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Topic: Electroweak

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	Theory: Electroweak Interactions (SLAC VVC)
		The term "electroweak interaction" describes the modern theory of two interactions: electromagnetic and weak.
		Nearly 100 years later, the developers of electroweak theory made another giant conceptual leap, unifying Maxwell's electromagnetism (or rather its quantum field theory descendant, quantum electrodynamics or QED) with the theory of the weak interactions.
		The electroweak theory was developed in the period from 1961-1967, primarily by the work of Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, and Abdus Salam, who were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1979 for this work.
	www2.slac.stanford.edu /vvc/theory/electroweak.html (245 words)

	electroweak theory - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		ELECTROWEAK THEORY [electroweak theory] a unified field theory that describes two of the fundamental forces in nature, electromagnetism (see electromagnetic radiation) and the weak interaction.
		The electroweak theory derived from efforts to produce a theory for the weak force analogous to quantum electrodynamics (QED), the quantum theory of the electromagnetic force.
		The electroweak theory, for which Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics, was confirmed in 1983 by the discovery of the W and Z particles, two of a number of elementary particles it predicted.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-electrowe.html (283 words)

	LEP EWWG Home Page
		OPAL on electroweak observables, such as cross sections, masses and various couplings of the heavy electroweak gauge bosons, properly taking into account the common systematic uncertainties.
		The figure on the left shows the Delta-chi2 curve derived from high-Q2 precision electroweak measurements, performed at LEP and by SLD, CDF, and D0, as a function of the Higgs-boson mass, assuming the Standard Model to be the correct theory of nature.
		The precision electroweak measurements tell us that the mass of the Standard-Model Higgs boson is lower than about 144 GeV (one-sided 95 percent confidence level upper limit derived from Delta chi2 = 2.7 for the blue band, thus including both the experimental and the theoretical uncertainty).
	lepewwg.web.cern.ch /LEPEWWG (991 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for electroweak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		electroweak theory ELECTROWEAK THEORY [electroweak theory] a unified field theory that describes two of the fundamental forces in nature, electromagnetism (see electromagnetic radiation) and the weak interaction.
		The electroweak theory derived from efforts to produce a theory for the weak force analogous to quantum
		W and Z particles W AND Z PARTICLES [W and Z particles] elementary particles that mediate, or carry, the fundamental force associated with weak interactions.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=electroweak (276 words)

	Electroweak Physics at LBL
		In 1979, the Nobel Prize was awarded to Steven Weinberg, Sheldon Glashow and Abdus Salam for the formulation of the theory unifying two of natures forces : the electromagnetic force and the weak nuclear force.
		The unified electroweak force is mediated by so called gauge bosons : the photon (particles of light), and the Z and W bosons.
		The experimental discovery of the Z and W bosons in 1983 by the UA1 and UA2 collaborations at CERN was a supreme vindication of the unified electroweak theory and earned Carlo Rubbia and Simon Van der Meer the Nobel Prize in 1984.
	www-cdf.lbl.gov /cdf_ewk/cdf_ewk.html (1180 words)

	Unification of Forces
		The concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking is important to the understanding of electroweak unification and further unifications.
		This is an apt analogy for the electroweak unification, since the symmetry between the Coulomb force and the weak interaction is certainly not evident at low temperatures.
		The basic problem of "restoring the broken symmetry" between the strong and electroweak forces is that the strong force works only on colored particles and the leptons don't have color.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/forces/unify.html (897 words)

	Goals of the BNL Muon g-2 Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Although one of the major motivations for pursuing higher accuracy measurements of the electron and muon $g-2$ values was understanding the origin of the muon-electron mass difference, this remains as an elusive goal of experimental particle physics
		The goal of confirming the magnitude of the electroweak contribution, and in addition the more ambitious goals of detecting possible contributions from supersymmetry and supergravity [15] [16], muon substructure effects [17] and new particle (leptoquarks [18],...) physics are based on a subtraction rule.
		The EW contributions have been calculated from the unified electroweak theory and are known an order of magnitude better than the expected experimental accuracy [14].
	hep.bu.edu /~brown/phd/node6.html (688 words)

	Electroweak Force \| World of Physics
		Electroweak force is the name given to the unified electromagnetic and weak interactions.
		As of 2000, the Higgs boson is the last undiscovered ingredient of the electroweak theory (the discovery of the tau neutrino was announced in July 2000).
		The success of the theory in explaining the results of scattering experiments, and the agreement of the masses of the W and Z bosons with the theoretical predictions, would be difficult (perhaps impossible) to reproduce without the existence of Higgs bosons.
	www.bookrags.com /research/electroweak-force-wop (793 words)

	Physics.org - Search Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The photon, the particle involved in the electromagnetic interaction, along with the W and Z provide the necessary pieces to unify the weak and electromagnetic interactions.
		The basic problem of "restoring the broken symmetry" between the strong and electroweak forces is that the strong force works only on coloured particles and the leptons don't have colour
		Abstract describing work on quantum structure of electroweak interaction which won the Nobel Prize 1999 and work leading up to this, with link to the paper.
	www.physics.org /results/search.asp?q=electroweak&uu=0 (146 words)

	SubZ
		The working group mission is to articulate a coherent picture of the vast array of precision electroweak studies being performed at energies below the Z mass.
		At the same time, precision electroweak measurements are being used to study novel aspects of hadron structure and non-perturbative QCD.
		A brief overview of the current status of the Standard Model as well as various scenarios for new physics is followed by a detailed discussion of various electroweak processes.
	www.krl.caltech.edu /~subZ/index.html (214 words)

	electroweak concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Indicates that in the high energies that characterized the very early universe, electromagnetism and the weak force functioned as a single, electroweak force.
		This theory was developed in the 1960s by Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, and Abdus Salam and has been subsequently confirmed in the laboratory.
		One of the mathematical properties of this theory is called the electroweak symmetry.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/electroweak.html (185 words)

	ELECTROWEAK SYMMETRY BREAKING AND NEW PHYSICS AT THE TeV SCALE
		This is an expanded version of the report by the Electroweak Symmetry Breaking and Beyond the Standard Model Working Group which was contributed to Particle Physics — Perspectives and Opportunities, a report of the Division of Particles and Fields Committee for Long Term Planning.
		One of the Working Group's primary goals was to study the phenomenology of electroweak symmetry breaking and attempt to quantify the "physics reach" of present and future colliders.
		These include models of low-energy supersymmetry, dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking, and a variety of extensions of the Standard Model with new particles and interactions.
	www.worldscibooks.com /physics/3073.html (287 words)

	CERN Courier - From Z to ZZ - a decade of e - IOP Publishing - article
		Morris Swartz of Johns Hopkins, who reported on precision electroweak physics with Z particles, had 18 million Zs to draw on, amassed, mainly, by the four LEP experiments from 1989 to 1995, before LEP's energy was increased.
		Using this and other input, electroweak consistency arguments strongly hint that the mass of the Higgs particle, which is responsible for the subtle symmetry-breaking mechanism at the heart of the electroweak mechanism, is lighter than 300 GeV.
		At its new energies, LEP is able to probe the interaction of electroweak carriers among themselves, for example via WWZ and WW-photon mechanisms.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/39/8/12/1 (595 words)

	Precision Electroweak Tests
		Early on I studied the effects of technicolor interactions on precision electroweak measurements.
		Such contributions to electroweak vacuum polarizations are now conventionally described by the parameters S, and T.
		The S parameter describes a momentum-dependent (kinetic) mixing of the electroweak gauge bosons, while the T parameter involves isospin breaking, which splits the W and Z masses.
	particle.physics.ucdavis.edu /terning/Physics/pew.html (371 words)

	Electroweak Tests
		Dozens of electroweak observables like cross sections, asymmetries and polarizations have been studied in ALEPH, all in agreement with the Standard Model.
		In the years 1996-2000 the storage ring LEP was operated at centre of mass energies up to 209 GeV.
		Both electroweak and strong interactions are described by non-abelian gauge theories which, contrary to QED, imply selfcouplings of the gauge bosons.
	www.staff.uni-mainz.de /wanke/Forschungsbericht_2002/salephnode1.html (352 words)

	Phenomenology Research Pursuits: Electroweak Physics
		One of the most important issues in contemporary particle physics is whether nature makes use of the Higgs mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking to generate the masses of gauge bosons and fermions.
		In the Standard Model the Higgs boson is the observable relic of the electroweak symmetry breaking mechanism.
		Gauge boson self-interactions as a probe of the electroweak symmetry breaking sector are also topics under our investigation.
	www.pheno.info /about/electroweak (240 words)

	The Electroweak Theory
		In 1979 Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg won the Nobel Prize for their electroweak theory, which unites the electromagnetic and weak interactions.
		Electroweak theory considers electromagnetism and the weak interactions to be different aspects of the same force.
		A key aspect of the theory is the explanation of why three out of four of the intermediary particles of the electroweak force are massive.
	www.physics.nmt.edu /~raymond/classes/ph13xbook/node211.html (617 words)

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