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Topic: Electroweak theory

Related Topics

Gauge theory

W and Z bosons

Weak interaction

Abdus Salam

Government College University

Iqbal town

Lahore

	Electroweak interaction Summary
		The success of the theory in explaining the results of scattering experiments, and the agreement of the masses of the W and Z bosons with the theoretical predictions, would be difficult (perhaps impossible) to reproduce without the existence of Higgs bosons.
		The electroweak theory of particle physics is a unification of the electromagnetic and weak interactions.
		The electroweak particles are the photon, the W boson, and the Z boson.
	www.bookrags.com /Electroweak_interaction (3394 words)

	ELECTROWEAK THEORY. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		a unified field theory that describes two of the fundamental forces in nature, electromagnetism (see electromagnetic radiation) and the weak interaction.
		The electroweak theory derived from efforts to produce a theory for the weak force analogous to quantum electrodynamics (QED), the quantum theory of the electromagnetic force.
		The electroweak theory, for which Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics, was confirmed in 1983 by the discovery of the W and Z particles, two of a number of elementary particles it predicted.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/el/electrowe.html (135 words)

	Grand unification theory Summary
		Theories that attempt to combine the electroweak and strong forces are known as "grand unified theories," or GUTs.
		Also, reasoning in analogy with the 19th-century unification of electricity with magnetism into electromagnetism, and especially the success of the electroweak theory, which utilizes the idea of spontaneous symmetry breaking to unify electromagnetism with the weak interaction, people wondered if it might be possible to unify all three groups in a similar manner.
		GUT theory specifically predicts relations among the fermion masses, such as between the electron and the down quark, the muon and the strange quark, and the tau lepton and the bottom quark for SU(5) and SO(10).
	www.bookrags.com /Grand_unification_theory (3547 words)

	Theory: Electroweak Interactions (SLAC VVC)
		The term "electroweak interaction" describes the modern theory of two interactions: electromagnetic and weak.
		Nearly 100 years later, the developers of electroweak theory made another giant conceptual leap, unifying Maxwell's electromagnetism (or rather its quantum field theory descendant, quantum electrodynamics or QED) with the theory of the weak interactions.
		The electroweak theory was developed in the period from 1961-1967, primarily by the work of Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, and Abdus Salam, who were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1979 for this work.
	www2.slac.stanford.edu /vvc/theory/electroweak.html (245 words)

	Open Questions: Beyond the Standard Model
		There are other suspicious similarties between quarks and leptons, in addition to the facts that their interactions are described by Yang-Mills gauge theories, the electroweak force operates on them in the same way, the units of electric charge they carry are exactly commensurate, and they are arranged in three generations of particle couplets.
		We want to use these symmetries in a Yang-Mills type of local gauge theory analogous to the successful theories of the electroweak and strong forces, but constructed in such a way that all of the known particles and forces are "unified" in a single theory, using a single symmetry group.
		The attractiveness of such a theory is mainly mathematical and aesthetic, since it is a way to use the same fundamental principles and equations to explain the known forces and particles (always excepting gravity).
	www.openquestions.com /oq-ph009.htm (16601 words)

	what's the matter notes session 6
		Inspired by the unification of the electromagnetic and the weak nuclear forces into a single electroweak force, the next question that is naturally asked is 'can we further unify these three forces into two or even one single force?' thereby reducing the number of arbitrary parameters in the theory.
		It predicts that there are 24 force carrying bosons, 8 of which are gluons, 3 the W and Z particles of the electroweak theory, and one photon.
		It turns out that if you phrase your theory just right you find that there are only two (very large) possible gauge symmetries allowed, and both of them contain the observed symmetries of QCD and the electroweak theory.
	homepage.mac.com /stevepur/physics/matter/matter.6.html (1715 words)

	American AntiGravity - Dr. Ning Wu's Gauge-Theory of Gravity
		In the general theory of relativity, gravity is treated in a novel manner: it is considered as the geometry of space-time.
		The predictions of unified electroweak theory have been confirmed in a large number of experiments, and the intermediate gauge bosons W± and Z0 which are predicted by unified electroweak model are also found in experiments.
		The basic of gauge theory of gravity is the physics picture, and quantum gauge theory of gravity is established in the physics picture of gravity.
	www.americanantigravity.com /ning-wu-article.shtml (4595 words)

	Open Questions: Higgs Physics
		For one thing, the gauge bosons of the theory -- the W and Z particles which mediate the weak force -- have large masses, unlike the gauge bosons of electromagnetism (photons) or of the strong force (gluons).
		Fortunately, from the standpoint of the electroweak theory, what counts is having some way to explain the mass of the gauge bosons and the breaking of the symmetry.
		In the electroweak theory, the symmetry between the electromagnetic and weak forces should be exact, but in fact is far from it.
	www.openquestions.com /oq-ph008.htm (9023 words)

	Theory of Everything
		The unification of the theory of electricity with the theory of magnetism led to an understanding of light as electromagnetic radiation.
		Quantum gravity is a type of quantum theory of elementary particles and their interactions that is based on the particle symmetry known as supersymmetry and that naturally includes gravity along with the other fundamental forces (the electromagnetic force, the weak nuclear force, and the strong nuclear force).
		For string theory is a geometric theory, one that, like general relativity, describes objects and interactions through the use of geometry and does not suffer from infinites or what is called normalization problems such as quantum mechanics.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/21st_century_science/lectures/lec17.html (3325 words)

	Unified Field Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Unified field theory, in particle physics, is an attempt to describe all fundamental forces and the relationships between elementary particles in terms of a single theoretical framework.
		At subatomic distances, fields are described by quantum field theories, which apply the ideas of quantum mechanics to the fundamental field.
		Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg independently proposed a unified "electroweak" theory of these forces based on the exchange of four particles: the photon for electromagnetic interactions, and two charged W particles and a neutral Z particle for weak interactions.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/glossary/unified_field_theory.html (531 words)

	M-theory, the theory formerly known as Strings
		With these tools, theories were built which describe with great success three of the four known interactions in Nature: Electromagnetism, and the Strong and Weak nuclear forces.
		The principle that compact dimensions may lead to unifying theories is not new, but dates from the 1920's, since the theory of Kaluza and Klein.
		Apart from the fact that instead of one there are five different, healthy theories of strings (three superstrings and two heterotic strings) there was another difficulty in studying these theories: we did not have tools to explore the theory over all possible values of the parameters in the theory.
	www.damtp.cam.ac.uk /user/gr/public/qg_ss.html (1344 words)

	Physics Encyclopedia: Electroweak Theory and Standard Model
		Field theory an Standard Model (!) (hep-ph/9812496),69 pp, by Novikov, - an outstanding review of what is SM, what QFT ideas are involved, properties of W, Z and Higgs bosons are analyzes.
		Field theory an Standard Model (!) (hep-ph/9812496),69 pp, by Novikov, - among other things, Higgs potential and mechanism, Higgs boson mass, decays, interaction are analyzes.
		Electroweak symmetry breaking and Higgs physics by Spira and Zerwas (hep-ph/9803257), 70pp.
	members.tripod.com /~IgorIvanov/physics/hep-ew.html (536 words)

	Grand Unified Theory
		The theory formerly known as superstrings (M theory) unifies all 4 forces, is background free, and the math all works.
		String theory in physics motivated/required development of some brand new pure mathematics (the details of which I'm not acquainted with); this has been widely cited as an inversion of the popular notion that physics is only about applying pure math that mathematicians came up with a long time ago.
		Osvaldo Domann, "[http://www.odomann.com The theory of longitudinal and transversal rotational momentum]" A mathematical theory that unites all physical forces and eliminates the wave/particle duality.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?GrandUnifiedTheory (1480 words)

	electroweak theory - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		electroweak theory a unified field theory that describes two of the fundamental forces in nature, electromagnetism (see electromagnetic radiation) and the weak interaction.
		Bibliography: See P. Renton, Electroweak Interactions (1990); J. Horejsi, Introduction to Electroweak Unification (1994); A. Salam, Selected Papers of Abdus Salam (1994); J. Walecka, Theoretical Nuclear and Subnuclear Physics (1995).
		(a new grand unified theory to explain the behavior of particles)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-electrowe.html (294 words)

	The Electroweak Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In 1979 Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg won the Nobel Prize for their electroweak theory, which unites the electromagnetic and weak interactions.
		Electroweak theory considers electromagnetism and the weak interactions to be different aspects of the same force.
		A key aspect of the theory is the explanation of why three out of four of the intermediary particles of the electroweak force are massive.
	www.physics.nmt.edu /~raymond/classes/ph13xbook/node211.html (617 words)

	Unified Theory
		Unified Field Theory, in physics, a theory that proposes to unify the four known interactions, or forces—the strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational forces—by a simple set of general laws.
		One of the first to attempt the development of such a theory was Albert Einstein, whose work in relativity had led him to the hypothesis that it should be possible to find a unifying theory for the electromagnetic and gravitational forces.
		According to this theory the electromagnetic interaction consists of the exchange of a photon, and the weak interaction of the exchange of W and Z intermediate bosons.
	leiwen.tripod.com /unified_theory.htm (392 words)

	Electroweak Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Electroweak theory in the quark sector - currents, masses etc.
		The first two lectures will be a rapid non-mathematical overview of the electroweak theory and its development.
		Handouts are available for the theory session of the course.
	www.shef.ac.uk /physics/teaching/phy604/electroweak.html (224 words)

	what's the matter notes session 5
		The electroweak theory is the theory that describes both the electromagnetic and the weak nuclear force.
		In fact, electroweak theory ways that the electromagnetic force is not really a force by itself, but is rather a part a more general force, the other part of which is the weak nuclear force.
		In this way, the electroweak theory is really a unified field theory, unifying the electromagnetic force with the weak nuclear force.
	homepage.mac.com /stevepur/physics/matter/matter.5.html (923 words)

	Graduate Study in Physics - The Ohio State University
		They interact by electroweak and strong forces that are mediated by particles called gauge bosons, namely the photon, the W and Z bosons, and gluons.
		The two basic ingredients of the Standard Model, the electroweak theory and quantum chromodynamics, both involved major breakthroughs in theoretical physics.
		The electroweak theory, which unites the weak and electromagnetic interactions, has a symmetry that relates the massless photon and the massive W and Z bosons.
	www.physics.ohio-state.edu /grad/brochure/highengtheory.html (641 words)

	vector boson concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		By admitting the photon on an equal footing it is possible to create a unified electroweak theory.
		These particles were predicted by the Weinberg-Salam theory of the 1960s and later discovered in the 1980s., See Intermediate Vector Boson., Massive boson thought to have been abundant in the early universe, when the unified electroweak force was manifest.
		Z particle (3 facts) - Massive boson thought to have been abundant in the early universe, when the unified electroweak force was manifest., Particle that transmits the unified electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/vectorboson.html (246 words)

	electroweak theory — FactMonster.com
		The electroweak theory derived from efforts to produce a theory for the weak force analogous to
		W and Z particles - W and Z particles, elementary particlesthat mediate, or carry, the fundamental force associated...
		Theories of the Universe: Quantum Mechanics vs. General Relativity - Theories of the Universe Quantum Mechanics vs. General Relativity Theories of the Universe...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0817021.html (132 words)

	Electroweak Theory - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Electroweak Theory - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Electroweak Theory, in physics, a theory that accounts for electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force in a single framework.
		Although the standard model is consistent with all experiments performed so far, it has many shortcomings.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Electroweak_Theory.html (76 words)

	Fermilab Academic Lectures 2005-2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Electroweak Theory and Higgs Physics ·; Six Lectures
		I will explore the features of electroweak phenomenology at tree level and beyond, present an introduction to the Higgs boson and the physics of the 1-TeV scale, and examine arguments for enlarging the electroweak theory.
		These lectures will be based on my TASI 2000 course on Electroweak Theory.
	boudin.fnal.gov /AcLec/AcLecQuigg.html (229 words)

	Sheldon Glashow, the Electroweak Theory, and the Grand Unified Theory
		The new "electroweak" theory underlies all of particle physics and provides a framework for understanding how the early universe evolved and how the chemical elements were created.
		Its predictions led to the construction of massive underground detectors, the refinement of the unification models, the first observation of neutrinos from a supernova, and the recent discovery that neutrinos have mass.
		He played a key role in unifying the weak and electromagnetic forces and in creating today's successful "standard model of particle physics," as well as its more speculative generalization, "grand-unified theory." He is the author of some 300 research papers and...
	www.osti.gov /accomplishments/glashow.html (488 words)

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