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Topic: Electrospinning

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	Electrospinning of Nanofibers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Electrospinning is the process of using electrostatic forces to distort a pendant droplet of polymer solution into a fine filament to be deposited onto a substrate.
		The advantages of electrospinning are due to its ability to produce novel synthetic fibers of unusually small diameter and good mechanical properties.
		This leads to fiber mats with high surface area to volume ratio and the ability to control pore size.
	www.mse.engin.umich.edu:81 /people/milty/research/electrospinning (175 words)

	Electrospinlacing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Electrospinning is a process by which a suspended drop of polymer is charged with tens of thousands of volts.
		At a characteristic voltage the droplet forms a Taylor cone, and a fine jet of polymer releases from the surface in response to the tensile forces generated by interaction of an applied electric field with the electrical charge carried by the jet.
		Electrospinning offers an alternative to conventional manufacturing techniques with potential for reduction in manufacturing costs, improved comfort and durability of garments and production timeliness.
	www.natick.army.mil /soldier/media/fact/ss&t/Electrospinlacing.htm (367 words)

	04.12.2006 - Nanofibers created in orderly fashion
		Electrospinning was first patented in 1934, when scientists learned how to eject a thin stream of polymer mixed with a solvent out of a syringe into a charged field.
		As the solvent evaporates, electric forces pull at the polymer, accelerating and elongating it into a long, wildly whipping fiber that forms a matted pile on a charged screen 10 to 30 centimeters away.
		What they attained with their innovations are fibers ranging from 50 to 500 nanometers in diameter that are deposited onto a collector plate in a directed, controlled manner.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2006/04/12_nanofibers.shtml (1054 words)

	Polymer Nanofibers from Multiple Jets Produced on a Porous Surface by Electrospinning
		A novel method for the electrospinning of polymer solution into nanofibers is now proposed.
		In this experiment, a cylindrical nozzle made from porous polypropylene with pore sizes ranging between 10-20 microns served as the porous matrix through which a 20.0 wt% Nylon 6 solution flowed at 5 psig.
		Electrospinning involves the uniaxial stretching of a viscoelastic jet derived from a polymer solution or melt.
	www.nsti.org /Nanotech2006/showabstract.html?absno=351 (558 words)

	Electrospinning Nanofibres Can Turn Waste Into New Products - New Technology
		The achievement is the result of using the recently perfected technique of electrospinning to spin nanofibers from cellulose.
		The technique of electrospinning cellulose on the nanoscale was successfully used for the first time a few months ago.
		She says that electrospinning typically produces nonwoven mats of nanofibers, which could provide nanoscale pores for industrial filters.
	www.azonano.com /details.asp?ArticleID=181 (737 words)

	NTC Electrospinning Project
		The present study requires the surface segregation of one block from the homopolymer matrix under the influence of an imposed electric field during electrospinning.
		Electrospinning was conducted systematically with pure PEO (Mw = 1,000 kDa) from Aldrich to establish the optimal electrospinning operating conditions to generate uniform PEO fibers.
		The optimization of electrospinning will be continued in order to understand the fundamental mechanism of this complex process and how it relates to controlled surface modification of the electrospun fibers.
	www4.ncsu.edu /~xsun5/index/NTC/experimental.htm (472 words)

	Direct in Vitro Electrospinning with Polymer Melts
		Melt electrospinning does not require a solvent, of which many are cytotoxic in nature, and the use of nonwater soluble polymers allows the collection of fibers on water or onto cells.
		In this article, melt electrospinning of a blend of PEO-block-PCL with PCL was performed with in vitro cultured fibroblasts as the collection target.
		Many parameters governing melt electrospinning differ to those reported for solution electrospinning: the pump rate was a magnitude lower and the viscosity a magnitude higher than successful parameters for solution electrospinning.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bomaf6/2006/7/i03/abs/bm050777q.html (289 words)

	NANOMETER DIAMETER FIBERS OF POLYMER PRODUCED BY ELECTROSPINNING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Electrospinning uses electrical forces to produce polymer nanofibers with diameters around fiftynanometers and arbitrary lengths.
		Electrospinning from liquid crystal or other disentangled systems promises to produce fibers which contain only a few molecules, most of which are at the surface.
		Electrospinning from polymer melts in a vacuum is advantageous because higher fields and higher temperatures can be used than in air.
	www.zyvex.com /nanotech/nano4/renekerAbstract.html (319 words)

	Exploring the Effects of Electrospinning Processing Protocols on Fiber Surface Morphology and Polymer Chain Conformation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Electrospinning is a fiber formation technique that uses electrostatic forces to create continuous, nanometer diameter fibers.
		A wide variety of polymers have been electrospun from the solution and melt phase and are of interest for an assortment of application areas that require high surface area materials (filtration membranes and biomedical devices).
		Raman spectroscopy has been used to investigate the effect of electrospinning on the chain conformation and crystalline structure of bioinspired polymers (nylon 6, nylon 12, and a dragline spider silk analog).
	www.nist.gov /sigmaxi/Posters04/stephens.html (407 words)

	Electrospinning is not a new technology for polymer fiber production (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The principle of electrospinning is to use an electric field to draw a positively charged polymer solution from an orifice to a collector.
		A photograph of the electrospinning apparatus is given in figure.
		We believe that the throughput limitation in electrospinning is a limit by the rate of pumping charge into the polymer.
	www.umassd.edu /engineering/textiles/research/electrospinning/website-electrospinning.html (651 words)

	Electrospinning: A Whipping Fluid Jet Generates Submicron Fibers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Polymeric fibers with diameters in the range from 50 nm to 5 mum are produced by accelerating a fluid jet in an electric field, in a process known as "electrospinning." Here we show that an essential element of the process is a fluid instability, the rapidly whipping jet.
		The phenomena responsible for the onset of whipping are revealed by a linear instability analysis that describes the jet behavior in terms of known fluid properties and operating conditions.
		The results are summarized using operating diagrams, delineating regimes of operation in electrospinning, which are in good agreement with experimental observations.
	mrsec.uchicago.edu /Publications/Kadanoff/kadanoff081.html (152 words)

	Electrospinning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Electrospinning is a unique process that produces polymer fibers with diameters ranging from a few nanometers to a few microns.
		The electrospinning process is being used or finding uses in protective clothing,(1) air filtration,(2) template nanofibers for preparing metal or polymer nanotubes,(3and4) biomedical applications including biomedicine,(5-7) scaffoldings for tissue growth,(8and9) and drug-delivery systems.(10) Other possible uses include solar sails, light sails, mirrors for use in space,(11) and nanoelectronics.(12)
		It is fortunate that the electrospinning apparatus is inexpensive, simple to operate, fits nicely on a laboratory bench, and can be scaled up to produce large quantities of nanofibers.
	www.dekker.com /sdek/104948092-60838124/abstract~db=enc~content=a713553999~words= (390 words)

	Electrospinning Process Creates Orderly Nanofibers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The new technique, known as near-field electrospinning, offers the possibility of using nanofibers to make new, specialized materials with organized patterns that can be used for such applications as wound dressings, filtrations and bioscaffolds.
		What they attained with their innovations are fibers ranging from 50 to 500Â nm in diameter that are deposited onto a collector plate in a directed, controlled manner.
		Near-field electrospinning may also be useful in nanolithography for making next-generation microchips, Lin said, but this will require more effort to develop.
	www.photonics.com /content/news/2006/April/17/82270.aspx (1034 words)

	Ian McKenna - UF Journal of Undergraduate Research Paper
		Electrospinning is currently a highly investigated method used to fabricate nanofibers, and research is underway to extend this methodology to nanotubes.
		By introducing a novel approach to the electrospinning collection apparatus, we hope to produce linear carbon nanofibers thus broadening the current scope of electrospinning implementation to include, but not to be limited to, atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip generation, hard-drive probes, oriented membranes, nano-sensors, high axial strength ropes and wires, and nanoscale circuitry.
		Electrospinning works by applying a voltage to a source such as a tip or syringe needle.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /jur/200505/papers/paper_mckenna.html (2216 words)

	Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
		The recently fast developing technology “electrospinning” is a unique way to produce novel polymer nanofibers with diameters typically in the range from 50 nm to 500 nm.
		The absence of the comprehensive knowledge of electrospinning has resulted in the polymer nanofibers with less controllable morphology and properties, and has significantly affected the polymer nanofibers to be used as a functional material.
		It is the purpose of this research to systematically study the process of electrospinning to produce polymer nanofibers with controllable morphology and properties.
	webpages.sdsmt.edu /~hfong/1.html (986 words)

	Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering - People - Yong Joo
		Fibers with diameters less than a micron can be formed using an electrospinning process where a droplet of a polymer solution is elongated by a strong electrical field.
		The electrospinning process also has advantages for investigation of fiber formation processes with new materials and solvents including the ability to work with small sample sizes, rapid time scale of the spinning/solvent removal process and high elongation of as spun fibers.
		The group is also involved in continuum modeling of the fluid jet of the electrospinning process and the instability that the jet experiences while travelling to the collector.
	www.cheme.cornell.edu /people/projects.cfm?netid=ylj2 (790 words)

	FuturePundit: Electrospinning Used To Create Small Blood Vessels
		Electrospinning is a promising technique for making a three dimensional scaffold for growing replacement tissue.
		NanoMatrix's innovation is a novel "electrospinning" technology to produce nanofibers from collagen and other biological proteins, together with a special bioreactor to culture the implanted cells on this scaffold of collagen.
		Electrospinning has been used in the past to produce very fine fibers of polymers -- and even collagen -- but lacking precise, controlled orientation of the fibers.
	www.futurepundit.com /archives/000847.html (3000 words)

	NIRT
		The goal of this NIRT is to use materials chemistry to place reactive groups at selective locations (1.0-3.0 nm) along an alpha-helical polypeptide backbone, then optimize the electrospinning process using rheological, spectroscopic, diffraction and electron microscopic characterization techniques to insure placement of these reactive groups on the fiber surface.
		Simultaneously, electrospinning studies of a commodity polymer, poly(styrene) (PS), have also been undertaken in order to determine the effect of various processing variables (surrounding atmosphere, solution concentration, molecular weight, field strength (spinning voltage), syringe-to-target distance, etc.) on fiber diameter and surface morphology.
		More detailed calculations are in progress to explore the connection between viscoelastic phase separation and the electrospinning process as a mechanism to build in nanostructural details during fiber formation, much in the same manner as spinodal decomposition is used to nanostructure polymer blends during processing.
	www.udel.edu /mse/research/NIRT.htm (985 words)

	Nanotechnology --Nanofibers
		Electrospinning Nanofibers of Polyaniline and Blends - Technical paper about electrospinning of nanofibers from pure doped polyaniline dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid, and doped polyaniline blended with polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) dissolved in chloroform.
		Electrospinning of Nanofibers from Polymer Solutions - Short technical article about the mechanism and electrohydrodynamic modeling, experimental realization and a number of applications of electrospun nanofibers from polymer solutions.
		Research of Electrospinning - Short article, describing the principle of the electrospinning process, and an ongoing research project performed at the TANDEC institute for nonwovens research, dealing with electrospinning of nanofibers from polyamide.
	www.edinformatics.com /nanotechnology/nanofibers.htm (815 words)

	Electrospinning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Electrospinning traces its roots to electrostatic spraying, which was first described more than 100 years ago.
		A basic electrospinning system (Figure below on left) consists of a charged polymer solution (or melt) that is fed through a small opening or nozzle (usually a needle or pipette tip).
		Because of its charge, the solution is drawn toward a grounded collecting plate (usually a metal screen, plate, or rotating mandrel), typically 5 – 30 cm away, as a jet.
	www.people.vcu.edu /~glbowlin/electrospinning.htm (315 words)

	electrspinning
		In the electrospinning process a high voltage is used to create an electrically charged jet of polymer solution or melt, which dries or solidifies to leave a polymer fiber [4, 5].
		An important characteristic of electrospinning is the ability to make fibers with diameters in the range of manometers to a few microns.
		Consequently these fibers have a large surface area per unit mass so that nanowoven fabrics of these nanofibers collected on a screen can be used for example, for filtration of submicron particles in separation industries and biomedical applications [9], such as wound dressing in medical industry, tissue engineering scaffolds and artificial blood vessels.
	www.che.vt.edu /Wilkes/electrospinning/electrspinning.html (1025 words)

	Nanofibers created in orderly fashion by UC Berkeley team
		The new technique, known as near-field electrospinning, offers the possibility of producing out of nanofibers new, specialized materials with organized patterns that can be used for such applications as wound dressings, filtrations and bio-scaffolds.
		Since then, scientists have spun more than 100 synthetic and natural polymers into fibers with diameters ranging from tens of nanometers to a few microns.
		Near-field electrospinning may also be useful in nanolithography for making next-generation microchips, Lin predicted.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-04/uoc--nci041206.php (1021 words)

	Untitled Document
		Electrospinning is a process to make nanofibers with fiber diameters in the range of about 10 nm to 10 ?m from polymer solution through electrostatic force.
		When a droplet of polymer solution is subject to a high electrical voltage, as shown in Figure 1, the charges drag the solution to form fibers if the chare repelling force overcomes the solution surface tension.
		Electrospinning from a plurality of nozzles and from devices other than nozzles are the subjects of research at TANDEC to produce the nanofibers at the speed of mass production.
	tandecresearch.utk.edu /electroarticle.htm (576 words)

	AN INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROSPINNING AND NANOFIBERS
		The research and development of nanofibers has gained much prominence in recent years due to the heightened awareness of its potential applications in the medical, engineering and defense fields.
		In this timely book, the areas of electrospinning and nanofibers are covered for the first time in a single volume.
		The book can be broadly divided into two parts: the first comprises descriptions of the electrospinning process and modeling to obtain nanofibers while the second describes the characteristics and applications of nanofibers.
	www.worldscibooks.com /nanosci/5894.html (245 words)

	Seminar Series (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Electrospinning offers unique capabilities for producing novel synthetic fibers of unusually small diameters.
		Electrohydrodynamic models of major subprocesses of the electrospinning process were developed and reported earlier.
		The objective of this portion of research was quantitative experimental characterization of the process and resulting fibers.
	www.unl.edu /emhome/seminars/1999-00/SpivakQin.html (318 words)

	UMass-Lowell ACMTRL - Research - Electrospinning
		For electrospinning to become more widely utilized there is a need to achieve positive control of nanofiber configuration to enable the manufacture of more complex products.
		This study will focus on establishing orientation control of electrospinning using core-sheath structured nanofibers.
		Expected results will yield a commercial production method helping to take electrospinning out of the laboratory and into the global market.
	m-5.eng.uml.edu /acmtrl/research-electrospinning.htm (167 words)

	Electrospinning of Nanofiber Fibrinogen Structures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The first results of electrospinning fibrinogen nanofibers for use as a tissue-engineering scaffold, wound dressing, or hemostatic bandage are reported.
		Structures composed of fibrinogen fibers with an average diameter of 80-700 nm were electrospun from solutions composed of human or bovine fibrinogen fraction I dissolved in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol and minimal essential medium (Earle's salts).
		In summary, the electrospinning process is a simple and efficient technique for the fabrication of 3D structures composed of fibrinogen fibers, as would be present in the physiologic environment.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/nalefd/2003/3/i02/abs/nl025866c.html (147 words)

	Seminar Series (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Emerging technology of manufacturing of thin polymer fibers by electrospinning is addressed.
		General three-dimensional electrohydrodynamic model of a weakly conductive viscous jet accelerated by an external electric field is formulated taking into account inertial, hydrostatic, viscous, electric, and surface tension forces.
		Primary stages of electrospinning process are shown on video.
	www.unl.edu /emhome/seminars/1998-99/ASpivak.html (247 words)

	Cornell News: Nanofibers from cellulose
		Waste fiber can be recycled into valuable products using new technique of electrospinning, Cornell researchers report
		ITHACA, N.Y. -- It may soon be possible to produce a low cost, high-value, high-strength fiber from a biodegradable and renewable waste product for air filtration, water filtration and agricultural nanotechnology, report polymer scientists at Cornell University.
		Some might not be part of the Cornell University community, and Cornell has no control over their content or availability.
	www.news.cornell.edu /releases/Sept03/electrospinning.ACS.ssl.html (688 words)

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