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	Electroconvulsive therapy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electroconvulsive therapy, also known as electroshock or ECT, is a type of psychiatric shock therapy involving the induction of an artificial seizure in a patient by passing electricity through the brain.
		Currently, in most countries, electroshock is administered under anaesthesia and muscle relaxants and continues to be used for the treatment of several, typically severe, psychiatric conditions, occupying a narrow but important niche in modern psychiatry.
		Critics of electroshock assert that the reason maintenance electroshock is required is because the brain requires approximately four weeks to recover from each closed head injury caused by eletroshock treatment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy (3645 words)

	Electroshock gun - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An electroshock gun (sometimes referred to as a stun gun or taser), is a weapon used for subduing a person by administering a deliberate electric shock.
		It is described as non-lethal (officially "less-lethal", meaning it is not intended to kill, and usually does not kill, but does on some rare occasions).
		Electroshock guns are generally used for self defense, or by law enforcement to subdue, for example, an out-of-control prisoner.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tazer (1948 words)

	Countershock: mobilizing resistance to electroshock weapons
		Electroshock, stun and restraint technologies are often used for torture and as tools of repression.
		Electroshock weapons can be used to inflict torture in a conscious fashion but they can also be used for other purposes, such as crowd control.
		Electroshock prods - what Helen Bamber, the founder of the UK Medical Foundation for victims of torture, has called the 'universal tool of the torturer' - are in other security quarters simply called nonlethal weapons for facilitating 'compliance through pain.' They might be sold to women for example as anti-rape devices.
	www.uow.edu.au /arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/03mcs.html (6793 words)

	Electroshock / ECT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The spectre of the electric chair was in the minds of all and an imposing mass of medical literature enumerated the casualties, often fatal, ensuing upon electric discharges across the human body.
		Nevertheless I, who had gone to such lengths in striving to preserve dogs from death when given electrically induced convulsions, had now come to the conviction that a discharge of electricity must prove equally harmless to a man if the duration of the current's passage were reduced to a minimum interval.
		Electroshock has also been applied in certain general physical illnesses though all have a constitutional 'nervous' background.
	www.23nlpeople.com /electroshock_Cerletti.htm (1561 words)

	A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Electroshock therapy introduced
		Bini realized that if they put the electrodes on either side of the head, a shock was induced but the heart was not damaged because it was out of the electric field.
		They used this technique successfully on dogs and in April 1938, they applied electroshock to their first human patient.
		This extremely schizophrenic man was able to live an apparently normal life with their therapy.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dh38el.html (414 words)

	Sigma Xi: The Scientific Research Society: AmSci Summary Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Despite electroshock's successes, it is severely restricted by legislation in several states and continues to have a poor image in the public mind.
		While there is still a great deal of mystery about why electroshock works, Fink posits that the induced seizure may cause the hypothalamus to release peptides that affect other parts of the brain, as well as hormone-releasing factors that trigger the pituitary to release hormones that stimulate activity in various glands of the body.
		Nevertheless, he says, the broad efficacy of electroshock warrants greater attention to its therapeutic mechanism and to a campaign of education that will encourage its use for the many mentally ill who are poorly served by other therapies.
	www.sigmaxi.org /about/news/archive.mar00.shtml (1851 words)

	American Scientist Online - Electroshock Revisited (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Another theory of electroshock's mechanism involves the observation that the threshold needed to induce a seizure rises during the course of a successful series of treatments.
		Some authors conclude that the antidepressant efficacy of electroshock is related to the anticonvulsant activity of repeated seizures, as reflected in the rise in seizure threshold.
		Nevertheless, the broad efficacy of electroshock warrants greater attention to its therapeutic mechanism and to a campaign of education that will encourage its use for the many mentally ill who are poorly served by other therapies.
	www.americanscientist.org /template/AssetDetail/assetid/26501/page/4 (1121 words)

	TORTURE: never forget - NI 327 - Trading in shock
		Torturers around the world prefer the cold blue sizzle of electroshock equipment precisely because they believe it will not leave permanent marks as evidence on their victims’ bodies.
		Electroshock stun technology was initially developed in the US during the 1970s and it still continues to lead the way in the trade.
		But although electroshock technology may have begun in the US, it is now a global industry — and one that is out of control.
	www.newint.org /issue327/trading.htm (988 words)

	Electroshock links
		Electroshock devices were placed in this category because of their potential to cause unreasonable risk of illness or injury.
		While electroshock is not used overtly against political dissidents, it is used against cultural dissidents, social misfits and the unhappy, the troubled and the troubling, whom psychiatrists diagnose as "mentally ill" in order to justify ECT as a medical intervention.
		To invade, violate, and injure the brain, as electroshock unfailingly does, is a crime against the spirit and a desecration of the soul.
	www.narpa.org /electroshock.links.htm (5200 words)

	Survivorlink Home
		Since many Pataki vetoes have recently been overridden, at least one group holds hope that the legislation may yet be passed this year: http://www.mhanys.org/ff/ff030926.htm This smoldering issue, which has been kept alive by the dedicated work of behind-the-scenes activists, could easily be rekindled and erupt into public view.
		Electroshock is making a come back; people are being forced to undergo ECT without their consent.
		I've added it to the Electroshock section, together with a report from the Department of Health and Human Services titled Medicare Reimbursement for Electroconvulsive Therapy, which has statistics about how many single and multiple seizure procedures were covered by Medicare in 1998, 1999, and 2000.
	www.survivorlink.org (1091 words)

	Authentic Informed Consent for Electroshock
		Electroshock is usually administered in hospitals because they are equipped to handle emergency situations which often develop during or after an ECT session.
		Electroshock is an awful, violent assault on individuals, and on the possibility of healing by expressing the truth.
		Electroshock involves the attachment of electrodes to the temples outside one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) frontal lobes, and the administration of electricity to the frontal lobes of the brain.
	www.wildestcolts.com /mentalhealth/shock.html (4687 words)

	MindFreedom Online: SCI News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Electroshock often arouses fear or terror in patients.
		In the United States and Canada, more than 70% of electroshock is administered to women, and upwards of half of those undergoing electroshock are 60 years of age and older.
		Electroshock machines have never been independently inspected or approved for their medical safety.
	www.mindfreedom.org /mindfreedom/crime.shtml (357 words)

	Electroshocking Elderly People: Another Psychiatric Abuse
		Electroshock appears to be increasingly prescribed as a treatment for "clinical" depression and other so-called mental disorders.
		Two very common psychiatric myths state: first, that electroshock can prevent or greatly reduce the risk of suicide in people diagnosed with "clinical depression" or "bipolar affective disorder"; and second, that electroshock is safe and effective for old and physically ill people.
		However, electroshock can still be administered against the will of an "incapable" person if he or she did not instruct a substitute decision-maker otherwise while capable.
	www.ect.org /resources/elderly.html (2707 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Electroshock: Healing Mental Illness: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Electroshock therapy (ECT) has long suffered from a controversial and bizarre public image, a reputation that has effectively removed it as a treatment option for many patients.
		In Electroshock, Max Fink draws on 45 years of clinical and research experience to argue that ECT is now a safe, effective, painless, and sometimes life-saving treatment for emotional and mental disorders.
		Dr Fink discusses the development of ECT from its discovery in 1934, its acceptance and widespread use for two decades until it was largely replaced by the introduction of psychotropic drugs in the 1950s, and its revival in the past twenty years as a viable treatment now that undesirable side-effects have been largely removed.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0195158040 (758 words)

	Amazon.com: Electroshock: Healing Mental Illness: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Electroshock is written in language that will be easily understood by laypersons, and the supplemental notes and references will be very informative for primary care physicians who treat most of the depressed patients who should be referred for electroconvulsive treatment when standard medication is ineffective.
		Electroshock is a treatment for severe and persistent emotional disorders.
		Rice in his chapter, "Controversy in Electroshock." The very small organization that she had established during her lifetime, Committee for Truth in Psychiatry (CTIP), was never at any time known as the Committee Against Assault in Psychiatry.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0195158040?v=glance (3454 words)

	The Straight Dope: What happens in electroshock therapy?
		Jack convulses for a number of seconds after he gets zapped, but one of my roommates contends that would not actually happen and there would be no convulsions after the initial shock (i.e., after the electrodes are removed).
		Electroshock, more formally known as electroconvulsive therapy or ECT, was one of four radical techniques introduced in the 1930s to treat mental illness.
		Electroshock is the only one still in common use.
	www.straightdope.com /classics/a990319.html (643 words)

	Dr. GROHOL's Mental Health Page - Electroshock (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Electroshock, a medical procedure that jolts a patient's brain with high-voltage electricity, fell into some disrepute during the early 1970s.
		Electroshock got a powerful boost in July 1993 when The New York Times front-paged a laudatory article headlined, "With Reforms in Treatment, Shock Therapy Loses Shock." Out of 33 paragraphs, a total of two described the concerns of electroshock foes.
		Electroshock -- also known as electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT -- is encountering media skepticism in Britain.
	www.grohol.com /electro.htm (1200 words)

	Biblio: Electroshock - Healing Mental Illness by Max Fink: Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Electroshock therapy has long suffered from a controversial public image, effectively removing it as a treatment option for many patients.
		Here, Dr. Max Fink draws on fifty years of clinical and research experience to argue that ECT is a safe, painless, and often life-saving treatment for emotional and mental disorders.
		Clarifying the many misconceptions surrounding ECT, Electroshock is an excellent sourcebook for patients, their families, and mental health professionals.
	www.biblio.com /books/isbnnu/19407999.html (317 words)

	Canadian Psychiatric Association - Position Papers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Although they chose the term "electroshock" for their method, they used electricity only for the induction of convulsions, denying any effects of the electrical current, per se, on the psychotic illness.
		Electroshock, or ECT as it came to be known, is the only somatic therapy from that era that remains in widespread use today.
		While ECT was originally developed for the treatment of schizophrenia, it was not long after its introduction that it became widely recognized that the best results were obtained in patients with major mood disorders, not those with schizophrenia.
	www.cpa-apc.org /Publications/Position_Papers/Therapy.asp (5441 words)

	OfficialWire: Woman Says Electroshock Permanently Destroyed Segments Of Her Memory: Says Procedure Torture Not Treatment
		The number of shocks peaked in the year 2000 when psychiatrists got a pay increase to $70.66 each time they pulled the switch, a practice which a Coquitlam woman, says wiped out large segments of her memory.
		Breena Crawley said electroshock is not treatment but torture; that since undergoing a series of these shocks her long-term memory has been irreparably damaged.
		Electroshock still gets the same effect as hitting someone on the head with a sledge hammer and psychiatric wards are actually worse than depicted in one flew One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest.
	news.baou.com /main.php?action=recent&rid=20569 (545 words)

	Disquiet: articles: Electroshock's Artemiy Artemiev (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Electroshock is not simply home to a record label.
		A composer as well as the head of Electroshock, Artemiy writes for Music Box, a Russian magazine, where he is also a contributing editor; and he lectures and plays music on radio and on Moscow's cable TV network.
		Electroshock has become a rather well-known label now, and practically all musicians who send me their music for possible release on our label know what particular music we're publishing.
	www.disquiet.com /electroshock.html (3414 words)

	ELECTROSHOCK.RU: ABOUT ELECTROSHOCK RECORDS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		"Electroshock" is the only studio in Russia, which propagandizes and popularizes the most interesting genres of modern serious music such as chamber, electronic, electroacoustic, experimental and avant-garde one today.
		We, the creative group of the studio "Electroshock", are interested in this layer of the modern art of music because it is the most flexible of all the forms, kinds, genres and art phenomena in general.
		In October 1999 the studio "Electroshock" produced the CD of Edward Artemiev "Solaris, Mirror, Stalker" (music for the movies by the famous director Andrey Tarkovsky) 1999 (ELCD 012) and in November 2000 studio "Electroshock Records" produced the third CD of the maitre "A Book of Impressions" 2000 (ELCD 018).
	electroshock.ru /eng/records (805 words)

	ECT - Electroshock: Scientific, Ethical, and Political Issues by Peter R. Breggin
		Nondominant electroshock starkly illustrates the principle of iatrogenic helplessness and denial: the doctor damages the brain in such a way as to confound the patient's ability to perceive the resulting dysfunction.
		Neurologically-informed advocates of ECT are well aware that electroshock patients end up suffering from anosognosia and denial, and therefore cannot fully report the extent of their memory losses and mental dysfunction.
		The APA task force report in its acknowledgments thanks the manufacturers of electroshock machines for their contributions; company advertising handouts are listed as useful sources of public information; and the names, addresses, and phone numbers of these companies are provided in the report.
	www.sntp.net /ect/breggin1.htm (19632 words)

	Electroshock - Shocking Facts - Sue Clark's Psychiatry Buster Page - Page 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Electroshock proponents are dismissive of the memory problems associated with use of their procedure.
		While electroshock is not used overtly against political dissidents, it is used throughout most of the world against cultural dissidents, nonconformists, social misfits and the unhappy (the troubling and the troubled), whom psychiatrists diagnose as "mentally ill" in order to justify ECT as a medical intervention.
		Electroshock Survivors from these groups are actively organizing to outlaw a "treatment" which their doctors declared was necessary and would help them, even in some cases--to the point of forcing it on them against their will!
	www.geocities.com /sueclark2001ca/3.html (8283 words)

	Electroshock / ECT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		On administration of shocks to people (at the time without muscle relaxant nor anaesthetic) recipients were often found to have retrograde amnesia.
		This means that they often did not remember receiving electroshock, nor the period of time immediately prior to the procedure.
		Strange, since these days ECT is said to have no role in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia and is generally considered to be of most value in the treatment of depression.
	www.23nlpeople.com /electroshock_history.htm (851 words)

	MindFreedom Online: SCI News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Deaths related to or caused by electroshock are usually attributed to medical conditions, not reported or simply covered up in the medical-psychiatric literature.
		He insisted that electroshock "remains an effective treatment for some debilitating and life-threatening depressions", and claimed the only ECT risk was "short-term memory loss".
		However, electroshock can still be adminsitered against the will of an "incapable" person if he or she did not instruct a substitute decision-maker otherwise while capable.
	www.mindfreedom.org /mindfreedom/testimony_c.shtml (2780 words)

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