapter 3, move next to an electronic surveillance phase implicating Chapter 4, and then conclude with a search of the suspect's residence and a seizure of his computers according to Chapters 1 and 2.
		In computer cases, this means that the government cannot rely on the plain view exception to justify opening a closed computer file it is not otherwise authorized to view.
		Further, once electronically transferred data from outside the United States arrives at its destination within the United States, the government ordinarily cannot rely on the border search exception to search for and seize the data because the data is no longer at the border or its functional equivalent.
	www.sbot.org /library/SearchingandSeizingComputers_7_02.htm (13852 words)

	Electronic Computers Within The Ordnance Corps, Appendix VIII -- Glossary
		The upper and lower limits of the numbers which may be processed in a computer register, e.g., in the accumulator, e.g., the capacity of a computer may be ten decimal digits or the capacity of a computer may be +.00000 00001 to +.99999 99999.
		An electronic device utilizing semi-conductor properties to control the flow of currents from one source in one circuit by currents from another circuit, e.g., a triod transistor permits the control of current in one circuit by the use of a smaller current in another circuit, with the transistor common to both circuits.
		An electronic vacuum tube containing a screen on which information may be stored by means of a multigrid modulated beam of electrons from the thermionic emitter, storage effected by means of charged or uncharged spots; a storage tube; a Williams tube; an oscilloscope tube; a picture tube.
	ftp.arl.army.mil /~mike/comphist/61ordnance/app8.html (3003 words)

	3.2 First Generation Electronic Computers (1937-1953) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In principle the electronic switches would be more reliable, since they would have no moving parts that would wear out, but the technology was still new at that time and the tubes were comparable to relays in reliability.
		Turing's main contribution to the field of computer science was the idea of the Turing machine, a mathematical formalism widely used in the study of computable functions.
		The first general purpose programmable electronic computer was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), built by J. Presper Eckert and John V. Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania.
	csep1.phy.ornl.gov /ov/node10.html (877 words)

	Electronic Computers Within The Ordnance Corps, Introduction
		No comprehensive history of electronic computers within the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps had previously been compiled and for this reason the sources for this monograph were many and varied.
		Electronic computers are used by the construction industry for design and location of structures and road nets.
		Automatic computers perform many operations which previously were done only by human labor and this has led some writers to refer to automatic computers as "giant brains." They definitely are not electronic brains and do not "think" in the creative sense of the word.
	ftp.arl.army.mil /~mike/comphist/61ordnance (1402 words)

	Electronic computers
		The early electronic computers' mathematical processes were solved by using electrical voltages only, applied to elements such as amplifiers, summing networks, differentiating, and integrating circuits.
		The output of an analog computer is often an adjustment to the control of a machine; such as, an adjustment to a valve that controls the flow of steam to a turbine generator or a temperature setting to control the ovens in the ship's galley for baking.
		The fundamental difference between analog and digital computers is that digital computers deal with discrete quantities such as beads on an abacus, notches on a toothed wheel, or electrical pulses, while analog computers deal with continuous physical variables such as electrical voltages or mechanical shaft rotations.
	www.tpub.com /neets/book22/91a.htm (1523 words)

	Legislative Electronic Publications -- Computers For Communities Initiative Launched (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		End-of-service computers in government are currently recycled through the Computers for Schools and Libraries Program (CFSL).
		CFSL recycled approximately 3,200 computers last year but demands for computers from schools and libraries have shifted to higher end multi-media computers.
		Computers for Schools and Libraries will receive $20,000 from the province through the Community Connections Initiative to expand its program by supplying computers at no cost to the voluntary sector.
	www.gov.mb.ca /chc/press/top/2003/05/2003-05-01-05.html (328 words)

	CRS Report RL31505 - Recycling Computers and Electronic Equipment: Legislative and Regulatory Approaches for ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Abstract: Rapid growth in the use of computers and the incorporation of electronic features in a wide array of consumer products have been among the most important driving forces of the nationâs economy during the last decade; but they also pose major potential environmental problems.
		Unless disposed in large quantities, used computers and other electronic products are allowed to be managed as municipal solid waste (i.e., the same as ordinary household trash) in most states.
		This report provides background on the management of discarded computers, discusses some of the initiatives undertaken in the United States and abroad, and identifies options that Congress might consider if it were to address this issue.
	www.ncseonline.org /NLE/CRS/abstract.cfm?NLEid=36470 (602 words)

	3 A Brief History of Computer Technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		During the early days of electronic computing devices, there was much discussion about the relative merits of analog vs. digital computers.
		Digital computers now dominate the computing world in all areas ranging from the hand calculator to the supercomputer and are pervasive throughout society.
		Therefore, this brief sketch of the development of scientific computing is limited to the area of digital, electronic computers.
	csep1.phy.ornl.gov /ov/node8.html (252 words)

	Free Scholarly Electronic Journals
		Compute~Ed is a refereed electronic journal which publishes articles, letters and reviews about a broad range of issues in information technology in education, with an emphasis on classroom practice.
		Electronic Journal of the School of Advanced Technologies is devoted to refereed reporting of:
		is an electronic journal dedicated to research and practice of computer technology in middle school classrooms.
	www.library.ucsb.edu /istl/00-fall/internet-b.html (1706 words)

	The Many Facets of Managing Electronic Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Electronic Resource Management Applications: Interest in an automation module for managing electronic resources has arisen because of the limitations of the serials and acquisition modules to deal with all the parameters related to the licenses.
		If the library catalog, linking environment, electronic resource management system, and metasearch engine cannot all share the same physical knowledgebase, then it should at least be possible to have a master copy of the data that is automatically distributed through these applications.
		In my mind, the many facets of electronic resource management should be delivered through a set of interconnected modules that work together, sharing common data files or at least communicating with each other through open protocols.
	www.infotoday.com /cilmag/jan04/breeding.shtml (2393 words)

	Electronic Computers Within The Ordnance Corps, The Computer Tree (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The automatic computing and data processing industry is a direct outgrowth of research, sponsored by the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps, which produced the ENIAC, the world's first electronic digital computer.
		The serial computers, represented by EDVAC, and the parallel computers, represented by the ORDVAC, are shown as separate limbs.
		The computers which were developed specifically to meet military needs are shown on the center limb.
	ftp.arl.mil /~mike/comphist/61ordnance/chap7.html (382 words)

	Laptop Computers and Electronic Notetakers for the Blind: A Comparison (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Blind people often need portable electronic devices to perform such tasks as notetaking, dealing with e-mail, word processing, appointment management, and so forth.
		Traditionally the solution has centered on off-the-shelf laptop computers equipped with screen-access technology or specialized devices for the blind, often referred to as notetakers or PDAs (personal data assistants).
		Off-the-shelf laptop computers running Windows function very much like desktop computers except that they are smaller and more portable.
	www.nfb.org /bm/bm03/bm0304/bm030407.htm (1124 words)

	Electronic Computers Within The Ordnance Corps, ENIAC
		Four years had elapsed since the original suggestion by Dr. John W. Mauchly that an all-electronic computer be built which could rapidly perform the vast amount of calculations required for the solution of the many complex problems facing the Ordnance Department.
		Accuracy of computation was assured by designing the basic circuits to work independently of the variable tolerances of their components.
		In applying the ENIAC to a particular computation it was first necessary to break down the work into a number of basic computing sequences, the ordering of which was controlled by the master programmer.
	ftp.arl.mil /~mike/comphist/61ordnance/chap2.html (4684 words)

	Architectures for Molecular Electronic Computers.1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		These diode-based molecular electronic logic gates are combined to produce a design for a molecular-scale electronic half adder and a design for a molecular-scale electronic full adder.
		In its treatment of the foregoing innovations and analysis, this work addresses two of the architectural issues that will be encountered in the fabrication and operation of a molecular electronic computer: the issues of design and interconnects.
		A more complete enumeration of such issues is discussed, with a view to considering the assembly of a molecular electronic computer using logic gates similar to or based upon those designs proposed here.
	www.mitre.org /tech/nanotech/Arch_for_MolecElec_Comp_1.html (381 words)

	Computer Recycling: Resources and Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Some studies have been done in the last decade to help estimate the amount of such products being landfilled, recycled, etc. Reducing the impacts from obsolete electronics requires that information be available to people who need it pertaining to old electronic equipment, since specific data on quantities of machines reused or recycled are generally unavailable.
		Many fewer computers are being sent to landfills, as many more are being recycled as markets for used computers and electronic equipment develop.
		In essence, the computers sentenced to death in landfills in 1991 have been given a second life in newly established recycled electronic goods markets.
	www.ce.cmu.edu /GreenDesign/comprec (481 words)

	A Brief History of Electronic Digital Computers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is impossible to condense the history of computing into such a brief space, but the intention is to focus attention on three groups and their resulting machines.
		The ABC was the first fully electronic computer, but did not receive the recognition it deserved.
		Essentially, all computers since that time have been stored program computers and such are known as von Neumann machines.
	community.vcsu.edu /facultypages/curt.hill/My_Webpage/history.htm (505 words)

	Technologies and Designs for Nanometer-Scale Electronic Computers: A Review and Prospectus
		As this highly desirable trend continues, in the forseeable future the basic components of electronic computer circuitry will measure only a few tens of nanometers across--i.e., a few hundreds of atomic diameters across.
		A nanometer-scale electronic computer, as opposed to other approaches for building a nanocomputer (i.e., nanomechanical, biochemical, quantum), has the advantage that it builds directly upon the decades of experience and the huge infrastructure of the world-wide electronics industry.
		The speaker will present the results of a several-year MITRE investigation of technologies and designs that presently are in development to overcome such obstacles and to permit the construction of nanometer-scale electronic computers.
	www.islandone.org /Foresight/Conferences/MNT05/Abstracts/Elleabst.html (451 words)

	2002 NAICS Definitions: 334111 Electronic Computer Manufacturing
		This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing and/or assembling electronic computers, such as mainframes, personal computers, workstations, laptops, and computer servers.
		Analog computers are capable of simulating mathematical models and contain at least analog, control, and programming elements.
		Manufacturing machinery or equipment that incorporates electronic computers for operation or control purposes and embedded control applications--are classified in the Manufacturing sector based on the classification of the complete machinery or equipment;
	www.census.gov /epcd/naics02/def/ND334111.HTM (244 words)

	Electronic Computers Within The Ordnance Corps, Appendix IX -- Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Computers - Their Operation and Applications by Edmund C. Berkeley and Lawrence Wainwright.
		Mathematics and Computers by George R. Stibitz and Jules A. Larrivee.
		Electronic Computers and Management Control by George Kozmetsky and Paul Kircher.
	www.arl.army.mil /~mike/comphist/61ordnance/app9.html (532 words)

	Travel Electronic Chess Computers / Hand-held Chess Sets & Boards - Classic Chess And Games .com
		The Cosmic is a stylish pocket sized chess computer that provides true convenience with the power of a full sized chess computer.
		The Cosmic handheld chess computer has a wide array of features, including an LCD display combined with a touch screen sensor that allows you to make moves with the touch of your fingertip, or with the stylus provided.
		The Expert Travel Chess Computer, formerly known as the Cosmos, is the strongest laptop style chess computer available.
	www.classicchessandgames.com /Travel.htm (1714 words)

	Early Computers (1946-51)
		By the beginning of 1946 two major purely electronic digital computers had been built, the ENIAC in the U.S.A. and the Colossus in the U.K. In addition there were a number of electro-mechanical machines in existence, notably the "Harvard Mark I", built at Harvard University under Howard H. Aiken, completed in 1943.
		The Baby so successfully demonstrated the effectiveness and potential of the von Neumann computer that Williams immediately embarked on developing the Baby into a full-sized usable machine, the Manchester Mark 1, and the U.K. government immediately contracted Ferranti Ltd. to build a commercial machine based on its design (whatever it would turn out to be!).
		In 1973, the patent of Mauchly and Eckert for the invention of the electronic computer was overturned in court in favour of Atanasoff.
	www.computer50.org /mark1/contemporary.html (3391 words)

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