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Topic: Elephant and mammoth ivory

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	Ivory
		Ivory is a hard, white, opaque substance that is the bulk of the teeth and tusks of animals such as the elephant, hippopotamus, walrus, etc. Prior to the introduction of plastics, it was used for billiard balls, piano keys, buttons and ornamental items.
		The word "ivory" was traditionally applied to the tusks of elephants.
		Dentine, which is the main component of carved ivory objects, forms a layer of consistent thickness around the pulp cavity and comprises the bulk of the tooth and tusk.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/iv/Ivory.html (457 words)

	Scrimshaw by Robert Weiss. The types of ivory and general laws and regulations.
		The term ivory can be used to describe the teeth or tusks of mammals that are of sufficient size to have commercial value and can be carved or scrimshawed.
		This is walrus ivory that is relatively new.
		A test to determine the difference between elephant ivory and mammoth ivory, the Schreger lines, has been developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in order to keep any elephant ivory from entering the country under the guise of mammoth ivory.
	www.marinearts.com /rwivory.htm (882 words)

	SPARKLES VINTAGE COSTUME JEWELRY - About Ivory
		Elephant and Mammoth ivories are distinguished by a peculiar structure in the grain properly called Schreger lines, and referred to as cross-hatching, engine turned effect, or stacked chevrons.
		Elephant ivory varies in quality and in color, depending first upon the type of elephant, but also upon the region, and the age of the ivory.
		The outer parts of a mammoth ivory is sometimes fossilized by ores, though the interior will remain the same, and when this occurs that outer area will then be blue or green, and may remind you of intensely colored opals, or look a bit like abalone in coloration.
	www.sparklz.com /info/ivory.htm (1699 words)

	TED Case Studies:Legal Elephant Ivory Trade
		Elephant ivory trade has long been disputed because of the excessive manner in which it is carried out.
		One factor that indicated the rise in elephant populations was the fact that elephant-human interaction began to increase.
		Currently elephants that reside in the three nations involved in the case are not in danger of extinction.
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/ivory.htm (1921 words)

	MFA - CAMEO - Material Description
		Ivory is a relatively soft, workable but durable material that is white to pale yellow in color.
		Elephant tusks are primarily composed of dentin, a hard calcareous material composed of calcium hydroxyapatite and protein with small amounts of calcium carbonate, calcium fluoride, and magnesium phosphate.
		Elephant ivory and mammoth ivory can be differentiated microscopically by their Schreger patterns of intersecting arcs (Espinoza and Mann 1993).
	mfa.org /_cameo/frontend/material_description.asp?name=ivory&language=1 (305 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Ban on Elephant Ivory Could Endanger Fossils (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Fossil ivory, from woolly mammoths that died between 20,000 and 5,000 years ago, is the only raw ivory legally available since uncontrolled killing of African elephants led to an international ban on sales of modern ivory 15 years ago.
		The substitution of mammoth ivory for elephant ivory presents an unusual example of how conservation of one limited resource could lead to the uncontrolled, and perhaps catastrophic, exploitation of another.
		The only potential opening for elephant ivory is a pending authorization for four southern African countries to sell 50 tons from existing inventory to Japan in a one-time auction, but only after implementation of an international warning system to monitor illegal elephant killings.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A33605-2004Oct14?language=printer (832 words)

	ivory - Toseeka Search Results
		Ivory is a hard, white, opaque substance that is the bulk of the teeth and tusks of animals such as the elephant, hippopotamus, walrus, mammoth, narwhal, etc. Prior to the introduction of plastics, it was used for billiard balls, piano keys, bagpipes, buttons and ornamental items.
		Walrus ivory from the tusks of a bull walrus.
		Elk Ivory from the bugling teeth of bull elk.
	toseeka.com /search.php?q=ivory&t0=&...+001+069_keyword_ivory (1432 words)

	The Seattle Times: Nation & World: Can fossil ivory save elephants?
		A frozen head of a 10,000-year-old woolly mammoth was excavated from the Siberian tundra near the Russian town of Yakutsk in October 2003.
		Fossil ivory from woolly mammoths' tusks is the only raw ivory legally available since a ban on elephant ivory sales 15 years ago.
		The substitution of mammoth ivory for elephant ivory presents an unusual example of how conservation of one limited resource might potentially lead to the uncontrolled, and perhaps catastrophic, exploitation of another.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/nationworld/2002063883_ivory15.html (830 words)

	Identifying Different Types of Ivory
		Chemically, ivory is similar to bone and antler, and comprises a collagen matrix with a mineral component.
		One-third to one-half of an elephant tusk is hollow.
		Hippo ivory is denser than elephant ivory, harder to carve, and has a finer grain.
	www.uniclectica.com /conserva/ivory1.html (1043 words)

	AZillion SPARKLZ VINTAGE COSTUME JEWELRY - IVORY, BONE, MAMMOTH IVORY- pg 1
		All of the elephant ivory is vintage and acquired through estates and individuals and was legally imported in years past.
		Mammoth ivory may be vintage or contemporary and comes from the Wooly Mammoth that roamed the northern hemisphere between 2 million and 10,000 years ago.
		Vintage elephant ivory, the Schraeger growth lines are easily seen in the surmount button and also on the back sides of the peacocks.
	www.sparklz.com /sign/ivory1.htm (649 words)

	Fossilized Mammoth Ivory Saddle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Mammoth ivory brings some of that back into the mix and where walrus ivory brings a wonderful definition to the various components of a guitar's voice, mammoth ivory does so even more.
		Fossilized mammoth ivory seems to fall somewhere in between, leaning toward the walrus but with some of that glassy, shining treble that makes bone saddles so popular.
		When combined with some fossilized walrus ivory bridge pins one gets a pretty powerful and delicious sounding guitar, even if other types of pins could be used to fine tune the voice to personal preference.
	www.maurysmusic.com /fossilized_mammoth_ivory_saddle___todd_s_review (912 words)

	U.S. Fish & Wildlife Services \| Forensics Laboratory
		A photocopy machine is used to capture Schreger angles from mammoth and elephant ivory cross-sections.
		Mammoth ivory will occasionally display intrusive brownish or blue-green colored blemishes caused by an iron phosphate called vivianite.
		It is of interest to note that when the discoloration is barely perceptible to the eye, the use of a hand-held ultraviolet light source causes the blemished area to stand out with a dramatic purple velvet-like appearance.
	www.lab.fws.gov /ivory/elephant.html (624 words)

	Bali Elephant Safari Park for trekking, elephant art and elephants museum.
		Elephants use their trunks to hold hands with their friends and are highly tactile and social animals.
		Elephant's tusks are actually their incisors or cutting teeth and each tooth is about the size of a football weighing in at about 4.5kg each!
		An elephant's brain is approx 3 times the size of a human brain - their temporal lobes are large and well developed and they have remarkable memories.
	www.baliadventuretours.com /BAT-Elephant_Park.htm (971 words)

	Carved Fossil Mammoth Ivory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Among the treasures hidden for thousands of years in the remote Arctic tundra of Alaska, Canada and Siberia are the massive ivory tusks of the Woolly Mammoth, ruler of the prehistoric savanna.
		Ivory Jack's now brings this hidden treasure to you as a beautiful gem alternative to new elephant ivory.
		As with all fine gem quality ivory, the luster is enhanced with frequent exposure to one's natural skin oils, developing a rich patina over time.
	www.ivoryjacks.com /pages/matwooly.html (365 words)

	Planet Ark - Don't Relax Ivory Trade Ban, Activists Urge
		CITES finally banned all trade in ivory in 1990 after a long and emotional campaign spurred by a halving of the African elephant population through intense poaching.
		Mammoth ivory, now starting to come onto the market in large quantities as global warming thaws the permafrost in Canada and Russia and exposes the corpses of the long-dead woolly giants, is virtually indistinguishable from elephant ivory.
		However, unlike elephant ivory, mammoth tusks smell and are harder to work but are not covered by the CITES ban.
	www.planetark.org /avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=22635 (459 words)

	Halfbakery: Mammoth Ivory Prospecting
		Elephants have been going extinct for some time now, and therefore it has been and still is illegal to kill them for ivory.
		So ivory is more valuable than ever, but there is only one legitimate source for it; extinct mastadons/wolly mammoths.
		"Mammoth ivory, now starting to come onto the market in large quantities as global warming thaws the permafrost in Canada and Russia and exposes the corpses of the long-dead woolly giants, is virtually indistinguishable from elephant ivory." [jutta, Sep 05 2006]
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Mammoth_20Ivory_20Prospecting (761 words)

	Canada Fossils: Mammoth Tusk Ivory
		Mammoth ivory has been found in Europe, North America and Asia since the end of the last ice age.
		The wooly mammoth roamed across the land bridge between Siberia and Alaska during the ice age when parts of Alaska and the Yukon in Canada were free of ice.
		The majority of pieces of mammoth ivory are sold as they are and all of this material is great for display.
	www.canadafossils.com /mammoth_ivory.html (241 words)

	Elephant and Mammoth ivory: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Elephant and mammoth tusk[?] ivory comes from the two modified upper incisors[?] of extant and extinct members of the same order (Proboscidea).
		Cementum[?], which can be thick in extinct genera, covers the outside of the tusk.
		Polished cross-sections of elephant and mammoth ivory dentine display uniquely characteristic Schreger lines[?].
	www.encyclopedian.com /el/Elephant-and-Mammoth-ivory.html (323 words)

	Wikinfo \| Ivory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The chemical structure of the teeth and tusks of mammals is the same regardless of the species of origin, and the trade in certain teeth and tusks other than elephant is well established and widespread.
		These canals have different configurations in different ivories and their diameter ranges between 0.8 and 2.2 micrometres.
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=ivory (514 words)

	Detective double feature: when animals fall prey to human criminals, wildlife sleuths get on the case - biological ...
		Elephant ivory, no doubt, from the tusks of African elephants, an endangered species.
		But in 1989, when only 750,000 members of the species remained, lawmakers banned the trade of elephant ivory in the U.S. Back on the dock, the owner of the crate senses that he might be in trouble.
		In elephant ivory, they noticed, the angles are always larger--greater than 115 degrees.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1590/is_n12_v49/ai_13613894 (859 words)

	Exclusive Ivory Chess Board, Mammoth Ivory, Ivory Chess Pieces - The Russian Mammoth Society
		After the international ban for elephant ivory, mammoth ivory became widely used for all that that the elephant ivory was used before for.
		The Russian Mammoth Society Ltd. is the professional exporter with long experience on the market, and this is why our export operations do not take long to be performed.
		The procedure of payment for mammoth ivory, mammoth tusks, jade, carvings and fossils is as follows: after reaching an agreement on price you make payment to our Moscow account, and then the we make delivery of merchandise to you.
	mammoth.net.ru (494 words)

	BUNNYRABBIT.com Bunny Rabbit Jewelry, Bunny Rabbit Purse, Bunny Rabbit Supplies Vanecek Bunny Farm, Holland Lop, ...
		It is very difficult to distinguish mammoth ivory from elephant ivory (I believe because the woolly mammoth was the ultimate ancestor of the elephant).
		The only real difference is the age of the ivory (which cannot be determine by looking at it) and the angle of intersection of the grain lines (you really have to know your stuff to differentiate between the two).
		Free Trade - mammoth ivory is not subject to the import/export restriction of other types of ivory since the Wooly Mammoth has been extinct for over 10,000 years.
	bunnyrabbit.com /jewelry/mammothivory.htm (288 words)

	NATURE: The Elephants of Africa - The Poaching Problem
		Between 1979 and 1989, the worldwide demand for ivory caused elephant populations to decline to dangerously low levels.
		While Masai herdsmen coexist with elephants by leaving their livestock unfenced and letting the animals walk through their land, farmers who try to barricade their crops from migrating wildlife create trouble for themselves.
		In September, 1996, Michael Fay, an elephant researcher with the Wildlife Conservation Society, was flying his small airplane over a remote forest clearing just outside the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park in northern Congo when he spotted a cluster of elephant carcasses.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/nature/elephants/poaching.html (642 words)

	Center for Elephant Conservation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The mammoth and the American mastodon, the elephants' last living relatives, are believed to have become extinct during the Ice Ages.
		At the Ringling Bros. Center for Elephant Conservation, the blood serum of the female elephants is tested weekly to determine their receptivity for breeding or their pregnancy status (due to an elephant's large bulk, outward physical signs of pregnancy are not always apparent).
		Asian elephants have a long history of close association with humans, especially in the cultures and daily lives in their native lands, elephants first were used as workers in logging, agriculture, and military activities.
	www.elephantcenter.com /pondering.aspx (1006 words)

	bobdunsire.com forums - 2006: Wooly Mammoth Ivory vs Elephant Ivory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		I am worried that the upsurge of interest in mammoth ivory is leading to increasing destruction of important archaeological and palaeontological resources in the north--in Alaska, and in northern Canada and Siberia.
		It's true that some of the mammoth ivory being traded these days comes from the chance discovery of isolated tusks as a result of road construction and similar projects.
		When mammoth ivory first started being used, I heard that there were huge stockpiles of the stuff.
	www.bobdunsire.com /cgi-bin/ubb/ultimatebb.php?ubb=get_topic;f=1;t=004783 (1803 words)

	Encyclopedia Search
		ivory comes from the two modified upper Incisors Incisors...primigenus
		s of animals such as the elephant, hippopotamus, walrus, etc. Prior to...applied to the
		ed elephant, riding or attended to by a rat, who is sometimes...lack of a second
	www.encyclopedian.com /search.php?searWords=Tusk (179 words)

	Ivory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ivory was often used to form the whites of the eyes of statues.
		The Syrian and North African elephant populations were reduced to extinction, probably due to the demand for ivory in the Classical world.
		Many African countries including Zimbabwe, Namibia and Botswana claim that ivory trade is necessary—both to stimulate their economies and reduce elephant populations which are allegedly harming the environment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ivory (1005 words)

	AZillion SPARKLZ VINTAGE COSTUME JEWELRY - IVORY, BONE, MAMMOTH IVORY p2
		In pristine condition, the elephant ivory is vintage.
		Prehistoric mammoth ivory is legal, is mined in Alaska, and has become an acceptable substitute in place of new elephant ivory.
		This contemporary BRACELET is ancient mammoth ivory, though the coloring is very much in the same range as mellowed elephant ivory.
	www.sparklz.com /sign/ivory2.htm (764 words)

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