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Topic: Elephant seal

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	SDNHM - Mirounga angustirostris (Elephant Seal)
		The northern elephant seal is named for its size and the trunk-like snout of mature bull males.
		Elephant seals once ranged from Magdalena Bay Baja California to the San Francisco Bay region.
		During the nineteenth century, they were hunted to near extinction, and the entire population of Northern elephant seals was reduced to a small herd of less than 100 individuals on Isla de Guadalupe.
	www.oceanoasis.org /fieldguide/miro-ang.html (636 words)

	Elephant seal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The elephant seals get their name from their great size and the fact that the adult males have a large proboscis, which is used in making extraordinarily loud roaring noises, especially during the mating season.
		Elephant seals are also quite large, as the largest known bull elephant seal was 22 feet (6.7 m) in length and weighed 7,500 lb (3,400 kg).
		Furthermore, elephant seals are incredible divers as well, with an ability to dive as deep as 5,000 feet (1,500 m) beneath the ocean's surface.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Elephant_seal (315 words)

	Southern Elephant Seal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina) is one of two species of elephant seal (the other is the Northern Elephant Seal).
		There is a great sexual dimorphism in size, with the males very much bigger than the females (they are called bulls and cows), and correspondingly there is a highly polygynous mating system, with a successful male able to impregnate up to 40 females in one season.
		Southern Elephant Seals are found throughout the Sub-Antarctic regions, coming ashore to breed in the summer but wintering at sea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Southern_Elephant_Seal (406 words)

	MSN Encarta - Multimedia - Northern Elephant Seal
		Heavy hunting reduced the number of northern elephant seals to as few as 20 individuals in the 19th century.
		However, all living northern elephant seals descended from the small group that survived the severe hunting of the 19th century.
		This so-called population bottleneck drastically reduced the genetic diversity of northern elephant seal populations, leaving the animals vulnerable to disease and other environmental pressures.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461560508/Northern_Elephant_Seal.html (105 words)

	The Living Edens "Patagonia" -- Wildlife
		Though elephant seal predators include large sharks, killer whales, and polar bears, the seal's greatest enemy is man. Hunted by sealers for their blubber, bones, fur, and oil, the elephant seal population was reduced nearly to the point of extinction during the 19th century.
		By a process known as a catastrophic molt, elephant seals shed their coats every autumn, sloughing large pieces of hair and skin, and leaving the seal with a ragged and tattered appearance until it grows new, sleek fur.
		Baby elephants seals, called pups, are nursed for about a month and then weaned from their mothers.
	www.pbs.org /edens/patagonia/valdeanm.htm (904 words)

	Southern Elephant Seal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Elephant seals use their teeth during fighting to rake the necks of opponents.
		The nails on their forelimbs help the elephant seal climb over rocks and are also used for scratching dry skin and irritation caused by parasites.
		Seals normally come ashore to rest after long periods at sea or sometimes when they are sick, injured or tangled up in debris or nets.
	www.doc.govt.nz /Conservation/001~Plants-and-Animals/003~Marine-Mammals/Southern-Elephant-Seal-(Sea-Elephant).asp (591 words)

	Elephant Seal
		In the elephant seal world, a fat baby is a healthy baby, and that depends entirely on its mother's ability to tap her own fat reserves in producing milk.
		Elephant Seals were easily hunted for their meat because of the return to their customary beaches each year for breeding and molting and because they are so large and slow moving on land.
		Today, the elephant seal population on the west coast of North America is starting to make a comeback thanks to careful protections of their rookeries (like the one we visited at Point Año Nuevo).
	www2.canisius.edu /~noonan/cac2000/elephant_seal.htm (732 words)

	SCS: Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)
		Northern elephant seals were almost hunted to extinction for their blubber oil in the 19th century, only an estimated 100-1,000 individuals on the Mexican Isla de Guadalupe managing to escape the hunt.
		Northern elephant seals, like their relations the Southern elephant seals, are renowned for their ability to remain submerged for very long periods of time and to dive to great depths while feeding, males to 350-800m on average and females to 300-600m.
		Northern elephant seals are also in the habit of holding their breaths for as long as 25 minutes while hauled out.
	www.pinnipeds.org /species/nelephnt.htm (1172 words)

	Elephant seal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Elephant apple (Bot.), an East Indian fruit with a rough, hard rind, and edible pulp, borne by Feronia elephantum, a large tree related to the orange.
		Elephant bed (Geol.), at Brighton, England, abounding in fossil remains of elephants.
		Elephant's ear (Bot.), a name given to certain species of the genus Begonia, which have immense one-sided leaves.
	dictionaries.cc /Elephant_seal (521 words)

	Associate Vice Chancellor for Research
		Impact of a population bottleneck on symmetry and genetic diversity in the northern elephant seal.
		The energetics of lactation in the northern elephant seal.
		Elephant seals on the Farallones: Population dynamics of an incipient colony.
	research.ucsc.edu /lb_publish.html (3378 words)

	The Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina)
		Elephant Seals are the two largest pinnipeds (aquatic mammals of the suborder Pinnipedia).
		Elephant seals are gregarious animals famed for their size and for the male's inflatable, trunklike snout.
		The northern species is nonmigratory; the southern elephant seal, like the northern species, breeds and moults on land, but winters at sea, possibly near the pack ice (though this has never been firmly established).
	www.btinternet.com /~sa_sa/kerguelen/kerguelen_elephant_seal.html (253 words)

	Southern Elephant Seals - Wildlife of Antarctica - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The biggest of the Antarctic seals, these impressive mammals were heavily exploited for their oil during the 19th and early 20th centuries by sealers, who called the animals 'sea elephants.' Populations have since recovered and today sightings throughout the Southern Ocean are quite common.
		Swift and powerful swimmers, Southern Elephant seals are cumbersome on land, having difficulty lifting their huge bodies off the ground as they haul themselves on and off the beach.
		Elephant seals accomplish this remarkable feat by lowering their heart rates to as little as a single beat per minute.
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/wildlife/seals/s_elephant.shtml (480 words)

	Northern Elephant Seal Experience (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Elephant Seals are pelagic, they spend 80-90% of their time underwater.
		Elephant Seals congregate onshore at rookeries to fight for dominance, give birth, nurse, and mate during the winter breeding season.
		Elephant Seals were mercilessly hunted for their blubber and were on the verge of extinction.
	www.sealexperience.com (216 words)

	Seal at exZOOberance!
		Seal muscles also store oxygen, and the spleen, an organ that stores oxygen-rich blood, is exceptionally large in seals, serving as a kind of biological scuba tank.
		Even though the hunting of seals is now much less intense than in the past, threats from pollution, especially oil spills, and the accumulation of marine debris such as lost or discarded fishing line and nets still cause many deaths among seals.
		The true seals make up the family Phocidae, and the harbor seal is classified as Phoca vitulina; the northern elephant seal is classified as Mirounga angustirostris; and the Hawaiian monk seal is classified as Monachus schauinslandi.
	www.exzooberance.com /virtual%20zoo/they%20swim/seal/seal.htm (2652 words)

	Monterey Bay Aquarium: Online Field Guide
		In contrast, eared seals (otariidae), like sea lions, have visible ears and hind flippers they can turn underneath their bodies for “walking.” Elephant seals’ enormous size and the males’ inflated proboscis—resembling a shortened elephant trunk—give these seals their common name.
		Hundred of thousands of northern elephant seals lived in the Pacific Ocean before hunters slaughtered them for their blubber, which was rendered into lamp oil.
		As a result, the population of northern elephant seals is about 160,000—an example of the importance of protective status and marine sanctuaries in the conservation of our oceans.
	www.mbayaq.org /efc/living_species?hOri=1&inhab=405 (611 words)

	CNN - Patagonian elephant seal demise foreseen - March 23, 1999
		Campagna has studied the elephant seal population at the Peninsula Valdes, part of the Patagonian reserve in Argentina, for 20 years.
		Elephant seal males can grow to 16-20 feet long and weigh up to 7,500 pounds (think of a truck, or a school bus).
		Southern elephant seals come ashore only twice a year: once to molt, shedding their entire coat in less than a month, and a second time to mate, give birth and feed their young.
	www.cnn.com /NATURE/9903/23/seals.enn (464 words)

	The Marine Mammal Center
		The northern elephant seal is the second largest seal in the world, after the southern elephant seal.
		Elephant seals molt each year between April and August, shedding not only their hair but also the upper layer of their skin as well.
		Today, the northern elephant seal population is over 150,000 and is probably near the size it was before they were over-hunted.
	www.tmmc.org /learning/education/pinnipeds/noelephseal.asp (677 words)

	SCS: Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Southern elephant seal was heavily exploited in the 19th and 20th centuries for its blubber as a source of oil, reducing its numbers considerably.
		The explanation that is perhaps most currently favoured is that the Southern elephant seal populations overshot their sustainable population levels after recovering from the previous period of commercial sealing, and that they are now regaining their equilibrium constrained by the finite food resources available.
		The Southern elephant seal is a creature of the open sea when not breeding or moulting, and spends ten months a year intensively foraging over wide areas in the waters of the Antarctic for squid and fish.
	www.pinnipeds.org /species/selephnt.htm (1510 words)

	elephant seal -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) pup on the coast of …
		Elephant seals are gregarious animals named for their size and for the...
		There are two types of seals: the earless, or true, seals (family Phocidae); and the eared seals (family Otariidae), which comprise the sea lions and fur seals.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9032359?tocId=9032359 (937 words)

	Elephant seal migrations, 01-10-00
		Thousands of elephant seals are now returning from their fall migrations for the winter birthing and breeding season at Año Nuevo, a major rookery for seals and sea lions 55 miles south of San Francisco.
		How the elephant seals spent their months at sea, a question once shrouded in mystery, is becoming much clearer thanks to some sophisticated new tracking technologies deployed by UCSC scientists.
		Putting on weight is of critical importance to male elephant seals, because a male's size largely determines his ability to win fights with other males, and his dominance status is directly related to success in mating with females.
	currents.ucsc.edu /99-00/01-10/seal.html (1367 words)

	AllRefer.com - elephant seal (Vertebrate Zoology) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		elephant seal or sea elephant, a true seal of the genus Mirounga.
		Seal hunters, who extracted oil from blubber, pushed the northern species to the edge of extinction in the 19th cent.
		Elephant seals are classified in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Mammalia, order Carnivora, suborder Pinnipedia, family Phocidae.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/E/elphnt-se.html (375 words)

	Australian Antarctic Division - Elephant seals
		Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) have a circumpolar distribution and breed on subantarctic islands.
		Southern elephant seals have a thick layer of blubber that sustains them during the breeding season as they do not feed during this time.
		Adult elephant seals return to subantarctic islands for the breeding season (September-November) and to moult their hair and skin (January to April).
	www-aadc.aad.gov.au /ten_facts/seals/elephant.asp (573 words)

	Point Reyes National Seashore Official Extended Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Elephant seals and their curious human visitors may physically crush plants that are struggling to remain alive.
		Feeding in almost total darkness, elephant seals use their large eyes and the bioluminescence of some prey, such as octopus and squid, to find food where other predators would not even be able to see.
		Elephant seals differ from humans in that when they dive, they carry all the oxygen they need in their blood rather than in their lungs.
	www.nps.gov /pore/nature_wldlf_eseals.htm (1206 words)

	DPIWE - Southern Elephant Seal
		Southern elephant seals are coloured rusty grey-brown and are covered with thick blubber.
		Southern elephant seals once bred in Tasmania on King Island but were wiped out by the sealing industry.
		Elephant seals have bloody-looking mouths, which is perfectly normal for this species but often alarms people who have not seen the species before.
	www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au /inter.nsf/WebPages/BHAN-53K6XV?open (417 words)

	title (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The southern elephant seal is circumpolar in the southern hemisphere.
		The world population of the Southern elephant seal was estimated to be between 700,000 and 800,000 individuals in 1991.
		Intensive commercial sealing throughout the 19th and 20th century has greatly reduced the populations of Southern elephant seals and eliminated them from some rookeries.
	www.pagophilus.org /selephant.html (315 words)

	Elephant Seal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This is a newborn elephant seal, born December 24, 2003 at Piedras Blancas, a newly established (1990) elephant seal colony near San Simeon, CA.
		Elephant seals are the largest of the pinnipeds, weighing in at 2000 pounds (females) and up to 6000 pounds for males.
		Breeding season for the elephant seals is December through March, with males returning to land in early December to establish a dominance hierarchy.
	www.smccd.net /accounts/snitovsky/elephseal.html (302 words)

	Elephant Seals: History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 2000 the population of southern elephant seals was probably close to 750,000.
		Piedras Blancas elephant seal second seasonal pup (born 20 Dec. 2002) was born closer to the water.
		The elephant seal (both species) is a unique marine mammal in having its reproduction one of the most predictable, exciting, and easily viewed by humans.
	www.biosbcc.net /ocean/marinesci/05nekton/eshist.htm (1153 words)

	Año Nuevo SNR
		Elephant seals, sea lions, and other marine mammals come ashore to rest, mate, and give birth in the sand dunes or on the beaches and offshore islands.
		The elephant seals return to Año Nuevo's beaches during the spring and summer months to molt and can be observed during this time through a permit system.
		Never get within 25 feet of an elephant seal, and make sure your children don't either.
	www.parks.ca.gov /default.asp?page_id=523 (714 words)

	The Northern Elephant Seal Story (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Northern elephant seals were hunted to the brink of extinction between 1818 and 1860.
		When elephant seals were believed to be extinct, seal hunters turned to other species.
		The Elephant Seal Closure Law states that humans must be at least 20 feet away from elephant seals at all times.
	www.sfgate.com /getoutside/1996/feb96/elephantseals.html (506 words)

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