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	Ancient Near East .net - the Elephantine Papyri
		The Elephantine Papyri is the collective name commonly given to several archives of documents belonging to members of a Jewish garrison community which inhabited the island of Elephantine (ancient Yeb), near Aswan in Egypt, between 495 and 399 BCE.
		The first modern indications as to the existence of this community were revealed in papyri bought by Giovanni Belzoni.
		The papyri are written in Aramaic, the lingua franca of the 5th - 4th centuries BCE Persian (Achaemenid) Empire, of which Egypt and Palestine were both a part.
	www.ancientneareast.net /elephantine_papyri.html (575 words)

	Scientific dating Elephantine Papyri, solar eclipse, biblical events
		Finally, since the Elephantine papyri have only a Hebrew and Egyptian date, it is possible that a papyrus date is not subject to interpretation after the Egyptian date of Thoth 1.
		Elephantine papyri that fall between the New Year for either the Hebrew, Egyptian, or Persian calendar are subject to human interpretation.
		Since the previous section presented papyri that are not subject to human interpretation, their scientific dates should take precedence over papyri that are subject to human interpretation.
	www.harvardhouse.com /prophetictech/new/elephantine.htm (7462 words)

	Sariah in the Elephantine Papyri - Maxwell Institute JBMS
		The Elephantine temple was built and used by the military colony of Jewish mercenaries and their families who lived on the island, which was known to them as Yeb, a name meaning ivory.
		The Elephantine Papyri were discovered at the beginning of the twentieth century (prior to 1903), far too late for Joseph Smith to have known of the female name Sariah in Papyrus C-22.
		Cowley, Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century B.C. Yahu Elaha is the Aramaic equivalent of Hebrew Yahuweh Elohim, which is traditionally rendered in English as "the Lord God" (KJV renders it "the LORD God," with "LORD" in all capitals representing the presence of the name Yahuweh in the Hebrew text).
	farms.byu.edu /display.php?table=jbms&id=40&previous=L3B1YmxpY2F0aW9ucy9ib29rb2Ztb3Jtb252aWV3LnBocA== (1452 words)

	Iranica.com - ELEPHANTINE
		Certainly the settlers on Elephantine believed that they had the right to practice their own cult in the temple of Yaho, which had been built legally, undoubtedly during the period between the destruction of the temple of Jerusalem (586 B.C.E.) and its reconstruction after Cyrus' edict, in 538 B.C.E. (Bresciani, 1992, pp.
		It is important that among the papyri of Elephantine there are examples of literary texts intended for readers of Aramaic: a translation of Darius I's great cuneiform inscription at B^sotu@n (q.v.) and a translation of the Akkadian "Romance of the wise Ahiqar" (minister of the Assyrians Sennacherib and Esarhaddon; Cowley, pp.
		No other Jewish colonies as stable as that of Elephantine were established until the Ptolemaic period, when, in 154 B.C.E., the refugee Onias obtained permission to found a new temple in the territory of Heliopolis, in the country of Bubastis (Leontopolis, now Tell Yahu@d^ya "the hill of the Jews").
	www.iranica.com /articles/v8f4/v8f408.html (994 words)

	Lessons from the Elephantine Papyri Regarding Book of Mormon Names and Nephi's Temple
		Through documents discovered in 1925 (the Elephantine Papyri), we can see that they were in contact with the Jews in Jerusalem, and did not seem to be in trouble for having their temple.
		Judean authorities attempted to regulate the religious practices of Elephantine, but they do not seem to have attempted to shut down the Elephantine temple itself, despite the fact that its existence was contrary to the law of Deuteronomy (as described in chapter 1).
		The Elephantine Papyri also provide interesting evidence supporting the plausibility of the names introduced in the Book of Mormon, making it increasingly difficult for critics to explain how Joseph could have simply made these up using his imagination or other information sources from his day.
	www.jefflindsay.com /bme20.shtml (3512 words)

	St. Pachomius Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Elephantine is an island in the Nile near Aswan, named for its peculiar rock formations resembling (vaguely) elephants.
		Papyri from Elephantine preserve some details about these Hebrew soldiers and their daily life, to the extent that individual owners' names can be associated with excavated houses.
		The Elephantine temple was destroyed in 410 BC, apparently at the instigation of the priests of Khnum, the local deity.
	www.voskrese.info /spl/Xelephantin.html (283 words)

	Aswan and Elephantine
		The largest island at Aswan, Elephantine is situated opposite the modern town, and is one of the most ancient sites in Egypt, dating back to the predynastic period.
		The Elephantine papyri are caches of legal documents and letters written in Aramaic, which document the community of Jewish soldiers stationed here during the Persian occupation of Egypt.
		The Jewish community at Elephantine was probably founded as a military installation in about 650 BCE during Manasseh's reign, to assist Pharaoh Psammetichus I in his Nubian campaign.
	www.egyptologyonline.com /aswan1.htm (1523 words)

	hamilton
		The publication of the Elephantine papyri (and ostraca) during the first decades of this century provoked a considerable stir in scholarly circles.
		Elephantine was at the periphery of the Jewish community.
		The papyri date formula is typically "in year X of PN." The absence of a royal name might imply a date from Egyptian independence.
	www.acu.edu /sponsored/restoration_quarterly/archives/1990s/vol_37_no_2_contents/hamilton.html (6287 words)

	Crucifixion Year, Elephantine Papyri
		Eleven Elephantine papyri are scientifically dated during the reign of King Artaxerxes and the papyrus dated November 18, 446 BC supports that the edict occurred on Sunday, March 16, 445 BC.
		Scientific dating the Elephantine papyri shows that the Hebrew and Persian calendars were still being developed in the 5th century BC.
		I find it remarkable that the Elephantine papyri have been preserved that permit people living in the 20th and 21st centuries to scientifically date these 2500 year old documents.
	www.harvardhouse.com /prophetictech/new/crucifixion_year.htm (2461 words)

	Udo Anders : Mediterranean Topics : Some details concerning the Aramaic language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Museum accession numbers were assigned to the papyri consecutively as the various boxes were opened and recorded; as Professor Kraeling has treated these papyri in chronological logical order, he has given them other, consecutive numbers for the purpose of publication.
		Egyptian papyri were usually manufactured in sheets about sixteen inches long but a roll of almost any length was available by attaching to the left end another sheet of the same size, a process that was continued until the necessary length was obtained.
		In these Aramaic papyri it is not always easy to distinguish recto from verso, a difficulty that is complicated by the occasional carelessness of the papyrus maker in joining sheets.
	www.quantum-chemistry-history.com /MediterraneanTopics/Suria/Cultural/Maalula/Aramaic_sci/Aramaic_sci2.htm (4915 words)

	lethargic_man: Talk transcript: The Jews of Elephantine
		The first papyri from Elephantine were bought on the antiques market there in 1893 by Edwin ?Luger, an American political refugee who had fled to France and got into Egyptology there.
		Possibly the colony in Elephantine was founded by priests fleeing from King Menashe's reign of terror and persecution of the Judaic religion, in the late First Temple period.
		They came to the fortress of Elephantine with their implements, broke into that Temple, demolished it to the ground, and the pillars of stone which were there, they smashed them.
	lethargic-man.livejournal.com /50092.html (4233 words)

	A TEMPLE OTHER THAN SOLOMON’S? - Ancient Mormon Doctrine Scholar Dr. Einar C. Erickson
		Then came Elephantine, and of course the ruins and records of Elephantine were discovered nearly fifty years after a totally functional Temple was constructed at Nauvoo, and more than sixty years after the publication of the Book of Mormon that described temples being built in the Western Hemisphere.
		These papyri made it clear that the edifice was used for sacrifices. Sacrifices imply an altar and that there was an altar shown by the substitute expression ‘altar house.' The presence of an altar of sacrifice makes it certain that the building was a temple" (Kraeling, p.
		A papyri dated to 407 BC claims that it had stood from before the Persian conquest of Egypt by Cambyses (in 525 BC), and that he had destroyed many temples but spared the Jewish one...
	www.einarerickson.com /content/view/66/39 (7506 words)

	Kulanu: Is the Ark of the Covenant in Ethiopia?
		Hancock points to these papyri as the primary source of evidence that the ark made a stop on Elephantine Island.
		Research revealed that the Elephantine temple was oriented “toward Jerusalem” and “measured 60 cubits long and 20 cubits wide- the same dimensions as Solomon's Temple”.
		It is widely accepted that the Jewish community at Elephantine “was probably founded as a military installation in about 650 B.C.E. during Manasseh's reign” to assist Pharaoh Psammetichus I in his Nubian campaign.
	www.kulanu.org /ethiopia/ark.html (1029 words)

	Aramaic; Aramaic Language (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia) :: Bible Tools
		The resemblance between the grammar and vocabulary of these papyri and those of Biblical Aramaic is closer than that of the latter to the Sinjirli grammar and diction.
		These papyri, discovered in the island of Elephantine (opposite Assouan) in 1907, are three in number, and are dated in the 14th year of Darius II (407 BC).
		Cognate with this, the Bible and the papyri have lahen, "therefore": this is not found in the Targums, which have instead 'al-ken. In our own language the presence of "eke" in serious prose or poetry as a conjunction would prove the antiquity of the composition.
	bibletools.org /index.cfm/fuseaction/Def.show/RTD/ISBE/ID/678 (3283 words)

	J. G. Manning
		A list of all published papyri in individual or serial volumes, or in periodicals, in a given year are provided at the end of the journal Aegyptus.
		For legal papyri, see the annual bibliography Joachim Hengstl in the Archiv für Papyrusforschung, “Juristische Literaturübersicht,” now continued by the same author in the Journal of Juristic Papyrology, and by Joseph Mélèze-Modrzejewski in the Revue historique de Droit français et étranger.
		Roberts, C.H. (1971) “The Greek papyri,” in J.R. Harris, The legacy of Egypt.
	www.stanford.edu /~jmanning/content/forstudents/bibliography.htm (225 words)

	Oxford Scholarship Online: Zadok's Heirs
		The fifth-century Elephantine papyri document the existence of a Jewish community, with its own temple, on the island of Elephantine in the Nile.
		This chapter examines the papyri in order to ascertain whether or not this community was a hierocracy, and whether references to the Jerusalem high priest in some of the papyri can elucidate his status.
		Concludes that Elephantine was not a hierocracy, and that the references to the Jerusalem high priest indicate that he was involved only in matters concerning the Temple rather than with provincial government in general.
	www.oxfordscholarship.com /oso/public/content/religion/0198269986/acprof-0198269986-chapter-8.html (265 words)

	JewishJournal.com
		According to the Elephantine papyri, local Jews swore oaths to regional deities.
		Sharing religious and cultural traditions was de rigueur, as evidenced by the exhibit’s papyri and accompanying artifacts.
		Written long before the codification of the current haggadah, the letter calculates the dates that Elephantine Jews were to abstain from bread in 419 B.C.E., based on the Jerusalem lunar calendar.
	www.jewishjournal.com /home/preview.php?id=12072 (820 words)

	The Elephantine papyri
		My first source for the papyri mentioned is A. Cowley, 1967, possessing an extended list of bibliography, albeit somewhat old-fashioned.
		Against the end of the 19th century, as I have the impression, the papyri mentioned were found at Elephantine.
		It is to be understood that the papers caused great sensation in religious circles, but the same holds good that the facts had been dispatched with the supposition that it concerned Jews having lost their fathers religion.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/cplawassist/paper/17501.html (635 words)

	the Ark of the Covenant - Scriptural evidence points to Ethiopia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		It is strongly possible, if not probable, that the Elephantine Jews were escaping the desecration and persecution of wicked King Manasseh, and that they had the Ark of the Covenant with them.
		In our visit to Elephantine Island, we thoroughly investigated ruins of a replica Jewish temple that had been built by 650 BC, matching precisely the dimensions of Solomon's temple in Jerusalem.
		A number of ancient documents (such as the Elephantine Papyri) seem to confirm the existence of a Jewish Temple at Elephantine.
	www.baseinstitute.org /covenant.html (1048 words)

	Porten, Bezalel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		This project entails an encyclopedic study of the papyri, and includes a survey of all Aramaic ostraca.
		The anthology includes literal translation, formatting and commentary of hieratic papyri, Achaemenid Aramaic papyri, demotic documents of the Late and Ptolemaic periods, Greek documents of the Ptolemaic and Byzantine periods, and Coptic texts of the Byzantine period.
		Porten, B. (1993) Elephantine Aramaic contracts and the priestly literature.
	www.hum.huji.ac.il /dinur/profs/hu/porten_bezalel.htm (397 words)

	Aramaic Papyri from Elephantine
		Sati: Satis was the Lady of Elephantine, wife of Khnum, Dispenser of the Water which she offered to the deceased for purification.
		Meshullam son of Zakkur, a Jew of the fortress Elephantine, of the detachment of Arpakhu said to the woman Tapmut (as she is called),
		the scribe, at Elephantine, at the dictation of Meshullam son of Zakkur,
	nefertiti.iwebland.com /texts/mibtahiah.htm (2164 words)

	Amazon: So You'd Like To... - View Guide "Solve the mystery of Elephantine Jewish Temple" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		These papyri are of particular interest to us because they detail relations with Egyptians and the Persian governors, circumstances surrounding the destruction of the Jewish temple at Elephantine in 411 BCE, and the imprisonment of Jewish leaders.
		The papyri discovered show that letters were sent to Jerusalem at this time appealing for help in rebuilding the temple, an appeal apparently not successful.
		The sanctuary of Heqaib (Elephantine) by Labib Habachi
	www.amazon.com /gp/richpub/syltguides/fullview/3TTJUFAZHV31U?ie=UTF8&Version=1&entries=0 (1163 words)

	Yehud
		Elephantine Letters ANET 222-223 (legal documents), 491-492, 548-549 (legal documents); COS 3.46-3.53; pp.
		Complaint about destruction of a storehouse at Elephantine and request to rebuild the temple COS 3.50, pp.
		Petitition for Reconstruction of Elephantine Temple to Bigvai, the governor in Jerusalem COS 3.51, pp.
	fontes.lstc.edu /~rklein/Documents/yehud.htm (949 words)

	Elephantine - Sariah in the Elephantine Papyri
		India's Elephantine Problem A photo dispatch from ground zero of the escalating conflict between India's elephants and its people.
		Lessons from the Elephantine Papyri Regarding the Boook of Mormon and LDS Temples.
		An elephantine program may be functional and even friendly, but (as in the old joke about being in bed with an
	fatar.onlineinfosource.com /?q=fatar-elephantine (222 words)

	Christian News at Worthy News. Apologetics - 101 Cleared Up Contradictions of the Bible
		The earliest, a series of notations used by the Jewish settlers in the 5th century BC Elephantine Papyri (described in more detail below) was followed by a system whereby alphabetical letters were used for numbers.
		It is instructive to observe that the number notations used by the Jewish settlers in the 5th century BC Elephantine Papyri, during the time of Ezra and Nehemiah, from which this passage comes, evidences the earlier form of numerical notation.
		However in the Aramaic translation of this inscription discovered at the Elephantine in Egypt, the number of prisoners was only 6,972.
	www.worthynews.com /apologetics/101-6-10.htm (1405 words)

	Bible Query from Ezra
		Elephantine papyrii Cowley #30 (407 B.C.) The letter dictated by Jedaniah to Bagohi, the governor of Judha asking for help in rebuilding the temple of "YHW" in Elephantine.
		Many Jews lived in Elephantine in Egypt, according to Aramaic papyri and ostraca that mention the Sabbath and Passover, according to Persia and the Bible p.245-246.
		However, the time of Ezra and Nehemiah had to be under Artaxerxes I, because an Elephantine papyrus (Cowley #30) dated by the scribe as November 25, 407 B.C., mentions Sanballat [sn’blt], the governor of Samaria who is mentioned in Nehemiah.
	www.biblequery.org /ezra.htm (5312 words)

	[No title]
		Lerner admits that she 'stepped out of her field' in writing this book, and was dependent on outside counsel in Assyriology, and so perhaps her omission of the important data from the Elephantine papyri is understandable.
		Various contracts from Elephantine show that these Jewish women were able to initiate divorce, buy and sell property, and inherit property even when there were male siblings.
		The Elephantine documents also illustrate how women were able to climb the social and economic ladder.
	www.christian-thinktank.com /wworse.html (1173 words)

	lectio difficilior: The Names of God. Their Pronunciation and Their Translation. (Kristin De Troyer)
		The Elephantine papyri date to the fifth century BCE, the Wadi Daliyeh papyri stem from the fourth century BCE The Elephantine papyri contain the correspondence from the Jewish officials of the Elephantine community to the officials in Samaria and Jerusalem regarding the rebuilding of their recently destroyed temple.
		The Wadi Daliyeh papyri are official documents that were taken into the caves along the river by a group of Samaritans who tried to escape from the revenge of Alexander the Great.
		It is a request for a letter of recommendation by Jedaniah and his colleagues the priests, written to Bagavahya, the governor of Judah and deals with the reconstruction of the Temple.
	www.lectio.unibe.ch /05_2/troyer_names_of_god.htm (7435 words)

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