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Topic: Electrostatic loudspeaker

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	Sound Lab A-3 - full-range electrostatic loudspeaker
		has a higher efficiency than is normally expected from an electrostatic speaker, making possible the use of lower-powered amplifiers.
		represents over a quarter of a century of electrostatic loudspeaker development.
		Nothing has been spared to provide the absolute finest in electrostatic reproduction and application versatility.
	www.soundlab-speakers.com /r3.htm (351 words)

	Loudspeaker - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In loudspeaker specifications, one often sees a speaker classified as an "N-way" speaker where N is a positive whole number greater than 1, indicating the number of separate frequency bands into which the system divides the sound (not the number of drivers, as one frequency band may be handled by more than one speaker driver).
		A loudspeaker is commonly mounted in an enclosure (or cabinet).
		One problem with loudspeakers is that the essentially-planar form of most loudspeakers creates a soundwave that is somewhat directional, that is, the intensity of the sound produced varies depending on the listener's angle relative to the central axis of the speaker.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Loudspeaker (5935 words)

	Electrostatic loudspeaker - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electrostatic loudspeakers use a thin flat diaphragm usually consisting of a plastic sheet impregnated with a conductive material such as graphite sandwiched between two electrically conductive grids, with a small air gap between the diaphragm and grids.
		In all but a few modern electrostatic loudspeakers the diaphragm is driven by two grids, one on either side, because the force exerted on the diaphragm by a single grid is non-linear, thus causing harmonic distortion.
		The lack of bass is often remedied with a hybrid design utilizing a dynamic loudspeaker handling lower frequencies with the electrostatic diaphram handling middle and high frequencies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electrostatic_speaker (1167 words)

	Matthew Anker's Electrostatic Loudspeaker Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Electrostatic loudspeakers are made of three main parts, the diaphragm, the stators, and the spacers.
		Electrostatic force is applied to the stators as a high voltage that varies at an audio rate, applied to the stators by the power amplifier.
		Electrostatic loudspeakers require much higher voltages than conventional magnetic drivers, so specialized electronics are required to produce the high voltages necessary to drive ESLs from a conventional power amplifier.
	www.sacdmods.com /ESL (2337 words)

	Electrosatic Loudspeakers(Electrostatic Loudspeakers, Difficult to Find Components, transformers)
		The Electrostatic Loudspeakers, of course, are not new; the principle was known prior to the work of Rice and Kellogg on moving coil speaker.
		Thus the two major causes of coloration in moving coil loudspeakers, which we have come to regard as the sound of hi-fi, are avoided in electrostatic loudspeakers.
		If we substitute an electrostatic loudspeaker membrane for the plane in the air, make it move in exactly the same way as the air on our imaginary plane and suppress the imaginary source, the results to an observer positioned on the far side will be identical to those from the ideal source.
	users.cwnet.com /kant/elstat.htm (1106 words)

	MartinLogan Clarity Electrostatic Hybrid Loudspeaker by Alvin Gold
		Electrostatics have always been held in a very special esteem, mainly because their large, ultra light diaphragms are perceived as capable of resolving the complexities of a fast changing musical waveform in a manner that the stiff, heavy cones of moving coil speakers are generally incapable of matching.
		Because electrostatic diaphragms are large and acoustically relatively transparent, it doesn't usually pay to build them into sealed boxes as the sound will certainly be dominated by the sound of a hollow box reflected through the diaphragm.
		The Clarity is an excellent loudspeaker, one that provides a taste of the high end for those without the kind of spending power or hi-fi system normally needed to support an electrostatic habit.
	www.enjoythemusic.com /magazine/equipment/1203/martinloganclarity.htm (1816 words)

	electrostatic machine - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about electrostatic machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Electrostatic generator capable of producing a voltage of over a million volts.
		It consists of a continuous vertical conveyor belt that carries electrostatic charges (resulting from friction) up to a large hollow sphere supported on an insulated stand.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /electrostatic+machine (193 words)

	Chris Report - 12-04-2001
		Vacuuming the electrostatic portion of the loudspeaker will be most effective if the speakers has been unplugged for several hours and not in use for extended periods.
		You should cover the loudspeakers with plastic bags that were used to pack the speakers originally when you are not going to listen to your electrostatic loudspeakers for long periods.
		Electrostatic speakers being the ones that all audiophile one time or another would like to own, I for one, will be looking to the closest transducer to live music in the living room if I ever upgrade my loudspeaker in the near future.
	www.1388.com /news/chris_report/12-04-2001 (659 words)

	Quad Electrostatic Loudspeaker Instruction Booklet
		This Loudspeaker is fundamentally different from other loudspeakers and it is essential that these instructions be followed if proper performance is to be obtained.
		If the loudspeaker has to be close to a wall, however, it should be stood at an angle so that reflections from the wall are not returned trapped.
		Radio on V.H.F. With the QUAD Electrostatic Loudspeaker used with B.B.C. broadcasts, it is recommended that no tone controls or filters be used, and they may be conveniently switched out of circuit by using the CANCEL position on the Control Unit.
	users.cwnet.com /kant/quadbook.htm (2044 words)

	U.S. Patent No. 3,992,585 - 11/16/1976 - Turner, Jacob C., et al - Self-energizing Electrostatic Loudspeaker System - ...
		In an electrostatic loudspeaker system, the high voltage power supply is typically mounted within the speaker enclosure and is powered by house current which is obtained by plugging the system into an electrical outlet.
		When large electrostatic drivers are used in a loudspeaker system to reproduce the lower audio frequencies, significantly larger amounts of power must be generated by the high voltage power supply.
		The high voltage power supply of the present invention is embodied in a four-way electrostatic loudspeaker system which includes a bass electrostatic driver 1, a mid bass electrostatic driver 2, a treble electrostatic driver 3, and a tweeter electrostatic driver 4.
	www.audioannals.com /03992585-Turner-etal.htm (3421 words)

	The educational encyclopedia, loudspeakers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Electrostatic loudspeaker project electrostatic loudspeakers use high voltages to operate, high voltage DC bias supply, tube amp output transformers
		Loudspeaker database database containing data on a large number of loudspeaker elements, useful to any audio pro or DIY enthusiast working with loudspeakers
		Loudspeakers moving coil loudspeakers, ribbon loudspeakers, electrostatic loudspeakers, enclosures, dipole radiator, infinite baffle, finite baffle, folded baffle, sealed cabinet, ported cabinet, horns, beaming, crossovers, woofer, tweeter, crossover distortion, electrical impedance
	users.telenet.be /educypedia/electronics/loudspeakers.htm (445 words)

	Electrostatic Loudspeaker Design Cookbook - book description
		Electrostatic speaker builders have strong opinions about ideal formats, stator structure, polarizing voltages and many other details.
		The Electrostatic Speaker Design Cookbook is a complete guide for the novice and the experienced builder to successfully build the unusual sound reproduction device.
		Roger Sanders not only builds electrostatic speakers, he builds and holds patents on a number of other devices, his unique bicycle pedal being only one of them.
	www.hificollective.co.uk /books/bk5002.html (490 words)

	Quad ESL63 electrostatic speaker service diagnose repair schematic manual
		The loudspeaker elements are completely protected from excessive input signal by circuit which shorts the signal from the amplifier if arcing is about to occur.
		Normally the loudspeaker is placed at an angle to both horizontal room axes and will excite both sets of horizontal axial modes 3db less than with a conventional source and discriminate entirely against the vertical axial modes.
		The loudspeaker should placed at least 60 cm (2 ft) from the rear wall of the listening room and angled towards the listener and never in corners or alcoves or behind furniture.
	www.geocities.com /quad_esl63 (557 words)

	JansZen Loudspeaker -- Company info
		JansZen Loudspeaker was founded in 2005 by Arthur A. Janszen's elder son David.
		The physics of exerting electrostatic force on a membrane is very simple, but the physics of harnessing this basic phenomenon to make a high fidelity transducer is not.
		With the Lab's electrostatic speaker work over, A. Janszen decided to continue it on his own time in a small lab he set up in his apartment, from love of audio and the complex and fascinating physics of electrostatic loudspeakers.
	www.janszenloudspeaker.com /company.htm (1802 words)

	Stereophile: InnerSound Eros Mk.III electrostatic loudspeaker
		InnerSound deliberately used a flat panel for their electrostatic screen, knowing that the lateral dispersion would be greatly narrowed, and the resulting sweet spot so narrow that only one person could listen.
		The Eros's flat, narrow electrostatic panel is subdivided by a fine metal grids that form the screen's stators.
		This high voltage is "felt" by the static charge (hence electrostatic speaker) that is applied to the Eros's Mylar diaphragm by a tiny power supply in the speaker itself (which is why it has to be plugged into the wall).
	stereophile.com /loudspeakerreviews/819 (896 words)

	Electrostatic Applications: Electrostatic Applications: Other Weblinks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Journal of Electrostatics is the only academic journal devoted entirely to electrostatics.
		Electrostatics Society of America is the leading electrostatics organization in North America.
		Electrostatic flavor applicators put a negative charge on a flavor to coat foods uniformly.
	www.electrostatic.com /other.htm (806 words)

	Stereophile: InnerSound Eros Mk.III electrostatic loudspeaker
		The traditional problem with an electrostatic speaker that uses a flat panel is that its radiation pattern beams severely in the frequency region where the wavelength is smaller than the speaker's size.
		The Eros's electrostatic panel was driven by a Lamm M2.1 monoblock, the woofer by the dedicated amplifier.
		However, while I was doing some auditioning in mono—far more revealing of loudspeaker coloration than stereo listening—sound sources were eerily present in the room, with no sense of the sound emanating from a physical source (as long as I was sitting exactly on-axis, of course, with my head in a virtual vise).
	www.integracoustics.com /MUG/MUG/reviews/stereophile_inner-eros-mk3.htm (6403 words)

	Untitled Normal Page
		This is article has been written for inclusion in the DIY Loudspeakers homepage, with the intention of addressing the main issues in the design and construction of an electrostatic loudspeaker.
		The basis of the electrostatic speaker is that of a planar panel of either circular, square, rectangular or even triangular shape.
		The reactance of the air mass presented to the motion of the diaphragm is different to that of a cone loudspeaker.
	www.audiodesignguide.com /esl/esl.html (4881 words)

	Project 105 - Build an ESL
		ESLs (Electrostatic Loudspeakers) have a definite aura about them, and it has nothing to do with the high voltage used to polarise the panels.
		This does impact the bass performance, but it is recommended that the panels be used in conjunction with a cone loudspeaker woofer.
		There seems to be some mystery as to the wiring of electrostatic speakers, but the wiring scheme is very simple.
	sound.westhost.com /project105.htm (1952 words)

	MartinLogan Vista Floorstanding Loudspeaker Announced
		The result of years of research, the new Vista™ hybrid electrostatic loudspeaker features advanced technological developments, dramatically reducing cabinet size and establishing new standards for efficiency, dynamics and precision in a floor-standing loudspeaker.
		Key to Vista's performance is MartinLogan's advanced XStat electrostatic panel, which covers most of the audible range (from the midrange to beyond the limit of human hearing) with unprecedented accuracy, low-level sonic detail, and efficiency.
		The Vista™ loudspeaker boasts an XStat™ electrostatic transducer with a playable area equal to that of a traditional electrostatic transducer nearly twice its size.
	news.ecoustics.com /bbs/messages/10381/209981.html (807 words)

	SoundStage! - Innersound Factory Tour (5/2004)
		Roger Sanders penned The Electrostatic Loudspeaker Design Cookbook (published in 1993 by The Audio Amateur) after years of research, and it is widely read amongst electrostatic-speaker enthusiasts.
		Perhaps one of the most surprising facts that we were presented with was regarding Innersound customers and their buying habits: about 50% of them prefer a soups-to-nuts Innersound system (the missing piece of this being a source component, which is coming soon).
		The amplifiers, in particular, are designed specifically to drive electrostatic speakers, due to their ability to handle low-impedance loads and their non-current-limiting design.
	www.soundstagelive.com /factorytours/innersound (1051 words)

	Leak Electrostatic Loudspeaker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This paper foucsses on Leak's search for high-quality transducers that feature "piston action", and along with the ribbon speaker, the electrostatic speaker was a contender (as the actuating force is applied evenly across the surface of the electrostatic diaphragm, thus preventing diaphragm "break-up" found with cone speakers at high frequencies).
		Leak were advertising this electrostatic loudspeaker in pamphlets from around 1956 (the photo at the right of the production model is from a Leak pamphlet that also described the Varislope II pre-amplifier, and the Leak moving coil pickup).
		It was "piston-action" that Leak had been pursuing from the mid-1950's, and whilst ribbons, and electrostatic types were considered, it was to be this new developement that would give Leak the high-quality "piston-action" speaker they had been searching for.
	werple.net.au /~kiewavly/esl.html (550 words)

	Electrostatic Loudspeaker Design and Construction - book description
		The book you hold, one of the most hard-to-find volumes in the loudspeaker field, is a slightly abbreviated version of that first published by TAB Books in 1987.
		Well known as both a "how-to" book and an informative text on electrostatic speakers, it will provide you with step-by-step sequences for building full-range electrostatics as well as acquaint you with their basic operating principles.
		In addition, it provides a rich source of information for everyone involved in electrostatic loudspeaker research, repair, or restoration.
	www.hificollective.co.uk /books/bk5004.html (315 words)

	Science Project: ESL electrostatic stereo speakers
		Electrostatic speakers are the just about the lowest distortion drivers that can be made.
		Describes electrostatic transducers in which the stators are insulated to allow the use of high operating voltages, thereby increasing the sensitivity of the transducers.
		Describes an electrostatic speaker that is built used printed circuit techniques, in which the stators are insulated to allow the use of high operating voltages, thereby increasing the sensitivity of the drivers.
	www.amasci.com /esloud/eslhwto.html (4789 words)

	Stereophile: InnerSound Eros Mk.III electrostatic loudspeaker
		InnerSound deliberately used a flat panel for their electrostatic screen, knowing that the lateral dispersion would be greatly narrowed, and the resulting sweet spot so narrow that only one person could listen.
		The Eros's flat, narrow electrostatic panel is subdivided by a fine metal grids that form the screen's stators.
		This high voltage is "felt" by the static charge (hence electrostatic speaker) that is applied to the Eros's Mylar diaphragm by a tiny power supply in the speaker itself (which is why it has to be plugged into the wall).
	www.stereophile.com /loudspeakerreviews/819 (896 words)

	Stereophile: Quad ESL-989 electrostatic loudspeaker
		The ESL-989 is the fourth version of the longest-surviving consumer-grade electrostatic speaker, which is now approaching its 45th year of sales.
		Back in 1989, when I last did a full review of a Quad ESL for Stereophile, it was one of only 11 full-range electrostatic systems listed among 1376 loudspeakers in Audio magazine's "Annual Equipment Directory." These 11 models were made by only four of the 257 speaker companies listed.
		The first Quad loudspeaker was the ESL-57 (the number indicates the year of design), which remained in production for 25 years.
	www.stereophile.com /loudspeakerreviews/720 (785 words)

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