
	Where results make sense

Topic: Electroplaques

In the News (Sat 28 Nov 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	EM PROJECT: Mathew Timney
		These electroplaques are densely innervated on one side and not innervated on the other side.
		The electroplaques are often three to four millimeters across and only ten microns thick (Mathewson, et.al, 1961).
		Since the electroplaques are arranged in series, the results are cumulative, not unlike a series of resistors.
	www.csulb.edu /~zedmason/emprojects/MATHEW/mathew.html (1765 words)

	[No title]
		The electroplaques of this organ have a different orientation, i.e.,.they are in- nervated on their dorsal rather than their ventral surfaces.
		The surface of the electroplaques innervated and other aspects of their structure in a number of electric fish are summarized 8in Table 1.
		Electrophysiology The electroplaques in each--column of an electric organ form a series array, so that the hook-up in series adds the outputs of the cells and builds up the voltage, while the arrangement of columns of electroplaques in parallel2 functions to build up the amperage.
	www.intellnet.org /mkultra/DOC_0000173504/ASC_0000173504.TXT (2877 words)

	Toronto Zoo > Meet The Animals > Fact Sheet
		The thin, flattened cells of electric organs are known as electroplaques.
		In the electric eel, the organ is arranged in columns of electroplaques which run longitudinally and make up a large portion of the animal's mass.
		The electroplaques along the body of an electric eel discharge simultaneously (within a period of 3 milliseconds).
	www.torontozoo.com /Animals/details.asp?AnimalId=467 (447 words)

	Biological Batteries
		The organs are kidney-shaped, modified from branchial (gill) musculature, and are composed of columnar prism-like structures — called 'electroplaques' — separated by loose connective tissue, forming a network similar to the cells of a honeycomb.
		The number of electroplaques per column — and thus the 'shock value' — also varies in number among species of electrogenic ray, from roughly 500 in Narcine to over 1 000 in Torpedo.
		The electroplaques of these skates are small disc- or cup-shaped cells that are less regularly oriented to one another than those of the electrogenic rays.
	www.elasmo-research.org /education/topics/p_batteries.htm (2177 words)

	Electric fishes
		It is somewhat misleading to think of this situation in terms of the water being part of a special electrical entity called a "ground." It is simply a conductor of a different form from the wires with which we are used to dealing.
		The electroplaque columns are analogous to batteries aligned in series: the more electroplaques, or batteries, in a line, the greater the voltage produced.
		The ability of electroplaques to generate an electric current is due to the structure of their cell membranes and the activity of chemical pumps.
	www.rsmas.miami.edu /support/lib/seas/seasQA/QAs/e/elecfish.html (1549 words)

	Klymkowsky Publications
		Protease effects on the structure of acetylcholine receptor membranes from Torpedo california electroplaques.
		Immunospecific identification and three-dimensional structure of a membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica.
		On the structure of the acetylcholine receptor of Torpedo californica electroplaques.
	spot.colorado.edu /~klym/publication70s.htm (79 words)

	Electric eel
		The electric eel generates its characteristic electrical pulse in a manner similar to a battery, in which stacked plates produce an electrical charge.
		In the electric eel, stacked electroplaques (some 5,000 to 6,000 of them) are capable of producing a shock at up to 500 volts, and 1 ampere of current (500 watt).
		There are reports of animals producing larger voltages, but this seems relatively unimportant as this much current is sufficient to stun or deter virtually any other animal.
	www.askfactmaster.com /Electric_eel (505 words)

	Electrogenic fish
		Detection organs were usually derived from the lateral line, a system that detects sounds and currents in the water.
		The electrogenic tissue involved stacks of flattened cells, called electroplaques or electrocytes, derived from muscle or nerve tissue.
		All electrogenic fish held the body rigid, apparently to simplify interpretation of their electrical field.
	www.orionsarm.com /science/electrogenic_fish.html (608 words)

	Electrogenesis in Torpedo Rays
		The interior of the electroplaque is negatively charged, the result of selective permeability by the upper and lower cell membranes as concentration gradients drive the movements of ions across the membranes.
		Each electroplaque acts like a miniature battery, developing a peak electromotive force (emf) of about 50 mV (sometimes as large as 90 mV) during the 5 ms discharge.
		When all of the ray's electroplaques activate simultaneously in this manner, the resulting external currents can be strong enough to disable nearby biological organisms.
	scubageek.com /articles/wwwray.html (1112 words)

	Transcendental Creative Systems Theory: Part 1
		For example, cells called electroplaques generate electrical charges that serve their suprasystem as a defense mechanism.
		Occasionally the output may be in the form of electrical charges as with the often herein cited case of electroplaque cells in electric fish.
		In neurons this is the presynaptic region of the cell that would pass its signal along to the postsynaptic region of an adjoining cell.
	www.vantagequest.org /trees/livingsystems1.htm (7904 words)

	Carlos Chagas Filho at AllExperts
		He was internationally renowned for his investigations on the neural mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of electrogenesis by the electroplaques of electric fishes.
		He discovered also that the electroplaques has two kinds of excitability, one which is direct, and another which is reflex via the nervous pathways.
		He studied also the effects of curare on the electroplaques, which are modified striated muscles and thus have synaptic transmission based on acetylcholine (curare is an antagonist of this neurotransmitter).
	en.allexperts.com /e/c/ca/carlos_chagas_filho.htm (1209 words)

	What is Electroception?
		Electric eels are quite large, growing as long as 2.5 m (8 ft) and weighing 25 kg (55 lbs).
		They use their Sachs organ, a stack of electroplaques, to generate a charge.
		The electroplaques are disc-like cells stacked on top of each other to produce an additive charge.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-electroception.htm (408 words)

	Biographical Memoirs V.66
		A few years after Harry introduced Bennett to electric fish and electroplaques (Scientific American, October 1960), the tempo of research on these preparations reached a peak.
		Interest in the field was also heightened by the publication of numerous papers dealing with the electrophysiological and structural properties of electroplaques by Harry, Mike, and colleagues.
		An outgrowth of this work, in which Mike Bennett was also the primary investigator, was the study on the properties of cell-cell junctions.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309052378/html/160.html (412 words)

	Shades Eyewear..Sunglasses, Polarized Lens, UV Rays
		This fish is reputed to be able to generate a sufficiently powerful electric shock to kill a man.
		Large numbers of electroplaques are arranged in series and in parallel to build up voltage and current-producing capacity of the electric organ.
		Fishes deliver a sudden discharge of electricity by timing the nervous impulses that activate individual electroplaques, thereby providing simultaneous action of the entire array.
	shadeseyewear.com /eogen.htm (2870 words)

	Temperature dependence of the four ionic processes of spike electrogenesis in eel electroplaques. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Temperature dependence of the four ionic processes of spike electrogenesis in eel electroplaques.
		Spike electrogenesis of eel electroplaques involves four ionic processes which are controlled by the membrane potential.
		Closure of the Na-channels has a Q10 (increase in rate of reaction for each 10 degrees increase in temperature) of about 9, and activation energy (Ea) of this reaction is about 31.5 kcal/mole (132 kJ/mole).
	www.ionchannels.org /showabstract.php?pmid=1068467 (335 words)

	Electrogenesis in Torpedo Rays
		The interior of the electroplaque is negatively charged, the result of selective permeability by the upper and lower cell membranes as concentration gradients drive the movements of ions across the membranes.
		Each electroplaque acts like a miniature battery, developing a peak electromotive force (emf) of about 50 mV (sometimes as large as 90 mV) during the 5 ms discharge.
		When all of the ray's electroplaques activate simultaneously in this manner, the resulting external currents can be strong enough to disable nearby biological organisms.
	www.scubageek.com /articles/wwwray.html (1112 words)

	Scary Animals - Electric Eel (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The electric eel generates its characteristic electrical pulse in a manner similar to a battery, in which stacked plates produce an electrical charge.
		In the electric eel, some 5,000 to 6,000 stacked electroplaques are capable of producing a shock at up to 500 volts and 1 ampere of current (500 watts).
		There are reports of animals producing larger voltages, but the typical output is sufficient to stun or deter virtually any other animal.
	www.sheppardsoftware.com /animalpages/animal-dangerous-7.htm (449 words)

	The Electrophysiology of Electric Organs of Marine Electric Fishes: III. The electroplaques of the stargazer, ...
		The electroplaques of the stargazer, Astroscopus y-graecum -- Bennett and Grundfest 44 (4): 819 -- The Journal of General Physiology
		From the Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, and the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole
		The electroplaques of Astroscopus y-graecum were studied in
	www.jgp.org /cgi/content/abstract/44/4/819 (214 words)

	ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF ELECTRIC ORGAN IN GYMNOTUS CARAPO -- Bennett and Grundfest 42 (5): 1067 -- The Journal of General ...
		electroplaques which lie in four tubes on each side of the fish.
		In one tube the electroplaques are innervated on their rostral
		electroplaque is innervated by several nerve fibers, which produce
	www.jgp.org /cgi/content/abstract/42/5/1067 (362 words)

	Electroplaques - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		Electroplaques - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		Electrocytes or electroplaques are cells used by electric eels and other electric fishes for electrogenesis, used to generate an electric shock, but also for electroreception.
		They are flat disk-like cells that are stacked in a sequence in a manner similar to a battery, and make up the electric organs of the fish.
	www.music.us /education/E/Electroplaques.htm (361 words)

	Amazon Voyage: The Seven Perils
		The Sachs organ, a stack of electroplaques, is the primary source of communication among E. electricus.
		The electric eel generates its characteristic electrical pulse in a manner similar to a battery, in which stacked plates produce an electrical charge.
		In the electric eel, some 5,000 to 6,000 stacked electroplaques are capable of producing a shock at up to 500 volts and 1 ampere of current (500 watts).
	www.omsi.edu /visit/featured/amazon/perils.cfm (1901 words)

	science file: d.p.o.//[scixf 2.0]
		Before you dismiss the idea that an earthly organism might have such powers to manipulate electric fields, consider the electric eel.
		A member of the Gymnotiformes order of fish, the electric eel has the ability to generate an electric field along its length through the use of electroplaques, cells that store electric charge much like capacitors.
		Electric eels use their electroplaques to sense disturbances in the electric field around them, as well as to stun their prey with up to 600 volts of electricity.
	www.huah.net /scixf/xdpo.html (555 words)

	Analysis of Spike Electrogenesis of Eel Electroplaques with Phase Plane and Impedance Measurements -- Morlock et al. 52 ...
		Analysis of Spike Electrogenesis of Eel Electroplaques with Phase Plane and Impedance Measurements -- Morlock et al.
		Analysis of Spike Electrogenesis of Eel Electroplaques with Phase Plane and Impedance Measurements
		From the Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York 10032, and the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
	www.jgp.org /cgi/content/abstract/52/1/22 (232 words)

	ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC AND HISTOCHEMICAL COMPARISON OF THE TWO TYPES OF ELECTROPLAQUES OF NARCINE BRASILIENSIS -- Wachtel ...
		Harry Grundfest Ph.D. From the Cell Research Laboratory, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, and the Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York.
		The fine structure of the electroplaques of these organs has
		In both kinds of electroplaques the innervated surface
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/abstract/11/3/663 (276 words)

	Oceanlink \| marine sciences education and fun
		I know that electric rays, which are capable of generating exceptionally large electric fields (~200V) have rather thick insulating layers of skin.
		This insulating layer may help the animal mask the electromagnetic fields that it generates during movement and from its electroplaques.
		There are numerous other examples of the use of crypsis and camouflage in the marine environment.
	oceanlink.island.net /ask/ecology.html (4718 words)

	Untitled Document
		Electric Signal Production: Fish that are able to produce electric signals are said to be electrogenic (Nelson Lab).
		The electric organ contains columns of stacked electroplates or electroplaques, cells of modified muscle that lack the ability to contract and are specialized for the generation of electric current.
		One face of the electroplate is smooth and covered with nerve endings, and opposite face is deeply folded.
	www.bio.davidson.edu /people/midorcas/animalphysiology/websites/2003/Wilson/How.htm (447 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)