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Topic: Electronic counter measures

	Electronic Warfare and EWSs
		Called Electronic Warfare, the ability to impair an attacker's targeting computer, while simultaneously countering the attackers's ability to impair your targeting computer, is very important in modern combat, and this is true on land, sea, air, and in space.
		Electronic Warfare functions in two ways: to lessen an attacker's chance to strike a target and to negate a defender's ability to impair an attackers chance to hit.
		Each point of ECM generates a -1 penalty to strike a target with a direct fire weapon and to achieve a lock-on with a tracking weapon, such as a missile.
	homepage.mac.com /cheethorne/Palladium/electronicwarfare.htm (2097 words)

	Electronic countermeasures - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electronic countermeasures (ECM) are any sort of electrical or electronic device designed to "spoof" radar, sonar, or other detection systems.
		ECM is practiced by nearly all military units — land, sea or air.
		ECM is a function of the electromagnetic spectrum or frequency of energy that is directed toward a target.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electronic_counter-measures (546 words)

	Electronic warfare support measures - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In telecommunication, the term electronic warfare support measures (ESM) is the division of electronic warfare involving actions taken under direct control of an operational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate sources of radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition.
		Thus, electronic warfare support measures (ESM) provide a source of information required for immediate decisions involving electronic counter-measures (ECM), electronic counter-counter-measures (ECCM), avoidance, targeting, and other tactical employment of forces.
		Electronic warfare support measures data can be used to produce signals intelligence (SIGINT), both communications intelligence (COMINT) and electronics intelligence (ELINT).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electronic_warfare_support_measures (130 words)

	Electronic counter-counter-measures - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electronic counter-counter measures, or ECCM, refers to an electronic system's ability to function in the presence of Electronic counter-measures, or ECM.
		This is an electronic method to boost the apparent signal strength as perceived by the radar receiver.
		The outgoing radar pulses are chirped, that is, the frequency of the carrier is varied within the pulse, much like the sound of a cricket chirping.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electronic_counter-counter-measures (524 words)

	ew (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This is the active use of the electromagnetic spectrum to deny its use by the enemy.
		Most ECM activity is in the form of jamming.
		ECM and most of ECCM actions can be detected by the enemy by nature of their active use of transmissions.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /EW.html (220 words)

	Terminology:Electronic Counter Measures - VsWiki
		Electronic Counter Measures are designed to foil missile and torpedo attacks against the craft on which they are installed.
		Activation of ECM lets loose a barrage of electromagnetic noise, focused false radar/lidar images, infrared beams and altered signatures intended to confuse missile targeting systems by causing them to misjudge the size, location, and direction of the ECM enabled craft.
		ECM foils an opponent’s attempts to reduce shields and armor on your ship as well as preventing the effects of more sophisticated attack methods.
	vegastrike.sourceforge.net /wiki/Terminology:Electronic_Counter_Measures (203 words)

	Missile Guidance Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Passive: passive electronic warfare occurs when we are listening to the broadcasts of the enemy.
		Electronic Counter Measures: These are used to defeat (counter) the enemies attempts to use electronics to defeat our use of electronics.
		Learn electronics to such an extent that you will be able to quickly learn the more secretive concepts we use every day to protect our nation.
	www.cameron.edu /~richardb/T_Missile.html (464 words)

	Advance Corporate Solutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The equipment involved has been purchased though inter-action with certain experts in the United Kingdom who are renowned for their expertise in the field of electronic counter-measures and constant upgrading of both personnel and equipment takes place under their personal supervision, either in the United Kingdom or in South Africa.
		In order to safeguard both the interests of the client and this company itself, it is emphasised that it is important for the client or his designated representative to be physically present throughout the duration of the ECM investigation.
		In this manner the client is able to observe the process and the manner in which the equipment is utilized and thereby formulate his own evaluation of the level of expertise and professionalism involved.
	www.acsolutions.co.za /ecmi.htm (434 words)

	The Evolution of Jihadi Electronic Counter-Measures
		An example of an electronic dead letter box is sharing the same e-mail address and password with all the individuals/parties communicating.
		Israeli intelligence, which had established the voiceprints of the four in an earlier encounter, was able to intercept their calls and pinpoint their location even though they were using different numbers and fake names.
		The control questions, the training explains, are a group of question with known answers for both the interrogator and the mujahid designed to register the mujahid's normal reflexes to be compared later with reflexes from the serious questions.
	www.jamestown.org /terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2370122 (1780 words)

	Airborne Electronic Countermeasures
		ECM (Electronic Counter Measures) and EW (Electronic Warfare) are today of the most important aspects of warfare.
		Electronic warfare can be defined as any military action involving the use or manipulation of electromagnetic radiation to control the electromagnetic spectrum.
		Electronic counter-measures (ECM) on the other hand are ways that the opposition tries to deny the use and advantage of the use of the electromagnetic spectrum.
	www.acig.org /artman/publish/printer_56.shtml (4020 words)

	Nutrient Counter -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		By comparing the signal strength as received by both the omnidirectional and the (directionall) main antenna, signals can be identified that are not from the direction of interest.
		This entry may be better if renamed Electronic Protective Measures, as that is a more modern term for the same thing.
		In this way the cell is aware of the available nutrients and is able to produce only the molecules specific to that nutrient type.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/106/nutrient-counter.html (1389 words)

	Electronic Warfare - Ensuring Dominance of the EM Spectrum
		In times of conflict, Electronic Warfare is essential in ensuring that dominance of the electromagnetic spectrum is achieved in order to operate missions undetected.
		Electronic Warfare technology, usually based on an airborne platform, provides forces with a means to screen their own activities and so prevent the enemy from detecting other operations.
		Measuring just 70mm x 180mm x 35mm and weighing 400g, the modular ESM system has been designed to detect FR, infra-red, and radar emitters.
	www.roke.co.uk /defence/electronic_warfare.asp (320 words)

	Echo Chain Saw Chain : Construction Equipment
		The electronic counter measures 8Ã¨ communicates with the ECB 6Ã¨ via the connection of data of the extension.
		The electronic counter measures 8Ã¨ comes with a cable of ECS interface, a cover of the security, and the cable of multiple connections in series of the power supply.The electronic counter measures 8Ã¨ comes with a cable of ECS interface, a cover of the security, and a remote power supply.
		Canceller of acoustic echo of 2 ECA the adaptante acoustic module of canceller of ECA echo 2 DSP is an option for the mixer of the electronic counter measures 8Ã¨.El ECA 2 installs temporarily clearing the upper deck, and seating the card upon the board of the mother of the mixer.
	www.alpha-i.com /711-Echo-Chain-Saw-Chain.html (1037 words)

	BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR: Volume 5(1)
		Electronic Attack (EA) involves activity aimed at degrading the enemy’s ability to conduct electronic warfare.
		Electronic Support Measures (ESM) involves actions taken to search for, intercept, identify, and locate radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition.
		ECM is a major facet in every area of a modern air warfare campaign, which includes Close Air Support (CAS), Air to Air, Battlefield air interdiction, Ground Attack and Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD).
	www.bharat-rakshak.com /MONITOR/ISSUE5-1/manoj.html (2768 words)

	Nemesis Group - specialist security services to the United Kingdom and international markets
		Domestic and commercial use of electronic voice, image and data surveillance devices is rife.
		Electronic examinations and the physical searches conducted are extremely thorough.
		Tamper proof seals are used and electronic mapping profiles recorded to aide future sweeps.
	www.nemesisgroup.org /risk.htm (972 words)

	Manual:Combat:Counter measures - VsWiki
		Electronic Counter Measures are designed to foil missile and torpedo attacks on the craft to which they are installed.
		Activation of ECM lets loose a barrage of electromagnetic noise, focused false radar/lidar images, Infrared beams, and altered signatures intended to confuse missile targeting systems into misjudging the size, location, and direction of the ECM user.
		ECM is also self-activating on detection of an approaching missile or torpedo.
	vegastrike.sourceforge.net /wiki/Manual:Combat:Counter_measures (164 words)

	[No title]
		But further analysis of Israeli ECM methodolgy makes an impression that the Israelis may know what they are doing.
		Using the older flare systems, the cost is about a third less, and the detection and countermeasures system cost about the same.
		It will typically be a year or more before laser counter-measures are to be deployed militarily and proven effective, if that is even the case.
	www.strategypage.com /militaryforums/7-178.aspx (478 words)

	Electronic warfare - free-definition
		This is the active use of the electromagnetic spectrum to deny its use by an adversary.
		An older term for EPM is ECCM (Electronic Counter Counter Measures).
		ECM and active EPM can be detected by an adversary by the nature of their active use of transmissions.
	www.netlexikon.akademie.de /EW.html (208 words)

	ipedia.com: Electronic counter-measures Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Electronic counter-measures or ECM are both offensive and defensive, covering all methods used to deny targeting information to an enemy.
		This prevents the determination of incoming strikes until the jamming unit is destroyed.
		Defensive ECM also uses chaff as well as soids, blip enhancement and jamming of missile terminal homers.
	www.ipedia.com /electronic_counter_measures.html (114 words)

	Electronic Counter-Measures -Ashenoff & Associates
		In addition we routinely conduct a detailed physical inspection of all identified interiors, surfaces, furniture, ventilation ducts, objects, and artifacts, on or within, the immediate vicinity of the designated areas.
		ECM Tests include technical analysis to determine the presence of resistive capacitive voltage breakdown and/or voltage reversal hookswitch bypassing.
		Other tests include examination of telephone instruments and their associated lines for the presence of series and parallel tapping devices; radio frequency analysis between the frequencies of 20 KHz and 3 GHz for the detection of clandestine transmitters and carrier current transmission searched on all power lines and telephone wiring in the designated areas.
	www.ashenoff.com /english/counter.htm (235 words)

	Lillian Vasquez On Autism : Learning Disabilities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The electronic counter measures 6Ãª has six entrances and four exits, and is independent basically the four six mixers of the matrix of the channel.
		ECA 2 is an acoustic module of canceller of echo, required when using the electronic counter measures 6Ãª for the uses of the communication.To use the optional modules gives to system designer more uses flexibility.
		In order to work the electronic counter measures 6Ã¢d by itself, as soon as it connects microphones, a loudspeaker, a telephone line, and a telephone system to mark.
	www.contemp-med-ed.com /319-Lillian-Vasquez-On-Autism.html (979 words)

	ECM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		ECM is used to "de-bug" homes, offices, and autos.
		ECM is used to locate and disable illegal eavesdropping devices.
		When Elint Services arrives we will electronically "sweep" all offices, rooms, autos and phone lines that may be affected.
	www.elintservices.com /ecm.htm (646 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : Nation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		ESM equipment can be described as electronic counter-measures with capability of target acquisition.
		India is interested in using and reinforcing electronic counter-measures in Jammu and Kashmir.
		The Israeli and Indian sides are also believed to be talking on Electronic Counter Counter measures (ECCM) and ECCM for Awacs.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1030910/asp/nation/story_2350934.asp (432 words)

	Electronic counter - Adtron Corporation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The electronic circuit of a geiger counter (hv generation and amplifier) is fairly easy to build,
		A handheld electronic counter ergonomically designed for ease of use.
		Successful operation of the ECM system in a jet fighter is essential to the safety of the pilot and plane
	www.indexway.com /?q=electronic-counter (387 words)

	Technical Counter Surveillance Equipment, Electronic Counter Measures, EOD Search Equipment - UK
		The EOD search equipment and counter surveillance equipment available from Winkelmann is suitable for a variety of applications, ranging from mine clearance and site security through to monitoring of all incoming and outgoing signals from military bases.
		Winkelmann is able to provide portable counter surveillance equipment that has been specifically developed to counter a particular type of threat, giving the highest possible levels of detection and protection from unauthorised surveillance.
		Typically, devices such as receivers that activate explosive devices, transmitters of all types, electronic timing devices, remotely activated receivers, and timing and power units of improvised explosive devices are all reliably detected.
	www.winkelmann.co.uk /index.htm (372 words)

	Halfbakery: Vehicle Electronic Counter Measures
		You can not be given a ticket unless the cop can prove how fast you are going.
		The only way to do this without electronic means is to match your speed.
		He won't try to match your speed unless he thinks the gun is giving a false reading, by which time you know he's watching you and you can slow down accordingly.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Vehicle_20Electronic_20Counter_20Measures (418 words)

	MilSpec Communications: Tactical Radio Jammers
		Tactical radio jamming equipment (ECM, Electronic Counter Measures) comes in various configurations that range from ground base --- static or mobile versions, airborne versions, manpack versions and expendable versions just to name a few.
		Early jammers were but a simple transmitter keyed on to a specific frequency producing a carrier which interfered with receiving stations.
		Since the advent of ECCM (Electronic Counter Counter Measures) radio equipment, the simple single carrier jammer has become ineffective.
	www.milspec.ca /jammers/jammers.html (500 words)

	CCA Commercial Communications Associates, Inc
		To electronically attack a frequency hopping net, an Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) Unit must first identify the presence of the hopping net within a defined frequency range, determine its geographic location, then either crack the hop code or follow and jam the transmissions.
		This use of Electronic Warfare (EW) has meant that Peace-Keeping Forces worldwide have had to equip with HF frequency hopping radios, as have the forces of developing countries, now the price barrier has been lowered.
		Even the more technically sophisticated enemy forces, using ESM (Electronic Support Measures) receivers and Fast Following Jammers, are thwarted by the HF-90’s use of SSB modulation in hop mode.
	www.sistec.co.ao /produtos/04cmac.htm (1569 words)

	► surveillance counter measure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		SpyShop USA offers discreet electronics and security items: bug detector, hidden camera, telephone redorder, night vision, communication device, surveillance items, special custom made and personal and corporate security items.
		Technical Surveillance Counter Measures, TSCM bug sweeps telephone, computer data lines, and bug sweep offices to free them of electronic eavesdropping and wiretaps.
		fundamental types of surveillance attacks is a prerequisite to understanding counter measure equipment...
	www.aboutsurveillancecamera.info /surveillance-counter-measure (300 words)

	Counter Surveillance Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In this system there is one area very often overlooked – electronic counter-measures (ECM) otherwise known as ‘de-bugging’.
		To counter this threat needs equally sophisticated electronic equipment capable of detecting these devices.
		However it is only one part of the 'Defence in Depth' scenario - without the others measures it will do little to minimise the threat to a business and cause the ECM to be a wasted effort.
	www.bcrm.co.uk /subtopics/ecm.html (352 words)

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