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Topic: Electroweak force

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	Fundamental interaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electromagnetism is a long-ranged force that is relatively strong, and therefore describes almost all phenomena of our everyday experience—phenomena ranging all the way from lasers and radios to the structure of atoms and the structure of metals to friction and rainbows.
		Electromagnetism and the weak force were theoretically understood to be two aspects of a unified electroweak force - this was the first step toward the unified theory known as the Standard Model.
		In electroweak theory, the carriers of the weak force are massive gauge bosons called the W and Z bosons.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fundamental_force (1306 words)

	Fundamental interaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electromagnetism and the weak nuclear forces have been shown to be two aspects of a single electroweak force.
		The modern quantum mechanical view of the three fundamental forces (all except gravity) is that particles of matter (fermions) do not directly interact with each other but rather exchange by virtual particles (bosons) called interaction carriers or interaction mediators (as, for example, virtual photons in case of interaction of electric charges).
		The weak force is an example of a physical theory in which parity is not conserved i.e., which is left-right asymmetric.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fundamental_forces (1306 words)

	Encyclopedia: Fundamental force
		The modern view of the three fundamental forces (all except gravity) is that objects do not directly interact with each other but rather generate a field which affects the behavior of distant objects.
		The strong nuclear force is the force holding together nucleons inside the atomic nucleus.
		The strong force is independent of electric charge, and holds together, for example, two protons inside the minute volume of a Helium nucleus in spite of their tremendous electromagnetic repulsion.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Fundamental-force (1138 words)

	AllRefer.com - electroweak theory (Physics) - Encyclopedia
		electroweak theory, a unified field theory that describes two of the fundamental forces in nature, electromagnetism (see electromagnetic radiation) and the weak interaction.
		The electroweak theory derived from efforts to produce a theory for the weak force analogous to quantum electrodynamics (QED), the quantum theory of the electromagnetic force.
		The electroweak theory, for which Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics, was confirmed in 1983 by the discovery of the W and Z particles, two of a number of elementary particles it predicted.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/E/electrowe.html (238 words)

	Unification of Forces
		This is an apt analogy for the electroweak unification, since the symmetry between the Coulomb force and the weak interaction is certainly not evident at low temperatures.
		The basic problem of "restoring the broken symmetry" between the strong and electroweak forces is that the strong force works only on colored particles and the leptons don't have color.
		The unification of the strong force is well beyond our reach at the present time, and the unification of gravity with the other three is out of reach for earthbound experiments.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/forces/unify.html (897 words)

	Nuclear (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		There are two nuclear forces, the weak nuclear force and the strong nuclear force.
		The weak nuclear force has been unified with the electromagnetic force in electroweak theory.
		The strong nuclear force has not been unified with the electroweak force in a theory that has survived experimental testing.
	www.321books.co.uk /encyclopedia/physics/nuclear.htm (99 words)

	Inquiring Minds
		The ElectroWeak Force - One of the major goals of elementary particle science is showing that even though particles may interact in somewhat different ways, they are ultimately controlled by the same guiding principles.
		The electroweak force fully explains the interactions (very well) of all the known leptons at the energy scales attainable so far.
		The force carrying particle of the electromagnetic force is the photon which is massless.
	www.fnal.gov /pub/inquiring/matter/madeof/electroweakforce.html (361 words)

	Fundamental Forces
		One of the four fundamental forces, the electromagnetic force manifests itself through the forces between charges (Coulomb's Law) and the magnetic force, both of which are summarized in the Lorentz force law.
		The electromagnetic force is a force of infinite range which obeys the inverse square law, and is of the same form as the gravity force.
		The discovery of the W and Z particles in 1983 was hailed as a confirmation of the theories which connect the weak force to the electromagnetic force in electroweak unification.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/forces/funfor.html (1170 words)

	Weak nuclear force - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The weak nuclear force affects all leptons and quarks.
		Although the weak nuclear force used to be described by Fermi's theory of a contact four-fermion interaction, today we know that it is mediated by the W and Z bosons.
		The Standard Model of particle physics describes the electromagnetic force and the weak nuclear force as two different aspects of a single electroweak force, the theory of which was developed around 1968 by Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg (more at W and Z bosons).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Weak_nuclear_force (440 words)

	Kids.net.au - Encyclopedia Weak nuclear force - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The weak nuclear force or weak interaction is one of the four fundamental forces of nature.
		It is most commonly thought to be the cause of beta decay and the associated radioactivity.
		The electromagnetic force and the weak nuclear force can be described as two different aspects of a single electroweak force.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/we/Weak_interaction (151 words)

	Learn more about Electroweak force in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Learn more about Electroweak force in the online encyclopedia.
		The electroweak force is the force that appears in the form of electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force.
		Although these two forces appear very different, the electroweak theory models the two as being different aspects of the same force.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /e/el/electroweak_force.html (168 words)

	Open Questions: The Standard Model
		Bosons having a spin of 1 (or -1) mediate the forces of electromagnetism (the photon), the weak force (W and Z bosons), and the strong force (gluons).
		By comparison, a force caused by wind is easier to understand, since there is something (air in the case of wind) which "carries" the force throughout a region.
		The strong nuclear force is not unified with the electroweak force.
	www.openquestions.com /oq-ph005.htm (11825 words)

	Quark's Eye View (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The forces of nature bore no resemblance to their present day shapes since they were combined into a single, primordial superforce.
		The GUT force separated again into the strong nuclear and the electroweak force.
		The electroweak force became electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force leaving all four forces of nature separate and distinct.
	www.herts.ac.uk /astro_ub/a16_ub.html (369 words)

	Electroweak force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In physics the electroweak theory presents unified description of two of the four forces of nature: electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force.
		For contributions to the unification of the and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles Sheldon Glashow Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979.
		I recently saw the Force MD's in Columbus, OH and they reminded me what true R&B really is. I was literally brought to tears.
	www.freeglossary.com /Electroweak_theory (522 words)

	Fundamental force : Fundamental forces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Electromagnetism and the weak force can be seen as two aspects of the same underlying force, the electroweak force.
		The strong force is transferred by gluons and it acts on particles that carry "color charge", i.e.
		Most particle physicists perceive the existence of different forces each with separate theories to describe them to be inelegant and believe that all of the forces can be described in a general theory of everything.
	www.eurofreehost.com /fu/Fundamental_forces_2.html (336 words)

	Theory: Electroweak Interactions
		Nearly 100 years later, the developers of electroweak theory made another giant conceptual leap, unifying Maxwell's electromagnetism (or rather its quantum field theory descendant, quantum electrodynamics or QED) with the theory of the weak interactions.
		The electroweak theory was developed in the period from 1961-1967, primarily by the work of Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, and Abdus Salam, who were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1979 for this work.
		The electroweak theory introduces particles that act as mediators of weak interactions in the same way that photons mediate electromagnetic interactions
	www2.slac.stanford.edu /vvc/theory/electroweak.html (214 words)

	Electroweak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		ElectroWeak Interactions and Unified Theories 2001 The 36th Rencontres de Moriond session devoted to Electroweak Interactions and unified Theories will be held in Les Arcs 1800.
		Theory of Everything Publications An attempt to unify gravity, strong and electroweak interactions.
		Particle Aspects of Cosmology and Baryogenesis An introduction to particle aspects of cosmology with particular refrence to primordial nucleosynthesis, dark matter and baryogenesis is provided.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Electroweak.html (164 words)

	Electroweak force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In physics, the electroweak theory presents a unified description of two of the four fundamental force s of nature: electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force.
		force task force force ones force vital force force outboards force physical force protection force station force training force uniforms freedom force gravitational force magnetic force
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	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Electroweak_force.html (633 words)

	The Electroweak Theory
		Electroweak theory considers electromagnetism and the weak interactions to be different aspects of the same force.
		A key aspect of the theory is the explanation of why three out of four of the intermediary particles of the electroweak force are massive.
		This is because the electromagnetic force between the charge of the electron and the charges on atomic nuclei are strong enough to rapidly cause the energy of the electron to be dissipated.
	www.physics.nmt.edu /%7Eraymond/classes/ph13xbook/node215.html (617 words)

	The Mechanism That Makes Fundamental Mass
		The weak subnuclear force and electromagnetism have been unified into a single structure known as the electroweak theory.
		The unified electroweak theory has undergone what-is-called "breaking." This breaking destroys the apparent unification of electromagnetism with the weak subnuclear force.
		One of the great principles of particle physics is that all forces are created through the exchange of a special set of particles called gauge bosons.
	www.jupiterscientific.org /sciinfo/fundmass.html (461 words)

	What is a Force, Really?
		For instance, the boson that mediates the electromagnetic force is the photon.
		The 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Gourds 't Hooft and Martinis Veltman for their mathematical research into the nature of the electroweak force, as well as their prediction of the mass of the top quark (which was first observed at FermiLab near Chicago in 1995).
		The range of the force is determined by the mass of the boson that mediates it.
	www.batesville.k12.in.us /physics/PhyNet/Mechanics/Newton1/what_is_a_force_really.htm (2045 words)

	Grand Unification Force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		All force between this particle and the other particles involved in the reaction is purely electromagnetic.
		Since strong force is interaction of a set of charges, it may or may not be considered linked with the electroweak force.
		The force varies from object to object, but the acceleration is the same for everything.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/phy00/phy00661.htm (301 words)

	some notes
		The force needed to pull these particles into the circle is simply the motor force - a magnetic field interacting with a current, and a current is made of charges in motion.
		The strong force is in fact even stronger than that; it is the force that holds the constituents of protons, neutrons and the like to each other, the quarks.
		The weak force is weird, partly because we think of a force in terms of pushes and pulls, and newtons.
	teachers.web.cern.ch /teachers/hst/1999/hst1999/theory/notelist.htm (4523 words)

	Glossary
		A force which binds quarks together.Its range is limited to the distances between quarks in hadrons, but an indirect effect of the strong force is to bind protons and neutronstogether to form nuclei.The strong force is carried by gluons.
		Specific cases are the electric and magnetic forces.The electromagnetic force is carried by photons.
		A force resulting from the combination of theelectromagnetic force and theweak force.
	hepwww.rl.ac.uk /Pub/Phil/glossary.html (815 words)

	The New Phenomena Group
		One aspect of the electroweak force is electricity, the force most noticable in our day-to-day lives.
		The electric and magnetic force were united by Maxwell in the 1860's into the electromagnetic force.
		The Weak force and the electromagnetic force were united by Glashow, Salam, and Weinberg, amoung others, in the 1960's.
	www-d0.fnal.gov /public/new/layman.html (714 words)

	SUPERSTRINGS! Why Strings? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		For example Einstein-Maxwell theory unifies the forces of electricity and magnetism into the electromagnetic force.
		The Nobel prize winning work of Glashow, Salam, and Weinberg successfully showed that the electromagnetic and weak forces can be unified into a single electroweak force.
		When we examine how the relative strengths of the strong force and electroweak force behave as we go to higher and higher energies, we find that they become the same at an energy of about 10
	www.sukidog.com /jpierre/strings/why.htm (366 words)

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