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Topic: Electroweak symmetry

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Hierarchy problem

	Higgs mechanism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This was done in the context of a spontaneous symmetry breaking model, of the type constructed by Yoichiro Nambu and others in an attempt to explain the strong interactions.
		The problem in using a spontaneous symmetry-breaking model in particle physics is that, according to a theorem of Jeffrey Goldstone, it predicts a massless scalar particle, which is the quantum excitation along the direction of φ, a so-called Nambu-Goldstone boson.
		One says that the original symmetry is broken and elementary particles - such as the leptons, quarks, W boson, and Z boson acquire masses.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electroweak_symmetry_breaking (796 words)

	Breaking Lorentz symmetry (March 2004) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb
		To a physicist such equality and fairness of physical laws is called a symmetry, and the symmetry that requires the laws of physics to be the same for all observers is known as Lorentz symmetry.
		Symmetry is one of the most important concepts in physics, and it is closely linked to the conservation of quantities such as energy, momentum and charge.
		The breaking of electroweak symmetry, for example, is responsible for the generation of mass in the Standard Model of particle physics.
	physicsweb.org /articles/world/17/3/7 (4452 words)

	Electroweak Symmetry Breaking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The problems of the breakdown of electroweak and flavor symmetries are among the most pressing facing particle physics today.
		Electroweak symmetry breaking is manifested by the nonzero masses of the weak W and Z bosons.
		Several theoretical approaches to electroweak and flavor symmetry breaking are being actively investigated at Boston University.
	physics.bu.edu /electroweak.html (143 words)

	Open Questions: Higgs Physics
		Fortunately, from the standpoint of the electroweak theory, what counts is having some way to explain the mass of the gauge bosons and the breaking of the symmetry.
		These two "problems" appear simultaneously when symmetry is lost at low energy, much as symmetry is lost when matter changes state from a gas to a liquid to a solid at low temperature.
		In the electroweak theory, the symmetry between the electromagnetic and weak forces should be exact, but in fact is far from it.
	www.openquestions.com /oq-ph008.htm (9023 words)

	Unification of Forces
		The concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking is important to the understanding of electroweak unification and further unifications.
		This is an apt analogy for the electroweak unification, since the symmetry between the Coulomb force and the weak interaction is certainly not evident at low temperatures.
		The basic problem of "restoring the broken symmetry" between the strong and electroweak forces is that the strong force works only on colored particles and the leptons don't have color.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/forces/unify.html (897 words)

	The Standard Model and Beyond
		symmetry and is mediated by eight massless gluons, while the weak and electromagnetic interactions are commonly described using the
		This is a symmetry that relates bosons and fermions, but leaves all internal quantum numbers and masses unchanged.
		This symmetry must, however, be broken at the electroweak scale since there is, for instance, no charged boson with the same mass and couplings as the electron.
	www.physto.se /~lipniack/neut/lic/lic_html/node24.html (788 words)

	Hidden symmetries \| Cosmic Variance
		To physicists, a “symmetry” is a situation where you can rearrange things a bit (values of quantum fields, positions in space, any of the characteristics of some physical state) and get the same answer to any physical question you may want to ask.
		But other times you have gauge symmetries, which aren’t really symmetries at all — they are just situations in which it’s useful to introduce more fields than really exist, along with a symmetry between them, to make a more elegant description of the physics.
		The classic example is the electroweak symmetry of the Standard Model, which is purportedly broken by a Higgs field that we have yet to directly detect.
	cosmicvariance.com /2005/10/24/hidden-symmetries (2691 words)

	Open Questions: Beyond the Standard Model
		The symmetry between the forces is broken because the electromagnetic force and the weak force don't have the same strength and because otherwise similar particles (such as electrons and neutrinos) have quite different masses.
		Such a symmetry would help account for several of the clues we mentioned, in particular the fact that there are the same number (three) of generations of quarks as leptons and the fact that the electric charges of particles are multiples of the same fundamental unit (1/3 the charge of an electron).
		We want to use these symmetries in a Yang-Mills type of local gauge theory analogous to the successful theories of the electroweak and strong forces, but constructed in such a way that all of the known particles and forces are "unified" in a single theory, using a single symmetry group.
	www.openquestions.com /oq-ph009.htm (16559 words)

	Topics in Modern Physics Lederman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		His work is focused primarily upon understanding the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking, i.e., "why are the weak forces weak?" which he views as the most important issue in particle physics today.
		An introduction to the mathematical ideas underlying symmetry, such as the discussion of the symmetry group of the equilateral triangle (S_3), can be taught at almost any level after a course in basic algebra and geometry.
		Symmetry is a vehicle for maintaining the student's interest in physics at the outset and connecting to the deeper aspects of our relationship and understanding of the physical world.
	www-ed.fnal.gov /samplers/hsphys/people/Hill.html (610 words)

	ELECTROWEAK SYMMETRY BREAKING AND NEW PHYSICS AT THE TeV SCALE
		This is an expanded version of the report by the Electroweak Symmetry Breaking and Beyond the Standard Model Working Group which was contributed to Particle Physics — Perspectives and Opportunities, a report of the Division of Particles and Fields Committee for Long Term Planning.
		One of the Working Group's primary goals was to study the phenomenology of electroweak symmetry breaking and attempt to quantify the "physics reach" of present and future colliders.
		These include models of low-energy supersymmetry, dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking, and a variety of extensions of the Standard Model with new particles and interactions.
	www.worldscibooks.com /physics/3073.html (287 words)

	Electroweak symmetry breaking
		symmetries which are not manifest to us because the ground state is not invariant under them.
		Were it not for the Higgs, all particles would remain massless and the electroweak symmetry would survive.The symmetry that was so clear at high temperatures is now hidden.
		It is nice te remember that, at the time of their formulations,both the theory of non-abelian gauge fiels and the theory of spontaneous symmetry breakdown were thought to be physically untenable, because both predicted "unobserved massless particles", the gauge vector mesons and the Goldstone bosons.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=91910 (1062 words)

	Scientific American: What exactly is the Higgs boson? Have physicists proved that it really exists? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In today's version of the electroweak theory, the W and Z particles and all the fundamental constituents--quarks and leptons--get their masses by interacting with the Higgs boson.
		One approach is a generalization of the electroweak theory, called supersymmetry, that associates new particles with all the known quarks and leptons and force particles.
		In the other approach, called dynamical symmetry breaking, the Higgs boson is not an elementary particle but a composite whose properties we may hope to compute once we understand its constituents and their interactions.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=00043456-7089-1C71-9EB7809EC588F2D7 (1782 words)

	hall research
		The symmetry of the electroweak interaction would imply that there is no difference between the left-handed neutrino and the left-handed electron!
		I continue to study constrained theories for the quark and charged lepton masses.Whether the electroweak symmetry turns out to be broken by the effects of supersymmetric interactions, a new strong force, or by extra spatial dimensions, the elucidation of the TeV scale will be as exciting as any previous discoveries in particle physics.
		I have introduced a new framework for grand unification, in which the unified symmetry is realized only in higher dimensions and the higher dimensional field theory allows a precise calculation of the weak mixing angle [2].
	physics.berkeley.edu /research/faculty/hall.html (740 words)

	Markus A. Luty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This is very important for understanding the origin of electroweak symmetry breaking, one of the most important outstanding problems in particle physics.
		This symmetry must therefore be broken, and the problem is to understand the mechanism that causes this breaking.
		The simplest mechanism for electroweak symmetry breaking involves a spin-0 particle (the "Higgs boson") that has a nonzero value at the minimum of its potential.
	www.physics.umd.edu /ep/luty/luty.html (807 words)

	Dallas C. Kennedy: Curriculum Vitae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Electroweak Flavor-Conserving Gauge Processes: Virtual Effects, contribution to the American Physical Society/Division of Particles and Fields HEPAP/Drell Panel Study of High Energy Physics: Working Subgroup 5.9, Electroweak Symmetry Breaking and Beyond the Standard Model: Virtual Effects, U. Florida UF-IFT-HEP-94-16 (1995).
		Published study: Electroweak Symmetry Breaking and New Physics at the TeV Scale: DPF Working Group Report, SLAC--PUB--95-6893 (1995) and Electroweak Symmetry Breaking and New Physics at the TeV Scale, T. Barklow et al., eds.
		Electroweak Cross Sections and Asymmetries at the Zo, with B.
	home.earthlink.net /~dckennedy/cv.html (1919 words)

	Phenomenology Research Pursuits: Electroweak Physics
		One of the most important issues in contemporary particle physics is whether nature makes use of the Higgs mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking to generate the masses of gauge bosons and fermions.
		In the Standard Model the Higgs boson is the observable relic of the electroweak symmetry breaking mechanism.
		Gauge boson self-interactions as a probe of the electroweak symmetry breaking sector are also topics under our investigation.
	www.pheno.info /about/electroweak (240 words)

	Electroweak Symmetry Breaking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Most stem from the breaking of the underlying symmetry between electromagnetism and the weak interactions.
		This symmetry breaking provides mass for the W and Z, but leaves the photon massless.
		In the minimal Standard Model, electroweak symmetry is broken by the Higgs mechanism.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Sciences/Physics/Elementaryparticle/Particlephysics/particlephysics/Electroweak/Electroweak.htm (258 words)

	electroweak concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Indicates that in the high energies that characterized the very early universe, electromagnetism and the weak force functioned as a single, electroweak force.
		This theory was developed in the 1960s by Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, and Abdus Salam and has been subsequently confirmed in the laboratory.
		One of the mathematical properties of this theory is called the electroweak symmetry.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/electroweak.html (185 words)

	Motivation - HEP theory - U. of Zilina Physics Dept. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The electroweak symmetry breaking sector of the Standard model (SM) is only weakly constrained by the present experimental data.
		In this scenario the symmetry breaking is triggered by non-perturbative strong forces.
		In the case of a heavy or no-Higgs scenario, when the electroweak symmetry is broken strongly, we need to look for reactions that would be sensitive to this case.
	fel.utc.sk /physics/research/HEPtheory/motivation.htm (607 words)

	BOSTON UNIVERSITY PHYSICS DEPARTMENT
		Chivukula studies the theory and phenomenology of electroweak and flavor symmetry breaking, collider phenomenology, astroparticle physics, and the dynamics of chiral symmetry breaking.
		She is studying the possible causes of electroweak symmetry breaking (responsible for the masses of the W and Z bosons that transmit the weak nuclear force) and of flavor symmetry breaking (responsible for giving the various fermionic matter particles different masses).
		Zhou’s research program focuses on the study of the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking in particle physics using the LEP and LHC accelerators at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.
	physics.bu.edu /urop1998.html (2140 words)

	Snowmass 2001
		The group should clearly delineate the constraints on models of electroweak symmetry breaking coming from current data, particularly electroweak precision data.
		The final product of this group will be a comprehensive, coordinated, and aggressive plan for discovery and understanding of the physics related to electroweak symmetry breaking and the generation of fermion masses, based upon our best current knowledge.
		We are now entering a new decade with a strong emphasis on the physics of electroweak symmetry breaking and the origin of fermion masses and mixings.
	www.snowmass2001.org /WG/PWG.html (4074 words)

	MSSM
		Supersymmetry (SUSY) - a symmetry under interchange of bosonic and fermionic degrees of freedom - provides an elegant solution to the hierarchy problem, and has long been considered one of the most promising new physics scenarios among various possibilities.
		At the same time, electroweak symmetry-breaking can be generated radiatively in the MSSM due to the O(1) top quark Yukawa coupling.
		This non-degeneracy implies that if SUSY exists, it cannot be an exact symmetry of nature and that there exist so-called "soft SUSY-breaking" interactions that split the masses of SM particles and their superpartners.
	www.krl.caltech.edu /~subZ/content/theory/MSSM/MSSM.html (1629 words)

	9 September 2004 - Fermilab: Why We Care About the Top Quark: CDF Explains
		The top's large mass gives it a special role in electroweak symmetry breaking, the phenomenon that physicists believe gives mass to all the particles in the universe and whose nature has yet to be revealed.
		Precise measurements of the top quark's properties will advance physicists' knowledge of electroweak symmetry breaking and the properties of the Higgs.
		Because of its connection to electroweak symmetry breaking, the Higgs boson and theories of new physics, the remarkable mass of the top quark is receiving special attention by scientists.
	www.interactions.org /cms/?pid=1014993 (1335 words)

	[No title]
		This "electroweak theory" has been validated in detail, especially by experiments in the Large Electron Positron Collider (LEP) at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics.
		In today's version of the electroweak theory, the W and Z particles and all the fundamental constituentsquarks and leptonsget their masses by interacting with the Higgs boson.
		One is a supersymmetric generalization of the electroweak theory that associates new particles with all the known quarks and leptons and force particles.
	lutece.fnal.gov /Drafts/Higgs.html (881 words)

	Physics Encyclopedia: Electroweak Theory and Standard Model
		A brief definition of the Standard Model and Electroweak interactions - but with lots of dead links.
		LEP Electroweak results - data, plots, talks, reports etc.
		Electroweak symmetry breaking and Higgs physics by Spira and Zerwas (hep-ph/9803257), 70pp.
	members.tripod.com /~IgorIvanov/physics/hep-ew.html (536 words)

	Not Even Wrong » Blog Archive » The Holy Grail of Physics
		The SU(2) gauge symmetry is supposed to be a purely internal symmetry, having nothing to do with space-time symmetries, but left and right-handed spinors are distinguished purely by their behavior under a space-time symmetry, Lorentz symmetry.
		In the case of anomalous violation of a global symmetry, we know from experiment that the symmetry does not hold: this is proven by the decay rate of the neutral pion (for electromagnetic anomalies) and by the nonexistence of a ninth light pseudoscalar (for chromodynamic anomalies).
		Maybe an elementary scalar field is what is causing electroweak symmetry breaking, and one has to ultimately understand this field and its couplings as coming from fluxes in a Calabi-Yau or who knows what.
	www.math.columbia.edu /~woit/wordpress/?p=3 (6454 words)

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