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Topic: Electrostatic levitation

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	Levitation - Free net encyclopedia
		Levitation (from Latin levis, light) is the process by which an object is suspended against gravity, in a stable position, by a force without physical contact.
		Technically, we are in a state of constant levitation, since our body exerts a force on physical bodies and they exert one in return (Newton's laws, the third one).
		The numerous stories involving religious or religion-related or induced levitation suggest that "true" or unaided (by apparent, or, at least, earthly forces) levitation may be a divine act or consequence of a divine revelation.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Levitation (412 words)

	Electrostatic levitation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electrostatic levitation is the process of using an electric field to lift a charged object and counteract the effects of gravity.
		It was used, for instance, in Millikan's oil drop experiment and is used to suspend the gyroscopes in Gravity Probe B during launch.
		Electrostatic levitation and transportation of glass or silicon plates
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electrostatic_levitation (172 words)

	Levitation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Levitation (from Latin levis, light) is the process by which an object is suspended against gravity, in a stable position, by a force without physical contact.
		Levitation can be achieved through jets of gas pushing upwards against the object (as in air hockey), or pushing downwards from the object (as in helicopters, VTOL aircraft, and hovercraft).
		The numerous stories involving religious or religion-related/-induced levitation suggest that "true" or unaided (by apparent, or, at least, earthly forces) levitation may be a divine act or consequence of a divine revelation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Levitation (362 words)

	Electrostatics Society of America - Abstracts from the 1998 Annual Conference
		In this report, fundamental characteristics of electrostatic spraying with a syringe needle and a plane electrode configuration are presented, including the sequential pictures of the droplet formation process which are taken with a high speed video camera.
		Electrostatic hazards that may occur in a vessel during the filling of a charged powder have been estimated by using a particle-in-cell simulation.
		Electrostatic charging of a thermal receiver was found to be the cause of transport problems in a thermal printer.
	www.electrostatics.org /abstracts/abstracts98.htm (6559 words)

	NASA Tech Briefs - Hybrid Acoustic/Electrostatic Levitation Apparatus
		In addition to the obvious advantage of levitation for preventing the chemical and thermal contamination that accompanies contact between drops and external objects, this apparatus provides controllable rotation about a horizontal axis (for example, to reduce sedimentation).
		Thus, on Earth, the apparatus is expected to provide some of the advantages of low gravitation for suppressing the buoyancy-induced flows that interfere with the growth of high-quality protein crystals and for reducing the adverse effects that gravitation exerts on some cell and tissue cultures.
		An important advantage of using both kinds of levitation is that if the acoustic field is used to produce rotation, the intensity of this field can be minimized, thereby minimizing disturbances in the drop.
	www.techbriefs.com /content/view/2110/32 (640 words)

	Messung thermophysikalischer Parameter unterkühlter Kupfer-Zirkonium-Schmelzen
		Abstract: An electrostatic levitator for containerless processing has been constructed and used for the measurement of the specific heats of glass-forming, undercooled metal melts.
		The heating power is independent of the levitation force, so that the levitation of liquid specimens with low melting points is possible.
		A xenon lamp with a radiation power of 300 W allowed temperatures of up to 1650 K. For the measurements of specific heats, techniques involving the measurement of cooling rates and solidification holding times were devised, which worked with the heating switched off and could therefore be used for high undercoolings.
	elib.suub.uni-bremen.de /publications/diss/html/E-Diss314_HTML.html (324 words)

	American Antigravity - Hovertech Ion-Containment Levitation
		The concept of geomagnetic levitation stems from dream of being able to tap the enormous energy contained in the Earth's magnetic field to levitate a vehicle.
		The geomagnetic levitation device will use superconducting magnets to create an enormously high flux-density which should allow it to interact with the Earth's magnetic field to lift the weight of a vehicle.
		Ion-containment levitation would be a simple "cheat" to circumvent the high amounts of power involved.
	www.americanantigravity.com /hovertech.html (456 words)

	Magnetic Levitation - Science is Fun - Contents
		As a child, I discovered I could levitate a ping pong ball on a stream of air from the output pipe of a vacuum cleaner.
		This is similar to optical levitation of a glass bead in a laser beam (pressure from photon recoil instead of an air stream).
		Levitation by water pressure of a 10,518 pound granite sphere
	www.geocities.com /Area51/Shire/3075/maglev.html (280 words)

	CIPS Dusty Plasma Group - selected publications (Site not responding. Last check: )
		"Electrostatic charging properties of Apollo 17 lunar dust," Mihály Horányi, Bob Walch, Scott Robertson and David Alexander, J.
		"Experimental evidence for the electrostatic discharging of dust near the surface of Mars," C. Krauss, M. Horányi and S. Robertson, New J. Phys.
		"Dust grain charging and levitation in a weakly collisional DC sheath," S. Robertson, A. Sickafoose, J. Colwell, and M. Horányi, Phys.
	cips.colorado.edu /CIPSsite/dustyplasma/publications.html (765 words)

	The Ultrasonic Levitator - Space Technology for Terrestrial Applications
		The development of advanced hardware employing acoustic, electromagnetic and electrostatic levitation techniques was initiated more than 20 years ago by the microgravity research programmes of ESA and also in the United States through programmes undertaken by NASA.
		Figure 1 illustrates the levitation of a spherical sample in an ultrasonic planar standing wave maintained by a piezoelectric transducer (bottom) and a concentric reflector which may be flat or concave.
		A symmetrical radial profile of the pressure and the velocity amplitude, resulting from a slight divergence of the standing ultrasonic wave, centers the levitated sample within the levitation axis by a force which is about one third to one fifth of the axial levitation force.
	esapub.esrin.esa.it /pff/pffv6n3/stiv6n3.htm (939 words)

	[No title]
		Grains are levitated and trapped in a localized region of the plasma.
		The levitation is provided by an upward electric force, due to a downward electrical field in the sheath and a negative charge on the grains.
		Grains are levitated at an equilibrium height where the electric force is balanced by the downward forces of gravity and ion drag.
	dusty.physics.uiowa.edu /~goree/papers/cosmic_dust_ApJ.html (8373 words)

	Hybrid Acoustic/Electrostatic Levitation Apparatus
		In addition to the obvious advantage of levitation for preventing the chemical and thermal contamination that accompanies contact between drops and external objects, this apparatus provides controllable rotation about a horizontal axis (for example, to reduce sedimentation).
		Thus, on Earth, the apparatus is expected to provide some of the advantages of low gravitation for suppressing the buoyancy-induced flows that interfere with the growth of high-quality protein crystals and for reducing the adverse effects that gravitation exerts on some cell and tissue cultures.
		An important advantage of using both kinds of levitation is that if the acoustic field is used to produce rotation, the intensity of this field can be minimized, thereby minimizing disturbances in the drop.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Mar99/NPO20165.html (444 words)

	V-6
		An interesting alternative might be to use electrostatic levitation of the particles as a "frictionless" transport mechanism throughout the rest of the system.
		ALthough electrostatic separation of a light fraction from a dark fraction has been demonstrated on lunar material (ref.12), no quantitative data exist for lunar minerals from which to derive operating parameters and detailed sizes of equipment.
		However, more advanced techniques based on electrostatics and magnetics should be developed; these techniques require a determination of the properties of lunar minerals and benchtop testing of devices on lunar materials or their similants.
	www.nas.nasa.gov /About/Education/SpaceSettlement/spaceres/V-6.html (3761 words)

	Dr Trinh will speak on
		Ground-based levitators have evolved to the point where the stability and quiescence of the samples have allowed the detailed internal motions in single isothermal or differentially heated drops.
		Experimental work involving the application of acoustic levitation to the measurement of the ultrasonic velocity in deeply supercooled water was performed at Yale University, and revealed a minimum in the temperature/sound speed curve.
		An example is a newly developed approach coupling electrostatic levitation and ultrasonic torque to allow the growth of protein crystals under periodically varying gravitational acceleration.
	www.eng.yale.edu /news/Dist_Lecturer/trinh.htm (1142 words)

	Static Generator
		Also be aware that electrostatic discharge is a major enemy of computers (not to mention ammunition plants and fireworks factories).
		Electrostatic Demonstrations at the University of Rochester -If you find the Exploratorium a little too basic check this out.
		Electrostatics by A.D. Moore- Try this book for an in depth explanation of static electricity, electric fields, corona, and electrostatic generators.
	www.alaska.net /~natnkell/staticgen.htm (1179 words)

	Prof W.L. Johnson Awards
		Before Dr, Rhim Joined Caltech campus in 2000 he was worked at the Jet Propulsion laboratory for 28 years in areas of technology developments for containerless science, undercooling-nucleation experiments, containerless protein crystal growth experiments, drop dynamics experiments, and the technology development for solid state NMR experiments.
		This device uses controlled electrostatic forces to isolate a molten sample in high vacuum condition allowing the melt to deeply undercool and its thermophysical properties and solidification phenomena are investigated.
		Charged liquid drops were suspended in air by controlled electrostatic forces, and their resonant oscillations and rotations were induced by applying an appropriate acoustic pressure.
	www.its.caltech.edu /~vitreloy/won-kyu.htm (1341 words)

	[4.01] Dust Levitation and Transport in a Plasma Sheath near a Surface
		Electrostatic dust levitation and transport have also been theorized to occur on Mercury, asteroids, and comets.
		Therefore, understanding dust charging, levitation, and dynamics above surfaces is important for interpreting remote sensing data and analyzing the evolution of most planetary surfaces.
		Levitation experiments are performed using monodisperse polystyrene DVB microbeads.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v34n3/dps2002/200.htm (373 words)

	Ultra-sensitive accelerometer for space applications - SATE5
		Ultra-sensitive accelerometer core composed of a test mass surrounded by the gold coated silica cage supporting the electrodes used for the electrostatic levitation.
		Ultra-sensitive accelerometer core is made of a 0.9 oz parallelepipedic mass of Titanium alloy (called "mass test") in electrostatic levitation.
		Measures of the tiny electrostatic field's variations enable to determine accelerations undergone by the mass test.
	www.onera.fr /cahierdelabo/english/sate5.htm (221 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: MythBusters Episodes (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The actual risk comes from an electrostatic discharge between a charged driver and the car.
		An electrostatic discharge (ESD) is an electric current driven by the excess electric charge stored on an insulating object.
		In physics, surface tension is an effect within the surface layer of a liquid that causes the layer to behave as an elastic sheet.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/MythBusters-Episodes (11896 words)

	Flying_tinsel.html
		A loop of tinsel can be suspended in the air using electrostatic repulsion by a PVC rod.
		The electrostatic repulsion will push up the tinsel and hold it in the air even though gravity is pulling it down.
		When you pull the tinsel off using the straw it should pop open to form a circle, if it does not, it is not charged enough to be levitated.
	isaac.exploratorium.edu /~pauld/activities/Flying_tinsel.html (749 words)

	Van de Graaff generator: Hints and Demonstrations
		The VDG attracts the grounded foil, but then the corona discharge from the edges of the foil chunk will form a conductive path in the air which allows the metal to acquire a like-charge from the sphere, which increases the repulsion force.
		Electrostatics, or "Static Electricity," is a class of effects in the same way that "biology" or "weather" are classes of effects.
		If we always call it "electrostatics" instead of "static electricity", we won't be so confused about it's nature.
	www.amasci.com /emotor/vdgdemo.html (2902 words)

	Photoelectric effect - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Light from the sun hitting lunar dust causes it to become charged through the photoelectric effect.
		The charged dust then repels itself and lifts off the surface of the moon by electrostatic levitation.
		This manifests itself almost like an "atmosphere of dust", visible as a thin haze and blurring of distant features, and visible as a dim glow after the sun has set.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Photoelectric_effect (2042 words)

	Photoelectric_effect
		Upon exposing a metallic surface to electromagnetic radiation that is above the threshold frequency (which is particular to each type of surface and material), the photons are absorbed and current is produced.
		No electrons are emitted for radiation with a frequency below that of the threshold, as the electrons are unable to gain sufficient energy to overcome the electrostatic barrier presented by the termination of the crystalline surface (the material's work function).
		By conservation of energy, energy of the photon is absorbed by the electron and, if energetic enough, can escape from the material with a finite kinetic energy.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/p/ph/photoelectric_effect.html (2091 words)

	Re: Levitation Links Magnetic levitation
		http://skepdic.com/levitat.html Robert Todd Carroll SkepDic.com levitation Levitation is the act of ascending into the air and floating in apparent defiance of gravity.
		Spiritual masters are often depicted as levitating and the ability to levitate is taken as sign of...
		http://www.dcn.davis.ca.us/~btcarrol/skeptic/levitat.html Robert Todd Carroll SkepDic.com levitation Levitation is the act of ascending into the air and floating in apparent defiance of gravity.
	www.gbt.ch /_forum/00000221.htm (2731 words)

	Expert: Imaging Technology Expert
		From his perspective of having a background in electrophotography and electrostatics, Expert regards most of the non-impact printing methods as variations on the basic technology.
		Expert views this field as a specialized applied technology which is based on electrostatics, magnetics, and the art of toner chemistry and manufacture.
		Over many years, his major occupation has been in the development of electrostatic printers, and he has worked with all of the liquid and dry toners.
	www.intota.com /viewbio.asp?bioID=603905&perID=107893 (1913 words)

	Physics Today July 2003 - Experiments Vindicate a 50-Year-Old Explanation of How Liquid Metals Resist Solidification
		Rogers and her coworkers Bob Hyers, Tom Rathz, and Mike Robinson developed the levitation chamber that appears on this month's cover and schematically in figure 1.
		In preliminary levitation experiments at Marshall, Kelton and his Washington University colleagues Geun Woo Lee and Anup Gangopadhyay measured the temperature of a cooling drop of Ti-Zr-Ni.
		The first to study the structure of levitated drops were Dirk Holland-Moritz of the German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR) in Cologne and his collaborators.
	www.aip.org /pt/vol-56/iss-7/p24.html (1584 words)

	CNN.com - Scientists levitate ultra-pure glass - Apr 1, 2004
		Using static electrical fields to levitate the material, scientists were able to construct a pure glass, free of any contamination typically associated with containers.
		But levitation allows researchers to tailor types of glass with traits such as chemical stability, infrared transmission and laser activity.
		Once Containerless Research scientists understood the basics of REAL glass formation, they were able to adapt the technology away from its dependency on electrostatic levitation.
	edition.cnn.com /2004/TECH/space/04/01/glass.levitate.cnn (667 words)

	Tesla_Downunder
		Above left is my magnetic levitation display running, centre is a coil levitated and on the right is hydrogen/chlorine ignition at the back of my model boat with magnetohydrodynamic drive.
		Electrostatic levitation of non conductive (deionised) water and arcs onto a water surface.
		Magnetic levitation showing the magnet rotating in the air (0.6 M MPEG video) and a Tesla coil in action (0.5 M MPEG video).
	tesladownunder.com (2153 words)

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