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Topic: Electroporation

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	Electroporation apparatus and process - Patent 5128257 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Electroporation is a technique wherein cells are stimulated to take up material from their surrounding medium by placing the medium containing the material and a suspension of cells between two electrodes and exposing the cells to an electrical impulse (Wong, T. K., et al.
		It comprises contacting an electroporation chamber with a fluid containing a cell suspension and a biological substance to be transfected into the cells and passing at least two simultaneous and directionally distinct electric impulses through the fluid to transfect the biological substance into one or more of the suspended cells.
		Electroporation inserts having a density greater than that of the media used for electroporation and which are relatively rigid may be directly inserted into an electroporation chamber with appropriate electrical connections.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5128257.html (7618 words)

	The Enterococcus Research Site >>Electroporation of Enterococcus faecalis
		Early protocols for the electroporation and transformation of gram-positive species using lysozyme to degrade and weaken regions of the cell wall presented many of the same technical difficulties that were encountered with PEG-mediated protoplast transformation.
		In an effort to optimize electroporation procedures for a variety of gram-positive species, the incorporation of alternative agents to weaken cell walls was investigated.
		Adequate cell growth for electroporation was observed in the presence of 8% glycine for strains JH2-2 and UV202 (10).
	w3.ouhsc.edu /enterococcus/electroporation.asp (3593 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Efficient expression of transgenes in adult zebrafish by electroporation
		Recently, electroporation of the neural tube of the embryo was demonstrated to investigate gene regulation in later stages of zebrafish development [11].
		In addition to the electroporation parameters, the amount of plasmid DNA used for electroporation is known to have strong bearing on the reporter gene expression [16,17].
		Electroporation in zebrafish was used extensively on eggs and was also used for the functional analysis of the role of developmental genes in the neural tube of zebrafish embryo and larvae [11,18].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6750/5/29 (3363 words)

	Electroporation - The Science - Cyto Pulse Sciences, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Electroporation is the use of a transmembrane electric field pulse to induce microscopic pathways (pores) in a bio-membrane.
		The use of electroporation was described by Neumann in the early 1980.
		Because the mechanism of electroporation is not well understood, the development of protocols for a particular application has usually been achieved empirically, by adjusting pulse parameters (amplitude, duration, number, and inter-pulse interval).
	www.cytopulse.com /electroporation.shtml (1003 words)

	Characterization of Cell Membrane Electroporation
		Electropermeabilization or electroporation is the use of a transmembrane electric field pulse to induce microscopic pathways (pores) in a bio-membrane.
		Electroporation occurs as a result of the reorientation of lipid molecules of the bilayer membrane to form hydrophilic pores in the membrane.
		The movement of lipid molecules in electroporation is characterized in the theoretical model by the diffusion coefficient of lipid molecules in pore radius space.
	www.ghostlovers.com.au /electroporation.htm (2040 words)

	Hollis Cline's Lab
		This technique utilizes electroporation in which a brief external high voltage pulse induces sufficient transmembrane potential to disrupt the electrostatic forces maintaining lipid bilayer structure, causing the temporarily formation of small pores in the cell membrane.
		Electroporation permits one to target DNA transfection to selected regions on one side of the brain, in addition to widespread transfection demonstrated by others in their systems.
		For targeted electroporation of a specific brain region, a concentrated bolus of DNA should be injected as close as possible to the region of interest.
	clinelab.cshl.edu /methods.html (2263 words)

	Electroporation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A cell suspension, such as of plant protoplasts, is placed in the cuvette.
		Electroporation is thus also a method used in transformation.
		Electroporation is but one way of putting DNA into living cells.
	opbs.okstate.edu /~melcher/MG/MGW4/MG431.html (250 words)

	Electroporation
		Electroporation, also called electropermeabilization, uses an externally applied electrical field to increase the permeability of the cell plasma membrane, making it easier in molecular biology to introduce a new substance to the cell.
		Through a variety of processes, electroporation causes a number of very small pores to open in the plasma membrane.
		Electroporation may be used to transform bacteria or plant protoplasts.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Electroporation (205 words)

	The Scientist : Electroporation and the Single Cell
		Whereas traditional electroporation devices permit only bulk intracellular delivery of molecules, companies are now introducing more sophisticated methods that allow users to manipulate individual cells and even to target specific regions of a cell.
		According to Mazzola, the CellPort™, a high-volume version of the Excellin system capable of electroporating millions of cells simultaneously, is currently in beta testing; she expects the CellArray system to be released within the next year.
		Additionally, Cellectricon is currently developing a capillary electroporation array with the technical features of the Axoporator and the throughput of Excellin's instrument.
	www.the-scientist.com /article/display/14639 (787 words)

	SDSATC Electroporation
		Electroporation uses strong, brief pulses of electric current to punch holes in the cell membranes of the E.
		If 1 to 2 µl of the final ligation mix from a library construction is added to the cells just prior to electroporation, then a fraction of the cells will absorb some of the DNA through these holes.
		For electroporation we employ DH10B cells (female) because they are robust during electroporation.
	sequence-www.stanford.edu /protocols/electroporation.html (669 words)

	Electroporation, Electrofusion and Transfection Solutions by BTX
		Electroporation, electrofusion, transfection, bacterial transformation, plant protoplast fusion or embryo manipulation can be performed with BTX Electro Cell Manipulators.
		Electroporation and cell fusion (electrofusion) are techniques used to perform research on embryonic stem cells (HESC), adult stem cells, somatic cell nuclear transfer, therapeutic cloning and cancer research.
		The BTX Petri Pulser is designed for the electroporation of adherent cells in situ or for large volume electroporation.
	www.btxonline.com (359 words)

	Inovio » Technology » Electroporation Science
		Electroporation can also be used to deliver DNA safely and effectively for gene therapy as well as DNA vaccinations.
		While many scientists and laboratories have been involved in basic electroporation research and early-stage applications, Inovio holds a leading position in electroporation therapy having made major contributions to the development of electroporation as a mechanism for basic biological research and for clinical use.
		Currently, the MedPulser Electroporation therapy System is being used for the treatment of skin cancers in Europe and is in Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of Head and Neck cancers.
	www.inovio.com /technology/electroporation.htm (466 words)

	Main Heading Goes Here
		Electroporation is an experimental process that creates pores in cell membranes with electrical impulses, allowing drugs or DNA to be introduced.
		Electroporation is the formation of water filled “holes” in the lipid bilayer matrix of the membrane.
		The success of electroporation based treatment depends on the parameters of the pulse.
	www.duke.edu /~mjg4 (1045 words)

	IngentaConnect Electroporation-Enhanced Nonviral Gene Transfer for the Preventio... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Electroporation has been shown to be equally applicable to small and large animals (rodents, dogs, pigs, other farm animals and primates), and this addresses one of the major problems in gene therapy, that of scalability to humans.
		Electroporation is also effective for the intratumoral delivery of therapeutic vectors.
		In vivo electroporation has been performed in humans, and it seems likely it could be applied clinically for nonviral gene therapy.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/ben/cgt/2006/00000006/00000002/art00006 (316 words)

	Electroporations - Services - The Darwin Transgenic Mouse Core Facility - Baylor College of Medicine
		Electroporations should not be initiated unless there is a clear and firm commitment to perform analysis on the clones immediately.
		Cell recovery may not be optimal if plates are stored for long periods at -80°C. Cells submitted to the Core by investigators for double targeting or Cre electroporations must be sent out for Murine Virus Testing prior to scheduling of electroporation.
		The Core defines one electroporation as a single DNA construct electroporated into one cell line where a total of 200 to 300 colonies are picked.
	imgen.bcm.tmc.edu /dtmc/electroporations.htm (761 words)

	Elementary [Ca2+]i signals generated by electroporation functionally mimic those evoked by hormonal stimulation -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The electroporation pulses used to obtain the data shown in this figure were monopolar and 50 µs in duration.
		The electroporative pulses were applied at the times indicated by the vertical arrows.
		Electroporation of cell membrane visualized under a pulsed-laser fluorescence microscope.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/13/2/365 (4907 words)

	Ambion TechNotes 12(1): High Throughput siRNA Electroporation
		Electroporation involves applying an electric field pulse to induce the formation of microscopic pores in the cell membrane.
		With electroporation, transfection occurs immediately, and cells can be transfected regardless of their cell cycle stage.
		Four samples were electroporated at a time, either with an siRNA targeting GAPDH (two samples) or with the negative control siRNA (two samples).
	www.ambion.com /techlib/tn/121/7.html (1118 words)

	News: Inovio's Presentations at Gene Therapy Meeting Showcase Potential for Electroporation in Delivering DNA Vaccines ...
		In general, these studies indicated that the use of Inovio's non-viral electroporation technology to deliver therapeutic DNA demonstrated statistically significant levels of gene expression and immune response in a safe and tolerable manner, indicating its promise as an alternative to viral and other non-viral DNA delivery methods.
		Growing evidence shows that electroporation has the potential to enable or enhance the ability of DNA vaccines to generate clinically relevant immune responses and the ability of gene-based therapeutics to treat protein-deficiency diseases such as hemophilia.
		Inovio is a leader in developing human therapeutic applications of electroporation, with the industry's most extensive patent portfolio covering in vivo electroporation.
	www.genengnews.com /news/bnitem.aspx?name=2232481 (1302 words)

	Electroporation deal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Electroporation is a technique by which DNA, RNA, proteins, dyes, drugs and other large molecules are inserted directly into cells.
		There electropores can stay open for several minutes during which time the molecules pass into the cell.
		Axon noted that transfection techniques such as electroporation are an important part of modern molecular biology, particularly in stem-cell research and genomics.
	www.drugresearcher.com /news/printNewsBis.asp?id=10956 (311 words)

	electroporation
		Transfer to chilled electroporation vials, knock sharply on the desk to remove any bubbles.
		Set up the gene pulser apparatus by removing the electroporation chamber from the refrigerator and attaching the leads to the apparatus.
		Mix briefly, then return the cells to the ice until you have finished electroporating all your samples.
	www.ca.uky.edu /agcollege/plantpathology/vaillanc/electro.htm (450 words)

	Tissue Electroporation: Quantification and Analysis of Heterogeneous Transport in Multicellular Environments -- ...
		FIGURE 3 Effect of radial position of cells within spheroids on molecular uptake using two different electroporation protocols that cause approximately the same level of uptake in isolated cells in suspension.
		Intact spheroids electroporated and analyzed as cells from the periphery (B) and interior (C) of the spheroid.
		Cells harvested from the periphery (D) or interior (E) of dissociated spheroids and electroporated as isolated cells in suspension.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/86/5/3260 (4350 words)

	Electroporation of the heart -- Nikolski and Efimov 7 (2): S146 -- Europace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Figure 3 Manifestation of electroporation changes in optical potential recordings is associated with an increase of propidium iodide fluorescence under the stimulation electrode.
		The electroporated region is clearly demarcated by the propidium iodide-stained cell nuclei.
		Effects of electroporation on the transmembrane potential distribution in a two-dimensional bidomain model of cardiac tissue.
	europace.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/7/s2/S146 (3596 words)

	Aditusmedical — Intelligent Electroporation -- biotech, gene therapy
		It combines regular electroporation with a unique and patented method to determine the degree of electroporation of the target cells.
		This means that it's possible to create pulse combinations containing different frequencies to target the electroporation to different size cells during one and the same pulse.
		The electroporation is based on the information from the Progress Monitor and stops the process automatically when one or several pre-determined criteria have been met.
	www.aditusmedical.com /products.php (1037 words)

	PA-4000 Advanced PulseAgile® Electroporation System - Cyto Pulse Sciences, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Rectangular wave electroporators have become industry standard because of their ability to increase transfection efficiency while maintaining viability over older and less reliable exponential decay models.
		This is generally used to deliver a series of high voltage and short duration pulses first permeabilizing the cell membrane, followed by a series of low voltage and long duration pulses to continue delivery of the transfectant by electrophoresis.
		The heavy-duty electroporation cuvette holder will operate with all major cuvette manufacturers, although Cyto Pulse cuvettes are recommended for best results; standard cuvette sizes are available in 1 mm, 2 mm, and 4 mm electrode gaps.
	www.cytopulse.com /lab-research/pa-4000.shtml (757 words)

	Welcome to Applied BioPhysics - Electroporation / Wounding Module
		These invasive actions are only directed at the small population of cells in contact with the active ECIS electrode, and once these incursions are completed, the system returns to its normal mode to follow the fate of the altered cells.
		We have recently evaluated the conditions required for electroporation of small molecules, and beta testing is now underway to assess ECIS electroporation* using DNA constructs.
		Experiments have been conducted showing that the healing rate is strongly dependent upon cell type, medium composition, and the protein adsorbed to the substrate.
	www.biophysics.com /pages/products/wounding/wound.html (396 words)

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