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Topic: Electrostatic potential

	Patent 5307120: Method for measuring electrostatic potential
		Prior to the measurement of the electrostatic potential of the surface of the photosensitive drum and in the state where the photosensitive drum is not rotated, the surface of the photosensitive drum is subjected to the electrostatic action, such as a charging action, by devices (such as a charger) for a fixed period of time.
		In the case of performing an image formation, the electrostatic potential measuring device 6 is arranged at a location where a developing unit is arranged, but the measuring device 6 is not necessary for the purpose of examining the charging characteristics of the photosensitive drum and therefore is removed.
		The charger 2 and the electrostatic potential measuring device 6 are used to examine the charging characteristic of the surface of the photosensitive drum 1.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5307120.html (2525 words)

	Creating the Electrostatic Potential on the Molecular Surface (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This is a two step process to get the electrostatic potential or the degree of partial charge located on a molecule using Chime.
		Electrostatic Potential for the Halomethanes: Use the menu instructions above to convert these molecular images into their electrostatic potential with the Rasmol color scheme.
		The electrostatic potential is shown on the right with the same orientation as the molecular structure to the left.
	academic.pg.cc.md.us /psc/pcm/electrostatic_potential.htm (244 words)

	ROCO Chapter 4: Electrostatic potential
		This quantity is related to PE as follows: the electrostatic potential created by a system of charges at a particular point in space, (x, y, z), is equal to the change in potential energy that occurs when a +1 ion is introduced at this point.
		Electrostatic potential is both a molecular property and a spatial property.
		Potential is large and positive in blue regions, and large and negative in pink region.
	academic.reed.edu /chemistry/roco/Potential/electrostatic_potential.html (624 words)

	Electrostatic Potential Solver
		In the empty parts, this potential follows the Laplace equation with the boundary conditions imposed by the fixed charges.
		The elements with a white border are fixed charges at a potential of +100 (hence red).
		Potential: Choose electrostatic potential for elements drawn with the mouse.
	www.cip.physik.uni-muenchen.de /~wwieser/sim/elstat (1022 words)

	Page 217 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The electrostatic potential at some point due to a point charge is given by: E = kq/r.
		If more than one charge is present, the total electrostatic potential at a point may be found by measuring the strengths of the individual electrostatic potentials due to each of the individual charges and then summing them.
		In this applet you may create a group of point charges and then plot the resultant electrostatic potential.
	lectureonline.cl.msu.edu /~mmp/kap18/eField.htm (236 words)

	Protein Electrostatic Calculations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Electrostatic potential calculations, mostly in the form of GRASP [Nicholls et al., 1991] pictures, are used routinely for these purposes and it has become almost mandatory to perform an electrostatic analysis of every newly solved X-ray structure.
		The electrostatic potential field (F) is a scalar field, which at each point in space gives the interaction energy between a unit charge and the electric field.
		In most studies of protein structures the electrostatic potential field is analysed, because it gives an impression of the electrostatic energy that can be gained or lost when placing a charge in or near the protein.
	swift.cmbi.ru.nl /gv/nielsen/pKa/theory2 (2951 words)

	More information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is believed, for example, that electrostatic potentials from ionic residues within proteins play a significant role in many aspects of the reactivity of biological systems.
		Experiments designed to measure the magnitude of the effect of electrostatic fields on ET rates at the molecular level are of insterest to test theory as well as to begin their utilization in control of excited state reactions.
		Since the electrostatic potential on the micellar surfaces can be tuned - utilizing anionic, neutral, and cationic micelles - as well as their mixtures (see below), we can tune the surface potential while measuring the ET rate for the same donor-acceptor pair.
	www.chemistry.ohio-state.edu /%7Eturro/Micelles2.html (346 words)

	MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF PROMOTER-POLYMERASE RECOGNITION. ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS IN PROMOTERS RECOGNIZED BY E.COLI ...
		Electrostatic potential was calculated in accordance with Coulomb’s law for several tens of promoters recognized by E.coli RNA polymerase Es Some correlation between patterns of electrostatic potential of promoters and their attributing to certain promoter classes was found.
		It should be noted that this classification is in agreement with our results of electrostatic analysis of these promoters: their electrostatic potentials are quite similar in general distribution of hills and valleys, although their electrostatic patterns differ in finest details (figure 1 b,c).
		Comparative analysis of electrostatic potentials calculated for several tens of promoters indicates that electrostatic field can be an additional component in promoter—polymerase recognition coding acting at the middle distances at initial stage of their interaction.
	www.bionet.nsc.ru /bgrs/thesis/40/index.html (1595 words)

	Lone Pairs and the Molecular Electrostatic Potential of Water
		However, the electrostatic potential reveals more structure and exhibits two minima in the regions where tetrahedrally arranged lone pairs would be expected.
		The electrostatic potential is contoured both in the molecular plane and perpendicular to the molecular plane
		This data can also be colorized to produce an image of the electrostatic potential in the molecular plane or perpendicular to the molecular plane or both.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~young/water/lp3.html (1694 words)

	Electrostatic Potential Surfaces for the Cyclobutane Uracil Dimer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The geometries and potential surfaces for the neutral cyclobutane uracil dimer as well as its radical ions have been calculated by ab initio methods.
		The electronic structure of these species is analyzed using electrostatic potential and spin density surfaces as well as the topology of the frontier molecular orbitals.
		The overall shape and charge distribution of the cyclobutane uracil dimer suggest a binding mode in which the electrostatic potential pattern in the dimer is matched with the asymmetric distribution of polar and nonpolar amino acid residues in the putative active site of DNA photolyase.
	www.netsci-journal.com /97v1/97008/index.htm (240 words)

	Electrostatic Potential: Electrostatics: Plus 2 Physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The potential energy of the system changes by the amount of work done when a charge is displaced in an electric field.
		A potential difference of 1 volt between two points means that in carrying a charge of +1 coulomb from one point to the other 1 joule of work would be done.
		But gravitational potential at a point is independent of properties of the medium whereas electric potential at a point depends upon the permittivity of the medium.
	www.plus2physics.com /electrostatics/study_material.asp?chapter=3 (670 words)

	The Potential Difference
		The change in the potential energy of a charge q when being moved from point A to point B, is the work done by an external force in moving the charge.
		The electrostatic potential produced by a finite charge distribution is, by convention, set to zero at infinity.
		The potential at a point r of a positive point charge located at the origin is the work that must be done per unit charge in bringing a test charge from infinity to r.
	electron9.phys.utk.edu /phys136d/modules/m5/Potential.htm (1634 words)

	Electrostatic Potential
		The unit of potential is the volt: 1 J/C 1 V. Because of the need to define a reference point, the potential at a certain point in space has a built-in ambiguity.
		When we say "the potential at point P" we really mean to say "the potential at point P with respect to the reference point" or, better yet, "the potential difference between point P and the reference point."
		The advantages of potential are, first, that it is a scalar quantity as opposed to E which is a vector quantity.
	galileo.harvard.edu /galileo/course/lectures11b/pot.html (573 words)

	Gauging of the PhoE Channel by a Single Freely Diffusing Proton -- Bransburg-Zabary et al. 83 (6): 2987 -- Biophysical ...
		The electrostatic potential inside the channel is a function of all charges, including that of the bound pyranine molecule.
		as the barrier of the electrostatic potential on the path to the
		4 presents the electrostatic potential along the periplasmic section of the channel.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/83/6/2987 (6896 words)

	E478: Electrostatic Potential Derived from the X-Ray Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This information can be obtained by inspection of the electrostatic potential generated by molecules in their outer part.
		The quantity obtained represents the electrostatic potential of a molecule removed from the crystal lattice
		The electrostatic potential calculated for a molecule extracted from the crystal can be fitted by atomic charges and multipole moments; given a good choice of the sampling points where V(
	www.hwi.buffalo.edu /ACA/ACA97/abstracts/text/E478.html (334 words)

	Electrostatic features within JAVAProtein Dossier: AminoAcid and Surface AminoAcid Electrostatic Potential calculation ...
		Among other descriptors, the Electrostatic Potential (EP) is widely recognized as one of the most relevant, due to its role in protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions.
		The Electrostatic Potential is here calculated solving the PBE within a finite difference scheme by using the DelPhi program (Columbia University) with few ad hoc modifications.
		One possible way to derive a more reliable atomic potential would be to average over many different system positions, but this would be very time consuming; the strategy we adopted here is to define the Atomic Potential as the average potential calculated at six points evenly distributed on a sphere centered at the atom itself.
	www.iscb.org /ismb2004/posters/w.rocchiaATsns.it_359.html (670 words)

	ROCO Chapter 4: Electrostatic potential maps
		The process is complicated because the program must calculate the interaction between the +1 probe charge and every part of the electron density cloud, and it is necessary to divide the cloud into many small pieces to do this accurately.
		The display of electrostatic potential data is another difficult problem.
		Then Spartan02 assigns colors to these points according to their potential (the rules for selecting colors is explained in the next section).
	academic.reed.edu /chemistry/roco/Potential/electrostatic_maps.html (171 words)

	Mapping The Electrostatic Potential Of A Microtubule
		Electrostatics describe the way in which the landscape of electrical charge is laid out in a molecular environment, for example, the electric forces that drive the binding of drugs or proteins to microtubules or that place an RNA molecule on a ribosome during translation of genetic information.
		The maps depict an atom-by-atom rendering of the electrostatic potential of microtubules and ribosomes.
		Likewise, the electrostatic map of the ribosome revealed a subunit area that may play roles in stabilizing RNA molecules during translation of genetic information.
	www.unisci.com /stories/20013/0917014.htm (736 words)

	Serotonin versus Lysergic Acid
		The electrostatic potential representations below show a clam-shell-like region of electron concentration above and below the phenyl and nitrogen ring structures in both molecules.
		There was a strong positive electrostatic potential along the edge of the common ring structures in both molecules.
		Serotonin had stronger potentials (both higher positive and lower negative potentials), indicating that it might be attracted more strongly to a charged receptor site.
	www.shodor.org /succeed/projects/compchem/cchem97/serotonin (660 words)

	Darstellungsformen in Spartan und Titan
		The electrostatic potential shows regions of electronegativity corresponding to the two unshared pairs of electrons on the oxygen and to the unshared pairs on each of the nitrogens.
		This surface shows the relative electrostatic potential at the Van der Waals surface of the molecule.
		Electrostatic potential maps for three stages of Sn2 reaction (bromide addition to methyl chloride).
	www.additive-net.de /software/spartan/spartan.darstellungen.shtml (442 words)

	Imaging the Electrostatic Potential of Transmembrane Channels: Atomic Probe Microscopy of OmpF Porin -- Philippsen et ...
		The electrostatic potential of OmpF and the resulting force acting on the AFM probe were calculated from a numerical solution
		The asymmetry of the negative potential extending into the periplasmic space is clearly visible in (B3), with a strong contribution on the outer rim of the protein (left) and almost no contribution close to the trimer axis (perpendicular cyan line).
		The heights of the difference maps are a direct estimate of the electrostatic force between porin and AFM probe.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/82/3/1667 (4888 words)

	PIRA 5B30.00 ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL
		Spheres of different diameters are brought to the same potential and inserted into a Faraday ice pail to show different charges.
		Connect an electrostatic voltmeter to the terminals of an static machine and observe the voltage while varying the spark gap.
		An electroscope is connected to the ball of the electric chime to observe the decrease on potential as the ringing diminishes.
	www.wesleyan.edu /physics/demos/pirabib/5eandm/5B30.html (810 words)

	Molsoft L.L.C.: ICM-REBEL Electrostatics
		Use ICM-REBEL to calculate the accurate electrostatic potential of a molecule using boundary element algorithm, and generate a 3D surface skin model colored by potential.
		This REBEL feature calculates the electrostatic potential away from the surface of the graphics object and colors surface elements according to this potential from red to blue.
		The potential is calculated either by the REBEL boundary element solution of the Poisson equation, or, if option fast is specified, by a simple Coulomb formula.
	www.molsoft.com /rebel.html (231 words)

	Electrostatics in protein-protein docking -- Heifetz et al. 11 (3): 571 -- Protein Science
		Each potential sphere is centered on a potential grid point, and its radius R is chosen such that it circumscribes a grid cube.
		Some MolFit grid points (small solid circles) are either inside one potential sphere (hashed circle) and assigned the potential value of that sphere or are inside several potential spheres (dotted circle and hollow circle) and assigned the average of the potential values of these spheres.
		Comparison of the electrostatic representation for the unbound structures of thrombin and BPTI (A) and for the disassembled structures (B).
	www.proteinscience.org /cgi/content/full/11/3/571 (8214 words)

	Molekel Visualization Package
		Ball-and-stick model of a mannose molecule (with atom-type labels) with its molecular electrostatic potential, color-coded (using discrete colors and contour lines) on the semi transparent molecular surface (which is clipped by a clipping plane).
		A ball-and-stick representation of artemisin with its lowest unoccupied orbital (semi transparent blue and magenta surfaces) and the most negative regions of the molecular electrostaticpotential on the molecular surface (using discrete colors and contour lines on the curved surface, which is trimmed according to the value of the potential).
		Projection along the y-axis, cut plane along the z-axis and part of the molecular electrostatic potential on the molecular surface.
	www.cscs.ch /molekel/gallery.html (179 words)

	Surface Biology, Chemistry and Physics
		Lavery and Pullman, (1981) studied electrostatic potential on the solvent-accessible surface of DNA.
		Visualizations of the electrostatic potential and electrostatic field have been produced by Getzoff, Tainer, Weiner, Kollman, Richardson and Richardson (1983), Lavery, Pullman and Pullman (1983), Purvis and Culberson (1986), and Hermsmeier and Gund (1989).
		Polyhedral electrostatic potential molecular surfaces have been computed by Zauhar and Morgan (1990) and by the Columbia group (Nicholls and Honig, 1991; Nicholls, Sharp and Honig, 1991; Nicholls, Bharadwaj and Honig, 1993).
	www.netsci.org /Science/Compchem/feature14k.html (700 words)

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