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Topic: Electroreceptor

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	Publications of Rob C. Peters anc co-workers: Catfish ampullary electroreceptor organs
		The electroreceptor organ of the catfish, Ictalurus melas, as a model for cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.
		Electrophysiological demonstration of NMDA receptors at the afferent synapse of catfish electroreceptor organs.
		Quantitative aspects of transduction in an electroreceptor organ studied by means of experimental manipulation of the spike interval.
	www.bio.uu.nl /~rcpeters/Publications/Microampullae.html (718 words)

	electroreceptor - Encyclopedia.com
		electroreceptor A type of receptor cell found in weakly electrical teleost fish, which allows the detection of electrical discharge.
		There are two types of electroreceptor: ampullary organs and tuberous organs.
		Periodic firing pattern in afferent discharges from electroreceptor organs in catfish.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O8-electroreceptor.html (215 words)

	[No title]
		FThe difference between tonic and pli-isic electroreceptors is that the former have one resistance in series with the generator whereas the phasic electroreceptors have a cap- acitance.
		There are between 700 and 1000 tuberous organ electroreceptors, between 800 and 1000 2type A mormyromasts electroreceptors and between 2100 and 2300 type B mormyromasts electroreceptors in the skin of an adult Gnathonemus petersii.
		Electroreceptors are located on the whole body but are more numerous near 2 and on the head and near its very pointed tail.
	www.blackvault.com /documents/mkultra/MKULTRA2/DOC_0000173971/ASC_0000173971.TXT (11846 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Electroreceptor
		Electroreceptors enable such species to navigate their environment, spot their predators, communicate with other species of their own, maintain their orientation while swimming, and to measure and adjust voltage across skin at different temperatures (Wilkens et al.
		Each electroreceptor organ consists of a small (approx 0.1 mm diameter) pit in the skin with a cluster of sensory cells in the bottom of the pit.
		The electroreceptor organ density is highest in the head region of the fish (approx.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Electroreceptor (346 words)

	Amorphous silicon carbide electroreceptors - Patent 4885220
		An electroreceptor in accordance with claim 1 wherein the voltage decay on the surface of said electroreceptor is less than or equal to 5V/sec at electrical fields of greater than or equal to 50V/.mu.m.
		An electroreceptor in accordance with claim 1 wherein the layer of hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide is prepared by the plasma dissociation of a mixture of a silicon containing gas and a carbon containing gas, or the plasma dissociation of gas molecules containing both silicon and carbon atoms.
		Images obtained with this electroreceptor were of excellent quality (equivalent to those obtained in Example I), and the wear resistance of this electroreceptor was found to be exceptional by rotating the drum against a 2 mil thick stainless steel cleaning blade for one million cycles and, detecting no loss with a Permascope.RTM.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4885220.html (4430 words)

	Electroreceptors
		Electroreceptors enable such species to navigate their environment, spot their predators, communicate with other species of their own, maintain their orientation while swimming, and to measure and adjust voltage across skin at different temperatures (Wilkens et al.
		In the control group the ampullary and tuberous neurons were cut from the electroreceptor cells, and then these cells were allowed to be innervated by afferent neurons of their original type.
		The results from the electron microscopy images revealed that the electroreceptor cells that were cut from their innervating neurons and were not replaced with any other neurons had all degenerated.
	www.geocities.com /tkamalinejad/Electroreceptors.html (1859 words)

	[No title]
		Electroreceptor organs of fish are considered to be part of the octavolateral system1 which also includes the organ of Corti, vestibular and otolith apparatus, and lateral-line organs.
		There is a reason to believe that the sensory function of the electroreceptor organs and other organs of the octavolateral system is determined not only by the structural, physiological and biochemical properties of receptor cells, but also by the mechanism of synaptic transmission and the characteristics of associated membrane receptors.
		In the afferent synapse of electroreceptor organs of the ampullae of Lorenzini, the excitatory responses to NMDA were depressed completely in solutions with elevated concentration of Mg2+.
	www.infran.ru /public/nmda.htm (3616 words)

	Electrolocation
		Each electroreceptor organ consists of a small (approx 0.1 mm diameter) pit in the skin with a cluster of sensory cells in the bottom of the pit.
		Each electroreceptor organ gives rise to a single afferent nerve fiber which conveys sensory information to the brain.
		The electroreceptor organ density is highest in the head region of the fish (approx.
	nelson.beckman.uiuc.edu /electrolocation.html (587 words)

	electroreceptor - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Each ampulla consists of a jelly-filled canal opening to the surface by a pore in the skin and ending blindly in a cluster of small pockets full of electroreceptor cells
		In "active" electroreception, the animal senses its surrounding environment by generating electric fields and detecting distortions in these fields using electroreceptor organs.
		Electroreceptor definition, words related to electroreceptor, proper usage and pronunciation of the...
	encarta.msn.com /electroreceptor.html (145 words)

	Project: Electroreceptor transduction (www.onderzoekinformatie.nl)
		Therefore, the determination of the ionic channels present in electroreceptor cells is a major key to understanding this process.
		A study on the contribution of membrane ATP-ases (ion pumps) to the cell homeostasis, and the coherence of electroreceptor cell clusters.
		A vibrating probe study to relate the resting current of the electroreceptor organs to primary afferent spontaneous activity, and to the ion composition of the environment.
	www.onderzoekinformatie.nl /en/oi/nod/onderzoek/OND1278819 (0 words)

	[No title]
		Connection between the pacemaker in the brain, the relay nuclei, the electromotor neurons, the electric transmittin- or-an and the electrore- t=k t:l 0 ceptors in electric fishes.
		Finally the fifth hypothesis: "Latency coding mechanism" is explained by the fact that certain mormyrid electroreceptors permit a chanae in latency of impulses of the electric organ relate2d to the intensity of the current flowino- throucrh the receptor.
		Electroreceptors connected to phasic nerve fibers are called phasic electroreceptors (i.e., tuberous orcrans = mormyromasts); electroreceptors connected to tonic fibers are called tonic electroreceptors6 (i.e., ampullary or,-,ans like the Lorenzini ampulla).
	www.intellnet.org /mkultra/DOC_0000173968/ASC_0000173968.TXT (1226 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The 'Sixth Sense' of Weakly Electric Fish
		The electroreceptor array is spread across the body of a weakly electric fish, just under the skin.
		Just as with electrocytes, there are a variety of different types of electroreceptors, each sensitive to a different parameter of electric signals such as signal strength, polarity, and phase.
		Study of the banded knifefish, species Gymnotus carapo, has shown that electroreceptors are especially concentrated on the head and around the mouth, which is handy for detection of the electrical fields generated by prey animals (6).
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A735004 (1446 words)

	VetoFish - Bibliographie
		Mormyromast electroreceptor organs and their afferent fibers in mormyrid fish.
		Mormyromast electroreceptor organs in electric fish of the family Mormyridae have two types of separately innervated sensory cells, the A and B sensory cells of Szabo and Wersall.
		In the first part of the study, mormyromast fibers terminating in the two central zones were found to be different in their thresholds and in the maximum number of spikes evoked by a single stimulus.
	www.vetofish.com /article-21156-Mormyromast-electroreceptor-organs-and-their.html (525 words)

	Stochastic synchronization of electroreceptors in the paddlefish
		Hence there may be two distinct pacemakers in ampullary electroreceptors, a spiking pacemaker in the endings of the primary afferents [Braun et al., 1974], and a nonspiking oscillator in the hair cells.
		Electroreceptors are usually assumed to detect voltage gradients in the water, but some investigators espouse the possibility that they may instead sense current or charge, like a particle detector.
		Synchronization of periodic oscillators by external periodic fields is understood as adjustment of the oscillator rhythm to that of a periodic signal, or the appearance of phase locking.
	www.phy.ohiou.edu /~neiman/synchronization/rev.html (7697 words)

	Electrolocation - Scholarpedia
		P-type electroreceptors in wave-type fish respond to changes in EOD amplitude with changes in firing rate (figure 4).
		P-type electroreceptor afferents in Gymnotiform fish synapse unto pyramidal cells whereas mormyromast afferents in Mormyriform fish contact large fusiform and large ganglion cells within the electrosensory lateral line lobe (figure 5).
		Neiman A, Russell DF (2001) Stochastic Biperiodic Oscillations in the Electroreceptors of Paddlefish.
	www.scholarpedia.org /article/Electrolocation (5925 words)

	Elasmoworld: The World of Sharks, Rays, Skates and Chimera
		The ampullae of Lorenzini, or chondrichthyan electroreceptors (figure 1), were first discovered by Marcello Malpighi in 1663, but were described in detail by Stephano Lorenzini in 1678 (Budker, 1971), after whom they were named.
		In fact, magnetic compass orientation is valid when the alteration of the magnetic North leads to the modifying of the orientation of the animal.In order to determine the detection of the magnetic field, it is necessary to understand the motivation and behavior of the animal being studied (Wiltschko, 1995).
		Bennett, M.V.L. and Clusin, W.T. Physiology of the ampulla of Lorenzini, The electroreceptor of elasmobranchs [pp.
	www.elasmoworld.org /biology/physiology/shark/electro_reception.shtml (757 words)

	HAIR 04 talk abstract (Site not responding. Last check: )
		According to the commonly accepted view both spontaneous activity and stimulus-evoked activity in ampullary electroreceptor organ afferents are proportional to transmitter release.
		We propose therefore that the spontaneous activity of the primary afferent fiber that innervates the electroreceptor is caused by membrane oscillators rather than by transmitter release.
		If the electroreceptor cell is releasing neurotransmitter, the spontaneous activity of the primary afferent rises, the spontaneous activity become less regular, and the sensitivity to electrical stimuli increases.
	www.mpipks-dresden.mpg.de /~hair04/ABSTRACTS/poster-peters.html (235 words)

	Ampullae of Lorenzini - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ampullae of Lorenzini are special sensing organs, forming a network of jelly-filled canals found on elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) and Chimaera.
		The ampullae detects electric fields in the water, or more precisely the difference between the voltage at the skin pore and the voltage at the base of the electroreceptor cells.
		A positive pore stimulus would decrease the rate of nerve activity coming from the electroreceptor cells and a negative pore stimulus would increase the rate of nerve activity coming from the electroreceptor cells.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini (591 words)

	[No title]
		The phasic electroreceptors seem to be related to informatioa regarding movement of objects near or around the fish..
		The electroreceptors over the entire body are innervated by the anterior lateral line nerves, a large branch of which runs posteriorly to join the posterior lateral2 line 17 nerve just behind the head (Figure 3).
		Both are repre- a generator coi-mected to resist,,tnces and capacitances in series and in The (iifference I)ctiveen tonic and phasic electroreceptors is that the first a one resist.,tnce in series with the renerator whereas the pll,-Isic electro- 9 s ha-%,e a capacitance.
	www.blackvault.com /documents/mkultra/MKULTRA2/DOC_0000173966/ASC_0000173966.TXT (9584 words)

	Electrolocation - Scholarpedia
		It was found that mormyromast electroreceptor spike trains contained significant information about EOD amplitude and that over 80% of this information could be recovered by a linear stimulus reconstruction (Sawtell et al., 2006).
		P-type electroreceptors in wave-type fish respond to changes in EOD amplitude with changes in firing rate (figure 4).
		Neiman A, Russell DF (2001) Stochastic Biperiodic Oscillations in the Electroreceptors of Paddlefish.
	scholarpedia.org /article/Electrolocation (5925 words)

	Électrorécepteurs larvaires de deux Mormyridae
		- Larval electroreceptor organs in the epidermis of larvae of Campylomormyrus cassaicus and Pollimyrus isidori (Mormyridae, Osteoglossomorpha).
		Electroreceptor organs were studied in the epidermis of the head of 10 and 12 days old larvae of mormyrid fishes, Campylomormyrus cassaicus (Poll, 1967) and Pollimyrus isidori (Valenciennes, 1846).
		Mormyrids thus possess a complete larval electric system comprising both a larval electric organ and several types of larval electroreceptor organs which are specific to this stage.
	www.mnhn.fr /sfi/cybium/numeros/french/243rif/06.sumbensouilah.html (524 words)

	Electrochemistry Encyclopedia --- Electric fish
		Where the system is developed in an active form, it involves an electric organ that generates pulses of current under central control, and an array of specialized sense organs that detect the animal’s own field and central (brain) circuits that analyze these signals with respect to its spatial and temporal structure.
		The electroreceptor system is an array of many primary sensory neurons in small, widely dispersed sense organs sending afferent axons to the brain via the lateral line nerves.
		The multiple types of electroreceptors are all derived from lateral line receptors which are endowments of all fishes plus aquatic amphibians mediating mechanical senses associated with relative movement of animal and water in a low frequency range 0.1 to 100 Hz.
	electrochem.cwru.edu /ed/encycl/art-f01-fish.htm (3496 words)

	Electrographic method and apparatus - Patent 4409603
		Subsequently, the electroreceptor can be toned in the usual fashion followed by transfer to a suitable substrate, such as paper or the like, in the customary fashion.
		One drawback with regard to this type of device is that resolution suffers because of the spreading of the charge cloud as it approaches the electroreceptor and the difficulty in controlling the amount of charge leaving the styli.
		Thus, close tolerances with regard to the spacing of the styli from the electroreceptor is a requirement in order to maintain a constant resolution of the charge on the electroreceptor.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4409603.html (4125 words)

	Dunn_lab
		Electroreceptor afferents terminate on the basal dendrites of pyramidal cells and granular interneurons.
		Electroreceptor afferents, as well as both direct and indirect feedback pathways, are glutamatergic; ELL pyramidal cells express high levels of the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor and its molecular layer contains high levels of NMDA receptor binding.
		The feedback pathways have a prominent NMDA receptor component and that EPSPs evoked by stimulation of this pathway are voltage-dependent.
	www.dunnlab.mcgill.ca /res_NMDA.html (684 words)

	Electroreception (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ampullary electroreceptors are small sense organs in the skin of some species of fish.
		In the absence of electrical stimuli, the ampullary electroreceptor emits a continuous train of "spikes' (nerve impulses), that fluctuates somewhat in frequency around an average of 50 to 100 spikes per second [spont.snd to be implemented later].
		In a laboratory experiment, an electroreceptor can be stimulated by means of a sine wave generator connected to a metal wire electrode around the receptor.
	www-vf.bio.uu.nl /~webmanager/LAB/NE/people/bref/ERtext.html (283 words)

	Igitur - Utrecht Publishing & Archiving Services (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Abstract van A study on transduction an transmission in catfish ampullary electroreceptor organs
		It is studied whether this spontaneous spike activity arises from continuous neurotransmitter release of the electroreceptor cells, or if it is a property of the nerve itself.
		Multiple synapses are present between the single nerve afferent and each of the approximately 20 electroreceptor cells of the organ.
	www.igitur.nl /igiturarchief/arch_abstract.php?reckey=dsp1536 (324 words)

	Lateral line - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lateral lines are usually visible as faint lines running lengthwise down each side, from the vicinity of the gill covers to the base of the tail.
		Sometimes parts of the lateral organ are modified into electroreceptors, organs used to detect electrical impulses.
		It is possible that vertebrates such as sharks can use these organs to detect magnetic fields as well.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lateral_line (401 words)

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